基于量子点标记的赭曲霉毒素A快速、高灵敏荧光免疫层析检测方法的建立及应用

赭曲霉毒素A（ochratoxin A,OTA）具有肾毒性、致畸性、致癌性和免疫毒性,广泛存在于各种粮食作物及其副产品中,是食品和饲料原料的重要污染物,可在人类及动物体内蓄积,在已知发现的真菌毒素中,重要性和危害性仅次于黄曲霉毒素。本研究通过采用量子点荧光微球（quantum dots,QDs）标记OTA单克隆抗体,并基于免疫层析原理,优化、建立了OTA高灵敏荧光免疫层析检测方法（FICGA）,15min即可实现对农产品中OTA污染的快速定量检测。该方法检测下限（IC₁₀）达到0.04ng/mL,检测区间（IC₂₀-IC₈₀）为0.05-0.59ng/mL,半数抑制率（IC₅₀）为0.18ng/mL。与OTA类似物OTB、OTC交叉反应性为7.3%和11.9%,对其他常见真菌毒素AFB₁、ZEN、FB₁和DON均无交叉反应。在玉米、面粉和大豆样本中的加标回收率可达83.2%-117.8%,与LC-MS/MS同时对天然样本中OTA含量的检测结果表明,两种方法相关性良好。本研究建立的FICGA快速、灵敏,可满足基层单位和现场的快速检测需求,具有很好的应用前景。     

心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白胶体金检测试纸条的制备和初步应用

目的应用胶体金免疫层析法制备检测全血或血清样本中心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）的检测试纸条,用于急性心肌梗塞（AMI）的早期辅助诊断。方法采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金,标记鼠抗心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白单克隆抗体,喷于玻璃纤维膜上制成胶体金结合物垫,将另一株鼠抗心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白单克隆抗体和抗鼠二抗分别包被检测线和质控线,组装成试纸条进行灵敏性、特异性、精密性、稳定性及临床样品检测。结果该试纸条的检测灵敏度为10ng／mL,15min内可判定结果;与肌钙蛋白I、C反应蛋白、肌酸激酶、人心肌肌红蛋白无交叉反应。检测240份临床标本,与临床诊断结果进行配对分析,阳性符合率95．83％、阴性符合率100％、总符合率97．92％。结论制备的H-FABP检测试纸条有良好的灵敏性、特异性,可用于早期AMI的辅助诊断。     

胶体金免疫层析法检测猪链球菌2型的研究

目的:制备胶体金免疫层析试纸检测猪链球菌2型.方法:用柠檬酸盐还原法制备胶体金颗粒,标记猪链球菌2型多克隆抗体,通过免疫层析作用对猪链球菌2型进行检测,并对试纸条的敏感性、特异性、稳定性进行评价.结果:每毫升胶体金最佳抗体标记量为22μg/mL,最佳包被抗体浓度为2 mg/mL,最佳BSA封闭浓度为1.5%,建立的胶体金免疫层析试纸条栓出猪链球菌2型的下限为106 CFU/mL,从检测到结果判断时间为5～15 min,与其他常见致病菌及链球菌属中15个群无交叉反应.结论:获得了检测猪链球菌2型的胶体金免疫层析试纸,该法操作简便,灵敏度高,特异性强,可用于猪链球菌的快速初筛和检测.     

神经元特异性烯醇酶和癌胚抗原胶体金免疫层析联合检测

目的：应用双抗夹心胶体金免疫层析方法,实现对神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和癌胚抗原（CEA）两种肺癌肿瘤标志物的快速联合检测。方法：采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备20nm胶体金颗粒,并分别对鼠抗NSE、CEA单克隆抗体进行标记,分别与之相配对的另一种单克隆抗体被喷在硝酸纤维素膜（NC膜）上,制成免疫层析检测试条。溶液中的抗原NSE、CEA与金标记抗体结合后沿着硝酸纤维素膜移动,与膜上固定的抗体结合形成肉眼可见的红色线条。结果：该试纸条只与NSE、CEA有特异性反应,与CA125、CYFRA21-1、TPA等肺癌标志物无交叉反应。标准样品中两种抗原的检测灵敏度分别可达到5ng/mL和3ng/mL。结论：胶体金免疫层析技术检测NSE、CEA特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速,不需特殊仪器设备,有广泛应用价值。     

