非细胞体系在细胞凋亡中的应用

随着科学技术的进步和发展,对细胞凋亡的研究也涌现出许多新的方法和技术,为凋亡的研究提供了有力的武器。本阐述了非细胞体系用于细胞凋亡研究的优越性,着重介绍非细胞凋亡体系的种类以及在细胞凋亡研究中的应用,同时总结了非细胞体系研究凋亡过程的各种检测方法。     

动物细胞培养过程中的细胞凋亡

细胞培养过程中的细胞凋亡是细胞受环境因素的影响而发生的现象。随着对细胞凋亡的分子生物学和细胞生物学了解的深入,显示了有效地控制动物细胞培养中细胞凋亡的巨大潜力。包括采用ＤＮＡ重组技术把抗细胞凋亡的基因导入细胞和在培基中加入具有抗细胞凋亡的生存因子或化合物等手段已用于控制细胞培养过程中的细胞凋亡。这些技术将大大延长细胞达到饱和密度后的培养时间,提高细胞培养系统的生产效率。     

SARS-CoV感染Vero E6细胞诱导细胞凋亡

为了确定SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)感染Vero E6是否引起细胞凋亡,我们利用细胞DNA琼脂糖电泳,感染细胞的间接荧光染色和Hoechst 33258细胞核染色,以及流式细胞仪分析等方法证明了SARS-CoV感染的Vero E6具有典型的凋亡细胞学和生物化学特征.实验证明具有细胞凋亡特征的所有细胞均为处于感染晚期的细胞.表现明显细胞病变(CPE)的细胞大多已经出现核质凝缩或形成凋亡小体进入细胞凋亡的过程.可以断定SARS-CoV感染Vero E6细胞诱发了细胞凋亡.     

关键蛋白酶激活因子Apaf-2/CytC在细胞凋亡中的作用

描述了Apaf-2/CytC在细胞凋亡中的作用,主要阐述了细胞凋亡相关因子Apaf-2/CytC的发现,Apaf-2与Apaf-1及Apaf-3在细胞凋亡中的作用及相互关系,CytC介导细胞凋亡的方式。探讨了线粒体CytC的泄漏机制,对MPTP假说、专一性通道假说和线粒体膨胀假说进行了阐述,并对细胞凋亡信号转导途径,如CytC途径、Fas/FasL途径、蛋白激酶途径、AIF凋亡途径及这些信号转导途径间的对话进行了分析,最后分析了研究CytC与细胞凋亡分子机制的意义并提出细胞凋亡分子机制中一些未完全研究清楚的问题。     

细胞凋亡的分子机制研究进展

细胞凋亡的分子机制尚不清楚,本从影响细胞凋亡的因素、细胞凋亡相关基因及其调节和细胞凋亡发生的代谢改变等几个方面,以细胞凋亡相关基因为重点,对细胞凋亡的分子机制加以阐述,以期进一步阐明细胞凋亡的分子机理。     

冷诱导细胞凋亡及其调控机制

冷和细胞凋亡有着密切的关系,冷诱导细胞凋亡的研究已经成为器官移植医学领域里的热点。冷诱导细胞凋亡的信号转导过程错综复杂,细胞内活性氧自由基、Ca2 、Fe2 以及冷相关基因都介导或调控冷引起的细胞凋亡。结合有关冷和细胞凋亡方面的研究进展,综述了与冷引起的细胞凋亡相关的信号转导过程和相关基因的调控机制。     

