火麻仁挥发油的化学成分研究

本文采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取传统中药火麻仁中的挥发油,用GC毛细管柱进行分析,面积归一化法测定其相对含量,并用GC-MS鉴定其化学成分.共检出90个色谱峰,鉴定其中62个化合物,占挥发油总量的89 25%.鉴定的成分包括44种烃类化合物、7种芳香族化合物和11种脂肪族化合物及其衍生物.烃类化合物中以萜类为主,占挥发油总量的32.01%,相对含量较高的单萜及其衍生物包括β-芳樟醇(1.66%)、β-顺式-罗勒烯(1.30%)、樟脑(0.93%)、冰片和薄荷醇(0.44%);相对含量较高的倍半萜及其衍生物包括大牦牛儿烯 D(8.20%)、α-芹子烯(5.23%)、β-丁香烯(3.65%)、氧化石竹烯(2.22%)、δ-愈创木烯(1.55%)和α-丁香烯(1.19%).     

毛两面针挥发油化学成分及其生物活性

研究了毛两面针挥发油抑菌作用。抗菌实验结果表明,水蒸馏法提取的挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有明显的抑菌作用,乙醚提取的挥发油原液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、白色念珠菌有明显的抑菌作用。采用GC/MS分析了水蒸汽所得挥发油的化学成分,鉴定了20种物质,其中,主要成分是倍半萜。(-)-spathulenol、-γelemene和germacrene D等已被报道有抑菌作用的成分含量分别为12.53%、1.75%和1.44%。     

丁香挥发油化学成分与抗菌活性研究

利用气相色谱—质谱(GCMS)法结合化学计量学方法对丁香挥发油化学成分进行了分析研究。得益于化学计量学分辨方法,从丁香花蕾与丁香果实中共鉴定了46种化合物。其中从丁香果实挥发油中鉴定了41种化合物,占挥发油总量的94.154%;从丁香花蕾挥发油中鉴定出30种化合物,占其挥发油总量的98.418%。2,3,4trimethoxyacetophenone和2methoxy4[2propenyl]phenolacetate为首次从丁香挥发油中鉴定得到。两种已经确认具有生物活性的化合物丁子香酚和石竹烯在丁香果挥发油分别为22.667%和7.147%,而在丁香花蕾挥发油中含量分别为和57.133%和14.408%,二者在相对含量上差异较大。体外抗菌试验结果表明,这两种挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌十分敏感,对大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌敏感。而丁香花蕾挥发油对所有试验菌株都比丁香果挥发油表现出更强的抗菌活性,我们认为这可能是前者丁子香酚和石竹烯含量高的原因。     

云木香化学成分研究Ⅰ

从云南丽江产云木香（ＳａｕｓｕｒｅａｌａｐｐａＣ．Ｂ．Ｃｌａｒｋｅ）的根中分离得到了１４个倍半萜化合物,它们的结构通过波谱和化学的方法得到鉴定。其中化合物２被鉴定为是一新化合物,化合物４,１２和１４为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

云木香化学成分研究I

从云南丽江产云木香（ＳａｕｓｓｕｒｅａｌａｐｐａＣ．Ｂ．Ｃｌａｒｋｅ）的根中分离得到了１４个倍半萜化合物,它们的结构通过波谱和化学的方法得到鉴定,其中化合物２被鉴定为是一新化合物,化合物４,１２和１４为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

普洱茶的香气成分

普洱茶（普洱熟茶）是以云南特有的大叶种茶制作的晒生毛茶（普洱生茶）为原料,经特殊的后李譬过程生产而成。与其原料晒青毛茶相比较,普洱茶的各类化学物质均发生了较大变化。本文应用气相色谱（GC）及气质联用（GC／MS／DS）技术,对云南临沧市生产的普洱茶和晒青毛茶等的香气成分进行分析比较。结果表明,普洱茶香气成分中的萜类、芳香族、以及有机酸类等化合物的组成和含量均与同一产地的晒青毛茶等均有显著的差异。     