神经元特异性烯醇酶和癌胚抗原胶体金免疫层析联合检测

目的:应用双抗夹心胶体金免疫层析方法,实现对神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和癌胚抗原(CEA)两种肺癌肿瘤标志物的快速联合检测。方法:采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备20nm胶体金颗粒,并分别对鼠抗NSE、CEA单克隆抗体进行标记,分别与之相配对的另一种单克隆抗体被喷在硝酸纤维素膜(NC膜)上,制成免疫层析检测试条。溶液中的抗原NSE、CEA与金标记抗体结合后沿着硝酸纤维素膜移动,与膜上固定的抗体结合形成肉眼可见的红色线条。结果:该试纸条只与NSE、CEA有特异性反应,与CA125、CYFRA21-1、TPA等肺癌标志物无交叉反应。标准样品中两种抗原的检测灵敏度分别可达到5ng/mL和3ng/mL。结论:胶体金免疫层析技术检测NSE、CEA特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速,不需特殊仪器设备,有广泛应用价值。     

多枝状胶体金免疫层析试纸条定量检测猪尿中沙丁胺醇

以65 nm多枝状胶体金(金纳米花,Au NFs)为新型探针,建立了检测猪尿中沙丁胺醇(SAL)的免疫层析新方法。采用吸附方法将抗SAL单克隆抗体标记在Au NFs上制备检测探针,以牛血清白蛋白-SAL偶联物及羊抗鼠二抗喷涂在硝酸纤维素膜上形成试纸条检测线(T线)和质控线(C线),建立了基于T/C比值法定量检测猪尿中沙丁胺醇的新方法。Au NFs免疫层析试纸条检测SAL的定量线性范围为0.05~1.0 ng/m L(y=-21.4 ln x+10.407,R~2=0.995),半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))为0.143 ng/m L(n=5),检测猪尿中SAL的最低检测限为0.027 ng/m L。单个样品定量检测时间12 min。加标回收实验显示,试纸条批内加标回收率为101.53%~110.68%,批间加标回收率为98.86%~110.50%,批内、批间实验相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%。将Au NFs免疫层析试纸条与商业化酶联免疫试剂盒同时检测50个SAL加标的猪尿样品,两种方法检测结果具有良好的相关性(R~2=0.955)。     

以核糖体蛋白L7/L12为分子标志物精准检测肺炎链球菌的研究

目的:以核糖体蛋白L7/L12为标志物,探索一种胶体金免疫层析法快速检测肺炎链球菌的方法。方法:分析核糖体蛋白L7/L12基因序列,构建原核表达载体,表达纯化重组蛋白,免疫BALB/c小鼠制备单克隆抗体;利用无标记分子相互作用仪检测抗原抗体亲和力;以双抗夹心法研制胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条,并对其特异性、敏感性及稳定性进行验证分析。结果:筛选得到两株高效分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,两种单克隆抗体均与抗原有高的亲和力并且无竞争,制作的试纸最低检出限为1. 0×105CFU/ml;其与肺炎链球菌有特异性反应,而与其它9种常见呼吸道病原菌均无交叉反应;试纸条在25℃下保存12个月仍具有良好的重复性和稳定性。结论:RP-L7/L12可作为肺炎链球菌的检测标志物,以其单抗制备的胶体金免疫层析试纸可适用于肺炎链球菌的快速检测。     

人肺炎链球菌快速检测胶体金试纸的研制

[目的]研制一种快速检测人肺炎链球菌(S. pneumoniae)的免疫胶体金层析试纸。[方法]对肺炎链球菌表面蛋白A(pneumococcal surface protein A,PspA)基因序列(Gen Bank:U89711)作生物信息学分析,选取抗原表位强、种内同源性高的片段克隆表达纯化重组蛋白rPspA,并免疫BALB/c小鼠制备单克隆抗体;以双抗夹心法制备胶体金免疫层析试纸,并对其特异性、灵敏度以及稳定性进行验证分析。[结果]制备的胶体金试纸对rPspA最低检测限达到0. 1pg/m L,可在15min内完成对肺炎链球菌的检测,与其他10种重要呼吸道病原菌无交叉反应;试纸条在25℃条件下保存6个月仍具有良好的重复性和稳定性。[结论]PspA蛋白具有高度的表面暴露性和较强的抗原性,可作为Sp的检测标志物,以其抗体为基础制备的胶体金免疫层析试纸,适用于Sp菌感染的临床快速检测。     