Bcl—2家族蛋白与细胞凋亡

Bcl 2家族蛋白是在细胞凋亡过程中起关键性作用的一类蛋白质。在线粒体上 ,Bcl 2家族蛋白通过与其他凋亡蛋白的协同作用 ,调控线粒体结构与功能的稳定性 ,发挥着细胞凋亡“主开关”的作用。Bcl 2家族包括两类蛋白质 :一类是抗凋亡蛋白 ,另一类是促凋亡蛋白。在细胞凋亡时 ,Bcl 2家族中的促凋亡蛋白成员发生蛋白质的加工修饰 ,易位到线粒体的外膜上 ,引起细胞色素c、凋亡诱导因子等其他促凋亡因子的释放 ,导致细胞凋亡 ;而平时被隔离在线粒体等细胞器内的该家族的抗凋亡蛋白成员则抑制细胞色素c和凋亡诱导因子等促凋亡因子的释放 ,具有抑制细胞凋亡的功能。但一旦这类抗凋亡蛋白成员与激活的促凋亡蛋白发生相互作用后 ,便丧失了对细胞凋亡的抑制作用 ,造成线粒体等细胞器的功能丧失和细胞器内促凋亡因子的释放 ,导致细胞凋亡。现以Bcl 2家族调控细胞凋亡的最新研究进展为基础 ,对Bcl 2家族成员及其蛋白质结构、分布和调控细胞凋亡的分子机制进行综述。     

研究细胞凋亡的新模式生物——酵母

细胞凋亡是受到严格调控的细胞自杀过程,凋亡机制从酵母到动物细胞高度保守.酵母细胞的凋亡过程虽发现较晚,但研究进展迅速.多个证据表明,酵母确实能发生细胞凋亡且细胞凋亡机制具有较高的保守性.酵母已成功用于发现新的细胞凋亡因子.近来,酵母还用作亨丁顿舞蹈症、帕金森氏病等凋亡相关疾病的细胞模型,为治愈这些疾病提供思路和指导·综述了酵母作为凋亡研究模式生物的可行性和独特的优势,其应用前景、存在的瓶颈问题及可能的解决方案.利用酵母为模式生物研究细胞凋亡和疾病发生,将大大加快发现新凋亡因子的过程,同时酵母作为凋亡相关疾病模式生物具有广阔的发展空间.     

单纯疱疹病毒2型潜伏相关转录体RL1的表达及其抗凋亡作用

单纯疱疹病毒2型潜伏相关转录体(LAT)-RL1对放线菌素D诱导的凋亡作用的研究。构建重组pEGFP-RL1质粒,转染Vero细胞,RT-PCR及荧光鉴定重组质粒的表达。放线菌素D诱导Vero细胞凋亡,通过Hochest33342荧光染色观察细胞形态变化,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,JC-1荧光观察膜电位变化,Caspase 3凋亡蛋白检测。RT-PCR和荧光观察表明该真核表达载体能在Vero细胞中高表达。Hochest33342染色转染了pEGFP-RL1的Vero细胞经放线菌素D凋亡诱导后,细胞形态正常。流式结果表明转染重组质粒pEGFP-RL1且经诱导凋亡组与正常对照组凋亡率无差异,而显著低于诱导凋亡组和转染空质粒pEGFP-C2诱导凋亡组。转染重组质粒pEGPF-RL1的细胞JC-1染色后,红色细胞的比例要远大于绿色细胞的比例,而转染空质粒pEGFP-C2被染成绿色细胞的数量较多。Caspase-3结果表明转染了空质粒pEGFP-C2的Vero细胞经诱导凋亡后,活性显著高于转染了pEGFP-RL1经放线菌素D诱导凋亡后的Vero细胞和正常Vero细胞。HSV-2 LAT RL1具有抗放线菌素D诱导的Vero细胞的凋亡作用。     

线粒体CytC的释放机制及其在细胞凋亡中的作用

描述了细胞色素C(CytC)从线粒体释放的机制及其在细胞凋亡中的作用,主要阐述了细胞凋亡信号转导途径中的线粒体-CytC途径及AIF途径;CytC在细胞凋亡中的作用及介导细胞凋亡的方式。探讨了线粒体CytC的泄漏机制,对非特异性释放模式(MPTP假说和线粒体膨胀假说)、特异性释放模式(专一性通道假说)进行了阐述,最后分析了研究CytC与细胞凋亡分子机制的意义并提出细胞凋亡分子机制中一些未完全研究清楚的问题。     

Apoptosis in virus infection dynamics models

In this paper, on the basis of the simplified two-dimensional virus infection dynamics model, we propose two extended models that aim at incorporating the influence of activation-induced apoptosis which directly affects the population of uninfected cells. The theoretical analysis shows that increasing apoptosis plays a positive role in control of virus infection. However, after being included the third population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes immune response in HIV-infected patients, it shows that depending on intensity of the apoptosis of healthy cells, the apoptosis can either promote or comfort the long-term evolution of HIV infection. Further, the discrete-time delay of apoptosis is incorporated into the pervious model. Stability switching occurs as the time delay in apoptosis increases. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the theoretical results and display the different impacts of a delay in apoptosis.     