大花金挖耳不同部位挥发油化学成分比较分析

采用GC-MS技术,对利用水蒸气蒸馏法从大花金挖耳根、茎、叶、花及花托等5个部位获得的挥发油组分进行了分析.从大花金挖耳5种挥发油中共鉴定出99种成分,从根、茎、叶、花及花托分别鉴定出了37、34、47、29和40种化合物,已鉴定的组分分别占相应挥发油的85.86%、84.98%、83.06%、84.58%和89.06%.5个部位挥发油化学组成差异较大,根挥发油主要成分为倍半萜类和酯类;茎挥发油主要为倍半萜和烯类(包括烯醇、烯酸、烯酮);叶和花挥发油主要为烯类(包括烯醇、烯酸、烯酮)和酯类;花托挥发油主要为倍半萜类和二萜类.     

太子参挥发油化学成分研究 （Ⅰ）

为了研究太子参在GAP实施过程中产地加工对其挥发油化学成分的影响,采用乙醚回流-水蒸气蒸馏提取法,分别提取晒干和烘干太子参的挥发油,运用GC-MS-DS联用分析技术和气相色谱保留指数法,对晒干和烘干太子参挥发油化学成分进行比较分析,用GC面积归一法分别计算了各成分的相对含量.结果表明,晒干和烘干太子参的挥发油得率分别为0.28%和0.13%.晒干太子参挥发油鉴定出9种化合物,其中相对含量最高(87.19%)的成分是邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,烘干太子参挥发油鉴定出15种化合物,其中相对含量最高(77.34%)的成分是2,6-二(1,1-二甲乙基)-4-甲基苯酚,两者挥发油化学成分含量和组成有明显差异.     

精油化学成份研究方法发展概况

精油由于来源不同(各种类植物和不同的器官),其化学组成差异很大,而且大都非常复杂。它们基本组成包括脂肪类、芳香族,单萜和倍半萜等类化合物,也包含一些含氮和含硫的化合物。这些种类的化合物中有烃类及其含氧化合物,如醇、醛酮、酸、酯、内酯、醚、酚、环氧化合物等。然而精油的主要组成大都是以单萜、倍半萜和它们的含氧化合物为主。     

早熟金柚果皮挥发油的提取及GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取早熟金柚果皮挥发油,通过正交实验优选获得早熟金柚果皮挥发油提取的工艺参数,结果表明：早熟金柚果皮挥发油的最佳提取工艺是将柚皮粉碎60 s,加水5倍,提取6 h。采用GC-MS联用技术对早熟金柚果皮挥发油的化学成分进行分离鉴定,共分离出44个峰,鉴定出了其中的25种化合物,占峰面积的98.43%。用面积归一化法测定了各个组分的相对百分含量,其主要成分有柠檬烯（65.82%）、β-月桂烯（25.52%）、4-侧柏烯（1.78%）、紫苏烯（0.44%）、氧化芳樟醇（0.42%）。     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils of Laggera pterodonta Collected in Four Different Locations in Yunnan,China*

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Laggera pterodonta collected from four different locations (Kunming, Lijiang, Puer and Xinping) in Yunnan, China, were analyzed using GC MS and GC FID. The number of compounds identified in each sample was 39, 37, 33 and 44, respectively, representing 9332% (Kunming), 8057% (Lijiang), 9224% (Puer) and 9385% (Xinping) of total essential oils. Chemical compositions of essential oils differed between sample locations: thus, those from Kunming were rich in benzenoid compounds (3806%) while those from Lijiang and Puer were largely dominated by sesquiterpenes (1989% and 4465% respectively) and sesquiterpenes oxide (4085% and 3511%, respectively), and those from Xinping contained a high proportion of monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4223% and 3325% respectively) (7548%). The results of tests on the antimicrobial activities of essential oils indicated that chemical composition was affected by environmental variation causing differences in sensitivity to microbes among samples.     

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils and Aromatic Waters from Different Italian Anthemis maritima Populations

The chemical composition of the essential oils and aromatic waters isolated from six Italian Anthemis maritima populations was determined by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. In total, 122 and 100 chemical compounds were identified in the essential oils and the aromatic waters, respectively. The main compound classes represented in the oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and terpene esters. Multivariate chemometric techniques such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCO) were used to classify the samples according to the geographical origin. Statistical analysis allowed the attribution of the analyzed populations to different chemotype groups.     