番茄环斑病毒纳米荧光颗粒试纸条的研制

目的:研发一种快速、便捷检测番茄环斑病毒(ToRSV)的方法。方法:以荧光纳米颗粒为标记物,采用免疫层析试验方法制备ToRSV荧光纳米颗粒试纸条,在紫外灯下观察试纸条上的荧光信号,作为结果判定依据。结果:用制备的荧光纳米颗粒试纸条检测包括ToRSV在内的9种病毒,仅ToRSV有阳性反应,其余待测样品均呈阴性,表明该试纸条具有较好的特异性;用该荧光试纸条与传统胶体金试纸条进行灵敏度测试时,其灵敏性高于胶体金试纸条1倍以上,且稳定性试验结果良好。结论:ToRSV荧光纳米颗粒试纸条的研制,为快速检测ToRSV提供了有效手段,该方法可用于现场检验,具有广阔的应用前景。     

三聚氰胺胶体金免疫层析试纸条的研制

通过胶体金免疫层析技术建立一种特异、便捷、快速的三聚氰胺抗原检测方法,对奶制品及饲料中的三聚氰胺残留水平监测提供参考。用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备的胶体金,标记纯化的三聚氰胺单克隆抗体,喷于试纸的金标垫。将MEL-OVA(三聚氰胺和卵清白蛋白的偶练物)和纯化的羊抗鼠IgG分别喷于试纸的T(检测线)处和C(质控线)处,通过挑选试纸条材料和调试工艺参数,并最终组装成试纸条。结果显示,制备的试纸监测体系方法检出限为50 g/L。试纸条对牛奶、奶粉和饲料中的三聚氰胺残留的检出限分别为100 g/L、100 ng/g和200 ng/g。将该法与LC-MS/MS法对比检测牛奶、奶粉和饲料样品,在试纸条检测范围内,与LC-MS/MS法检测结果一致性好,从而验证了该方法的有效性。制备的三聚氰胺胶体金检测试纸在常温干燥环境下至少可保质6个月,能够检测出三聚氰胺含量大于50 g/L的样品,适用于现场实际样品三聚氰胺残留水平监测,具有良好的应用前景。     

Rapid detection of glycyrrhizin by immunochromatographic assay

An immunochromatographic assay was developed for detecting glycyrrhizin (1). The qualitative assay is based on a competitive immunoassay using anti-1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and a detector reagent that contains colloidal gold particles coated with anti-1 MAb. The immunochromatographic strip test, which has a detection limit of 250 ng/mL, is useful as a rapid screening method for detecting glycyrrhizin in plants, biological fluids and food samples.     

Simultaneous and rapid detection of six different mycotoxins using an immunochip

Mycotoxins are highly toxic contaminants in food, animal feed, and commodities. The study has developed an immunochip for quantifying the concentrations of six mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone, which were added to drinking water. The complete antigens (Ags) of the mycotoxins were contact printed and immobilized onto agarose-modified glass slides with 12 physically isolated subarrays, based on the reaction of both diffusion and covalent bond. The optimal concentration of each antigen and antibody (Ab) was obtained using an Ag-Ab immunoassay. Based on the indirect competitive immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of six mycotoxins in one single chip, six standard curves with good logistic correlation (R(2)>0.97) were respectively plotted. The working ranges (0.04-1.69, 0.45-3.90, 20.20-69.23, 35.68-363.18, 0.11-1.81, and 0.08-7.47 ng/mL, respectively) were calculated, as well as the median inhibitory concentrations (0.31±0.04, 1.49±0.21, 34.54±1.30, 134.06±11.75, 0.49±0.05, and 1.54±0.22 ng/mL, respectively), when six mycotoxins were detected simultaneously. Finally, the recovery rates in drinking water generally ranged from 80% to 120% on the same chip, with an intra-assay coefficient of variation lower than 15%. We successfully established an immunochip for simultaneous detection of six mycotoxins within 4h, with advantages of using minimal samples and being visually semiquantitative with our naked eyes. In summary, the method could be developed on one single chip for detecting multiple contaminants in actual samples.     