Discrete simulation of regulatory homo- and heterodimerization in the apoptosis effector phase

MOTIVATION: Quantitative simulation of molecular reaction networks is among the most promising approaches towards an understanding of complex biochemical pathways. Numerous qualitative as well as quantitative data from diverse experimental settings, in particular from genomics and proteomics, have to be contextually linked to convert static data into dynamic functionality. RESULTS: This paper presents the Lattice Molecular Automaton, a Cellular Automaton-based simulation tool, capable of representing complex molecular dynamics at different levels of granularity. A data structure concept represents molecular units, whose dynamics, embedded on a 2D grid, is defined via detailed intermolecular interaction profiles. The data structures hold diverse information as molecular type, potential, as well as kinetic energy states, which allows a precise representation of intracellular reaction networks. The molecular dynamics is performed via local computation of individual molecular states on the lattice, which, in conjunction with discretized space and time, enables excellent scalability of this simulation concept. This paper finally gives Lattice Molecular Automaton simulation results on key elements of apoptosis, the cell death cascade, in particular focusing on the regulatory function of homo- and heterodimerization of members of the Bcl-2 protein family in the apoptosis effector phase. The regulatory proteins Bcl2, Bax, and Bak constitute a diffusion-driven molecular switch with inherent damping of apoptosis induction, thereby controlling the apoptosis reaction cascade under noisy, external apoptosis inducing conditions.     

Apoptosis resistance in Chlamydia-infected cells: a fate worse than death?

Chlamydia has long been studied as an intracellular pathogen causing widespread diseases. In the last three decades, the field of apoptosis has rapidly emerged, and as a consequence, research on infectious diseases in general and on Chlamydia –host interaction in particular shifted to apoptosis modulation. Ten years ago, the first paper describing the drastic inhibition of apoptosis in Chlamydia -infected cells was published. In a reversal of roles, here was a pathogen that was strongly protecting cells in an organism against destruction by the organism's immune system. Since then, numerous studies have described apoptosis inhibition by Chlamydia and the mechanisms involved, but still there is a lack of general consensus on the subject. With a section of studies even reporting the induction of cell death by Chlamydia and not its inhibition, the field became even more diverse and complicated. In this review, an attempt is made to discuss the recent findings on apoptosis modulation by chlamydial species.     

Cardiac apoptosis: from organ failure to allograft rejection

Cardiac myocyte apoptosis has been extensively studied in the last few years. Increased interest in the field stems from the hope that pharmacological manipulation of apoptosis may become a valuable tool for preventing excessive cell death observed in different pathological conditions. This paper is not intended as a comprehensive overview of current research about life and death in the cardiovascular system, but rather as a concise update on new developments in areas that were highlighted in a recent series of excellent reviews. A short inventory of unsolved issues concerning the significance of cardiac myocyte loss through apoptosis in both physiological and pathological circumstances is addressed.     