Chemical composition and intraspecific variability of the essential oils of five populations of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra growing in North Tunisia

The chemical composition of the essential oils of five populations of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra from Tunisia and their intraspecific variability were analyzed in detail by GC/MS. One hundred seventy-four compounds were identified, representing averages of 87.9 to 98.7% of the oil composition. The components are represented here by homologous series of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, non-terpenic hydrocarbons, and others. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most abundant chemical compounds. Multivariate chemometric techniques, such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal-component analysis (PCA), were used to characterize the samples according to the geographical origin. By statistical analysis, the analyzed populations were classified into four chemotype groups.     

Chemical variability of the wood essential oil of Cedrus atlantica Manetti from Corsica

The composition of 48 samples of essential oil isolated from the wood of Cedrus atlantica growing in Corsica was investigated by GC (in combination with retention indices), GC/MS, and (13) C-NMR. Twenty-three compounds accounting for 73.9-96.0% of the oil composition were identified. The oils consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpenes, in particular α-pinene (5; up to 79.4%), himachalol (4; up to 66.2%), β-pinene (up to 21.4%), β-himachalene (2; up to 19.3%), γ-himachalene (3; up to 11.0%), and α-himachalene (1; up to 10.9%). The 48 oil compositions were submitted to k-means partitioning and principal-component analysis, which allowed the distinction of two groups within the oil samples. The composition of Group I (44% of the samples) was dominated by 5, while the samples of Group II (56% of the samples) contained mainly 4.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Anthospermum emirnense and Anthospermum perrieri (Rubiaceae)

The essential oils of Anthospermum emirnense Baker and Anthospermum perrieri Homolle ex Puff, obtained by hydrodistillation in 0.03 and 0.02% yield, respectively, were analyzed by GC/MS. In both cases, the major constituents consisted of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The two species showed an important qualitative similarity, with 40 compounds common to A. emirnense and A. perrieri, including β-elemene, trans-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-cadinol, which were major components in both cases. When tested for antimicrobial activity, both essential oils showed similar profiles and exhibited interesting minimal-inhibitory-concentration (MIC) values towards Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, and Yersinia enterocolitica.     

Chemical composition of the essential oils of ripe berries of Juniperus oxycedrus L., growing wild in Kosovo

The main objective of this work was to study the essential oil composition of ripe Juniperus oxycedrus L. berries and its natural variation among wild populations in Kosovo. Essential oil was analysed using GC-FID and GC–MS. Plant materials were collected from five locations in Kosovo in August and September of 2011. In total, twenty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oils. The main components were β-myrcene (45.5–56.9%), α-pinene (10.2–36.6%), dl-limonene (3.6–13.8%) and germacrene D (1.7–8.7%). Of the total identified compounds, monoterpenes constituted the highest percentage of all components (70.24–88.22%), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.9–11.4%), sesquiterpenes (3.5–11.0%), oxygenated monoterpenes (0.2–2.7%) and oxygenated diterpenes (0.0–1.7). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were used to identify any geographical variations in essential oil composition. Statistical analysis suggests that the clustering of populations is not related to their geographic location, but rather seemed to be linked to local selective forces acting on chemotype diversity.     