Occurrence of trichothecenes, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in cereals and mixed feed from central Lithuania

A total of 92 samples — 23 winter wheat, 12 summer barley, 5 oats and 52 mixed feed — were collected from a state factory in Kaunas, Lithuania and were analysed for the presence of trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OA) using gas chromatography with electron capture detection and immunoaffinity column/high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detections. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin were detected at concentrations above 10 μg/kg in 68%, 48%, 38% and 8% of cereal samples, respectively, and in 98%, 88%, 12% and 8% of samples of mixed feed for swine and poultry. More than 10 μg/kg of zearalenone and ochratoxin A were found in 58% and 92% of the mixed feed samples, respectively. The highest concentrations of all analysed trichothecenes in Lithuanian mixed feed and cereal grains, with an exception of T-2 toxin in one oat lot and one sample of mixed feed and OA in two mixed feed samples, were lower than those reported as Lithuanian advisory or tolerance limits.     

Application of magnetite nanoparticles for the development of highly sensitive immunochromatographic test systems for mycotoxin detection

Highly sensitive immunochromatographic test systems were developed for the detection of zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2 toxin (T2T) using magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) for the labeling. In order to detect an analyte with high sensitivity, the competitive reaction was performed with free specific antibodies, while immune complexes were detected by the reaction with label-conjugated anti-species antibodies. The conditions for the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles conjugated to anti-species antibodies were optimized. The concentrations of specific reagents that provided the highly sensitive detection of T-2 toxin and zearalenone were found. The instrumental detection limit for the determination of T-2 toxin and zearalenone in baby food samples (oat flakes) was 0.1 and 0.05 ng/mL (2.0 and 1.0 ng/g), respectively. The assay time was 15 min. The results of the present study confirm the possibility of the practical use of magnetite nanoparticles for immunochromatographic assay labeling.     

基于纳米颗粒的赭曲霉毒素A高灵敏酶联免疫检测方法的建立及应用

赭曲霉毒素(ochratoxins)主要是由青霉菌Penicillium和曲霉菌Aspergillus产生的有毒次级代谢产物,常见于发霉或发酵的农产品中,其中赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)毒性最强且最为普遍。OTA是粮食作物和饲料的重要污染物,在加工、储存或运输过程中均可产生,具有肾毒性和免疫毒性,可通过蓄积作用发挥毒性效应,对人类和动物健康造成严重威胁。本研究通过将OTA单克隆抗体包被于纳米磁珠(magnetic nanoparticles,MNPs)表面,获得具有免疫活性的磁珠抗体复合物(MNPs-Anti OTA),并制备生物素标记的偶联抗原OTA-BSA-Bio,后续采用链酶亲和素标记的纳米金颗粒(Strep-HRP-AuNPs)催化底物进行信号检测,最终建立了OTA高灵敏检测方法(MNPs-bs-AuNPs-ELISA)。在最优条件下,经计算该方法检测下限(IC10)为0.01ng/mL,检测区间(IC20-IC80)为0.02-0.73ng/mL,半数抑制率(IC50)为0.13ng/mL。与OTA类似物OTB、OTC交叉反应性为4.3%和8.1%,对其他常见真菌毒素AFB1、ZEN、FB1、DON、CIT和PAT均无交叉反应。玉米、面粉和大豆样本中的加标回收率可达85.6%-115.7%,对天然样本中OTA含量的检测结果表明,该方法与LC-MS/MS相关性良好。本研究建立的MNPs-bs-AuNPs-ELISA可满足谷物及饲料样本中OTA的快速、高灵敏度定量检测,成本较低,具有很好的应用前景。     

Application of gold nanoparticles produced by laser ablation for immunochromatographic assay labeling

Nanodispersed gold is widely used as a marker in different analytical systems. For such purposes, it is usually obtained by the reduction of salts. This work studied the potential analytical applications of nanodispersed gold obtained by laser ablation because gold produced with this method has no chemical coating. The nanoparticles produced were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and spectrophotometry. The average size of the particles was 24.5 nm. Concentration dependences of antibody immobilization on ablative gold were obtained. With the use of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles, an immunochromatographic system was constructed for the detection of zearalenone mycotoxin. This immunoassay was characterized by a detection limit of 0.1 ng/ml antigen with an assay duration of only 15 min, which is on par with current test systems comprising nanodispersed gold obtained by chemical reduction. The simplicity of ablative dispersing makes this a prospective method for the labeling of various antibodies for analytical use.     