果蝇变态过程中的细胞凋亡和细胞自噬

程序化细胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)分为I型PCD细胞凋亡(apoptosis)和II型PCD细胞自噬(autophagy)。果蝇等完全变态昆虫有2种类型的器官:即细胞内分裂器官(如脂肪体、表皮、唾液腺、中肠、马氏管等)和有丝分裂器官(复眼、翅膀、足、神经系统等)。在昆虫变态过程中,细胞内分裂器官进行器官重建,幼虫器官大量发生细胞凋亡和细胞自噬到最后完全消亡,同时成虫器官由干细胞从新生成;而有丝分裂器官则由幼虫器官直接发育为成虫器官。在果蝇等昆虫的变态过程中,细胞凋亡和细胞自噬在幼虫器官的死亡和成虫器官的生成中发挥了非常重要的作用。文章简要介绍细胞凋亡和细胞自噬在果蝇变态过程中的生理功能和分子调控机制。     

Predicting subcellular location of apoptosis proteins with pseudo amino acid composition: approach from amino acid substitution matrix and auto covariance transformation

Apoptosis proteins are very important for understanding the mechanism of programmed cell death. Obtaining information on subcellular location of apoptosis proteins is very helpful to understand the apoptosis mechanism. In this paper, based on amino acid substitution matrix and auto covariance transformation, we introduce a new sequence-based model, which not only quantitatively describes the differences between amino acids, but also partially incorporates the sequence-order information. This method is applied to predict the apoptosis proteins’ subcellular location of two widely used datasets by the support vector machine classifier. The results obtained by jackknife test are quite promising, indicating that the proposed method might serve as a potential and efficient prediction model for apoptosis protein subcellular location prediction.     

Retinoids and apoptosis in cancer therapy

Retinoids serve as physiologic and pharmacologic mediators of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in normal and malignant cell types. All-trans-retinoic acid (tRA), a natural metabolite of vitamin A, induces differentiation and subsequent apoptosis in several types of malignant cells with immature phenotypes. Clinically, tRA has been approved for the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Several synthetic retinoids induce apoptosis without differentiation in a variety of malignant epithelial cells in vitro. The synthetic derivative, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (HPR), shows significant promise as a chemo-preventive and therapeutic anti-cancer agent in light of its minimal toxicity and broad activity in experimental cancer models representing common human malignancies. This paper reviews the role of retinoids as mediators of differentiation and apoptosis in malignant cells, and the impact this activity could have on clinical oncology.     

大蒜素抑制脑缺血再灌注诱导细胞凋亡机制的研究进展

脑缺血再灌注损伤的主要机制是多种因素诱导的神经元凋亡。近些年来,大蒜素以其脂溶性好,可通过血脑屏障,并具有多种生物功效比如被用于抗细菌、病毒和真菌的感染,尤其是其对于脑保护的作用日益受到重视。本文主要对大蒜素抑制脑缺血再灌注诱导的细胞凋亡的作用及其机制方面做一综述。     

Effect of nitric oxide on expression of apoptotic genes and HSP70 in drosophila

Data on involvement of nitric oxide in apoptosis are contradictory. The balance between anti- and proapoptotic activities of nitric oxide depends on many factors, including its concentration in a tissue and interactions with other regulators of apoptosis. This paper describes the results of a series of experiments on the effect of nitric oxide donors and inhibitors as well as dNOS1 and dNOS4 transgenes on the apoptosis on drosophila Lobe ^RSV mutant strain and wild-type strain Oregon R. It has been shown that a high nitric oxide content in cells is able to inhibit antiapoptotic effect of HSP70 and stimulate apoptosis, possibly, via the grim-mediated apoptotic pathway. Moreover, long-term action of a high nitric oxide concentration during the entire development more efficiently stimulates the proapoptotic genes as compared with short-term action of this agent.     

Inhibition by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide of Spontaneous and TNF-α-Induced Human Neutrophil Apoptosis In Vitro

In the previous paper (Takeda et al, Int. Immunol., 5, 691-694, 1993), we demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promptly accelerates apoptosis of human neutrophils in vitro. In order to determine the role of neutrophil apoptosis in defending against bacterial infection, we studied the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on this process. LPS inhibited spontaneous and TNF-α-induced human neutrophil apoptosis in vitro, as determined by 1) light and electron microscopy, 2) flow cytometry, and 3) agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. Low concentrations of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, which alone did not affect neutrophil apoptosis, were able to reduce spontaneous apoptosis inhibition by LPS, suggesting the involvement of newly synthesized protein in this phenomenon.