Essential oils from micropropagated plants of Lavandula viridis

The essential oils of Lavandula viridis were analysed by GC and GC-MS. Comparisons were made between three types of plant material from the same clone: field-grown plant, in vitro shoot cultures and micropropagated plants of the same clone. The most common components usually found in lavender oils were present in the oil samples analysed and more than 45 constituents were identified, representing more than 80% of the essential oil. The essential oils analysed consisted mainly of monoterpenes (75.4-76.3%), where oxygenated and hydrocarbons identified ranged from 41.8 to 57.3% and 18.1 to 34.2%, respectively. The major components found were 1.8-cineole (18.2-25.1%), camphor (9.1-15.7%), alpha-pinene (8.8-14.1%), borneol (4.1-4.8%), beta-pinene (1.2-5.6%), delta 3-carene (1.0-6.5%) and alpha-terpineol (0.8-4.2%). The monoterpene fraction of the in vitro shoot cultures showed different relative amounts of hydrocarbons and oxygenated components in relation to the parent plant and to micropropagated plants. In the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon fraction of the oil samples analysed (6.1-8.2%), 7-epi-alpha-selinene (1.6-4.8%) was the most important component and the oxygenated sesquiterpenes were found in small amounts (1.1-1.7%). The essential oils from field-grown plants of L. viridis, when compared with those obtained from in vitro shoot cultures or micropropagated plants of the same clone, demonstrated that the same major components were found without significant compositional variations.     

元宝草挥发油化学成分的研究

目的：首次研究元宝草叶及果实挥发油的成分,并比较它们的化学成分。方法：元宝草的叶和果实中的挥发油分别经同时蒸馏萃取的挥发油提取器提取（水蒸气蒸馏、乙酸乙酯萃取）,通过气相色谱－质谱分析,结合计算机检索技术对其化学成分进行分离和鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对百分含量。结果：从元宝草叶及果实中分别鉴定了30和44种成分,各占挥发油的总量的85．13％和63．26％。叶与果实挥发油的化学成分相差很大。     

Chemical composition,intraspecies variation and seasonal variation in essential oils of Calendula arvensis L.

The essential oil composition of Calendula arvensis was established for the first time using GC and GC/MS. Eighty-five essential oil components were identified, which accounted for 90.3 g/100 g of essential oil. The oil contained a high concentration of sesquiterpenes, of which δ-cadinene and α-cadinol were the main components. The chemical composition of 25 Corsican C. arvensis oils was analyzed to determine intraspecies variation in essential oil composition. A matrix linking essential oil composition to sample location was composed to identify relationships between concentrations of volatile samples and the geographical origins of samples. Two main groups of compounds were identified according to the amount of sesquiterpenic compounds (hydrocarbons and alcohols) and soil characteristics. Seasonal variation (winter vs. spring) in the concentrations of two major compounds during the flowering period was observed.     

Chemical Composition and Phytotoxic Effects of Essential Oils Obtained from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Cultivated in Tunisia

Ailanthus altissima Mill. Swingle (Simaroubaceae), also known as tree of heaven, is used in the Chinese traditional medicine as a bitter aromatic drug for the treatment of colds and gastric diseases. In Tunisia, Ailanthus altissima is an exotic tree, which was introduced many years ago and used particularly as a street ornamental tree. Here, the essential oils of different plant parts of this tree, viz., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and samaras (ripe fruits), were obtained by hydrodistillation. In total, 69 compounds, representing 91.0–97.2% of the whole oil composition, were identified in these oils by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The root essential oil was clearly distinguishable for its high content in aldehydes (hexadecanal ( 1 ); 22.6%), while those obtained from flowers and leaves were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (74.8 and 42.1%, resp.), with caryophyllene oxide ( 4 ) as the major component (42.5 and 22.7%, resp.). The samara oil was rich in the apocarotenoid derivative hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( 6 ; 58.0%), and the oil obtained from stems was characterized by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (54.1%), mainly β‐caryophyllene (18.9%). Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses separated the five essential oils into four groups, each characterized by the major oil constituents. Contact tests showed that the germination of lettuce seeds was totally inhibited by all the essential oils except of the samara oil at a dose of 1 mg/ml. The flower oil also showed a significant phytotoxic effect against lettuce germination at 0.04 and 0.4 mg/ml (?55.0±3.5 and ?85.0±0.7%, resp.). Moreover, the root and shoot elongation was even more affected by the oils than germination. The inhibitory effect of the shoot and root elongation varied from ?9.8 to ?100% and from ?38.6 to ?100%, respectively. Total inhibition of the elongation (?100%) at 1 mg/ml was detected for all the oils, with the exception of the samara oil (?74.7 and ?75.1% for roots and shoots, resp.).