Penicillium verrucosum in feed of ochratoxin A positive swine herds

Ochratoxin A contamination of cereal feed grain was monitored during October 1989–September 1990 by analysis of blood samples from slaughter swine in Sweden. The detection of ochratoxin A in swine blood was used as a method to identify swine herds fed ochratoxin A contaminated feed. The contamination level of ochratoxin A in the blood of the positive herds was in the range 2–45 ng/ml with the mean concentration 5.2 ng/ml. Feed samples for mycological analysis were collected from both ochratoxin A positive herds (2 ng/ml blood) and ochratoxin A negative herds (<2 ng/ml blood). From the ochratoxin A positive herds and the ochratoxin A negative herds 22 and 21 feed samples were collected, respectively. No quantitative differences in mould content, as determined by colony forming units, were observed between the two groups. However, there were differences in the mycoflora. The incidence of storage fungi (Penicillium and Aspergillus spp.) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in feed from ochratoxin A positive herds. Particularly, Penicillium verrucosum was found to be significantly more common (p < 0.001). Altogether 274 isolates were screened for their ability to produce ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A producers were found only within P. verrucosum; 38% of the 63 isolates produced detectable amounts of ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A producing isolates of P. verrucosum were found in 60% of the feed samples collected from ochratoxin A positive swine herds and in one sample (5% ) of the feed samples collected from the ochratoxin A negative herds.     

Development of a multiplex flow cytometric microsphere immunoassay for mycotoxins and evaluation of its application in feed

A multi-mycotoxin immunoassay—using the MultiAnalyte Profiling (xMAP) technology—is developed and evaluated. This technology combines a unique color-coded microsphere suspension array, with a dedicated flow cytometer. We aimed for the combined detection of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, zearalenone and T-2-toxin in an inhibition immunoassay format. Sets of six mycotoxin-protein conjugates and six specific monoclonal antibodies were selected, and we observed good sensitivities and no cross-interactions between the assays in buffer. However, detrimental effects of the feed extract on the sensitivities and in some cases on the slopes of the curves were observed and different sample materials showed different effects. Therefore, for quantitative analysis, this assay depends on calibration curves in blank matrix extracts or on the use of a suitable multi-mycotoxin cleanup. To test if the method was suitable for the qualitative detection at EU guidance levels, we fortified rapeseed meal, a feed ingredient, with the six mycotoxins, and all extracts showed inhibited responses in comparison with the non-fortified sample extract. Contaminated FAPAS reference feed samples assigned for a single mycotoxin showed strong inhibitions in the corresponding assays but also often in other assays of the multiplex. In most cases, the presence of these other mycotoxins was confirmed by instrumental analysis. The multiplex immunoassay can be easily extended with other mycotoxins of interest, but finding a suitable multi-mycotoxin cleanup will improve its applicability.     

Facile fabrication of magnetic gold electrode for magnetic beads-based electrochemical immunoassay: application to the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus

A novel magnetic beads-based electrochemical immunoassay strategy has been developed for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The magnetic gold electrode was fabricated to manipulate magnetic beads for the direct sensing applications. Gold-coated magnetic beads were employed as the platforms for the immobilization and immunoreaction process, and horseradish peroxidase was chosen as an enzymatic tracer. The proteins (e.g., antibodies or immunocomplexes) attached on the surface of magnetic beads were found to induce a significant decline in their electric conductivity. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were introduced to improve sensitivity of the assay. The envelope (E) protein, a major immunogenic protein of JEV, was utilized to optimize the assay parameters. Under the optimal conditions, the linear response range of E protein was 0.84 to 11,200 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.56 ng/mL. When applied for detection of JEV, the proposed method generated a linear response range between 2×10(3) and 5×10(5) PFU/mL. The detection limit for JEV was 2.0×10(3) PFU/mL, which was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of immunochromatographic strip and similar to that obtained from RT-PCR. This method was also successfully applied to detect JEV in clinical specimens.