IL-21单克隆抗体对MRL/lpr狼疮小鼠的治疗作用*

目的: 探讨IL-21单克隆抗体对MRL/lpr狼疮小鼠的免疫治疗作用。方法: 将20只MRL/lpr狼疮小鼠随机分为模型组和治疗组,每组10只;同年龄同性别C57BL/6小鼠10只作为正常组。治疗组小鼠每周腹腔注射IL-21单克隆抗体(100 μg),正常组及模型组小鼠每周腹腔注射等量生理盐水(100 μg),连续干预8周。干预结束后观察小鼠皮毛、活动等一般性状及浅表淋巴结大小,并采集小鼠血液、尿液及肾脏标本。采用Western blot法检测三组小鼠肾组织中IL-21蛋白表达情况;采用ELISA法比较三组小鼠血清抗ds-DNA抗体、ANA抗体、血尿素氮、肌酐和炎症因子IL-17A、TGF-β1水平;采用生物化学法比较三组小鼠24 h尿蛋白水平。结果: 与正常组比较,模型组小鼠肾组织IL-21、血清抗ds-DNA、ANA抗体水平、尿素氮、肌酐、IL-17A浓度及24 h尿蛋白水平均升高(P＜0.05),TGF-β1浓度降低(P＜0.01);与模型组比较,治疗组小鼠肾组织IL-21、血清抗ds-DNA、ANA抗体水平、尿素氮、肌酐、IL-17A浓度、24 h尿蛋白水平均降低(P＜0.05),TGF-β1浓度升高(P＜0.01)。结论: 腹腔注射IL-21单克隆抗体可改善MRL/lpr狼疮小鼠免疫功能与肾损害,提示治疗机制可能与重塑Th17/Treg相关细胞因子平衡有关。     

果蝇Hsp83多克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备和鉴定抗Hsp83蛋白的多克隆抗体。方法利用PCR技术从果蝇cDNA中获得hsp83基因片段,构建重组质粒;将其转化到BL21(DE3)菌株中诱导蛋白表达,利用Ni-NTA亲和法纯化重组蛋白;再将纯化的蛋白免疫BALB/C小鼠制备多克隆抗体;利用免疫印迹法(Western blot)和免疫荧光染色法检测多克隆抗体的特异性。结果构建的pET28ahsp83质粒在大肠杆菌中成功表达了Hsp83融合蛋白,蛋白纯化后作为抗原免疫小鼠,获得了抗Hsp83的多克隆抗体。免疫印迹法和免疫荧光染色法检测显示,抗果蝇Hsp83多克隆抗体具有较高的特异性,并能检测出内源性Hsp83蛋白。果蝇卵巢免疫荧光染色显示,Hsp83蛋白定位在卵巢细胞的细胞质中。结论成功制备了小鼠抗Hsp83蛋白的特异性抗体,此工作为深入研究Hsp83蛋白的功能奠定了基础。     

泛素与EB病毒核抗原1融合基因的DNA免疫研究

构建了EB病毒核抗原1(EBNA1)基因的表达质粒pCI-EBNA1和泛素(ubiquitin,Ub)与EBNA1融合基因的表达质粒pCI-Ub-EBNA1.间接免疫荧光和Western blot分析表明,两重组质粒转染HeLa细胞后均能瞬时表达.两种质粒DNA肌肉注射免疫Balb/C小鼠后,分别检测小鼠血清抗EBNA1的抗体和特异性的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)反应,比较单基因与融合基因DNA免疫所诱生免疫应答的强度.结果显示:二者诱生抗体的效率无明显差别,但泛素的融合使得针对EBNA1的特异性CTL反应明显增强.     

抗RA33抗体、RF、CRP、ANA与ENA联合检测在类风湿性关节炎患者诊断、治疗及预后中的作用

目的：探讨血清抗RA33抗体、RF、CRP联合检测在类风湿性关节炎患者诊断、治疗及预后中的作用。方法：采用ELISA法对35例类风湿性关节炎患者和30例健康对照者进行抗RA33抗体的检测,间接免疫荧光法检测ANA、免疫印迹法检测ENA,免疫比浊法进行类风湿因子（RF）及CRP的检测。结果：类风湿性关节炎患者组RF水平为：[（104．51±153．88）KIU／L]与健康对照组[（10．89±2．78）KIU／L]比较,差异非常显著（p〈0．01）;类风湿性关节炎组CRP[（11．60±23．24）mg／L]与健康对照组[（2．57±2．18）mg／L]比较,差异显著（p〈0．05）;类风湿性关节炎组抗RA33抗体水平：[（17．81±35．11）U／mL]与健康对照组[（8．10±8．40）U／mL]比较,差异非常显著（p〈0．01）。RF、抗RA33抗体、CRP及ANA诊断类风湿性关节炎的灵敏度分别为：80．00％,34．29％,42．86％,62．86％;RF、抗RA33抗体、CRP及ANA诊断类风湿性关节炎的特异性分别为：93.33％,93.33％,90．00％,96．67％;ENA的检出率均较低。结论：类风湿性关节炎患者抗RA33抗体检出的灵敏度低,但特异性强。对类风湿性关节炎患者进行抗RA33抗体、ANA、RF、CRP、ENA联合检测,对于疾病的进展、病因分析、指导治疗和改善预后均具有重要意义。     

反复注射顺铂诱导小鼠慢性肾功能不全模型的建立

目的 构建慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)C57BL/6小鼠模型,探索其小管损伤指标和间质纤维化程度随顺铂造模剂量的改变,为研究从AKI到CKD进展过程提供动物实验依据。方法 将24只8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机平均分为对照组和低、中、高剂量顺铂模型组。模型组小鼠按5、7、10 mg/kg顺铂腹腔注射给药,每周1次,连续注射4周构建模型。处死小鼠后,留取标本进行相关检测。检测血浆肌酐和24 h尿蛋白排泌量来评估小鼠肾功能;PAS染色观察肾脏病理学变化;免疫组化检测肾损伤分子1(KIM-1)和尿液检测N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)水平以评估肾小管损伤情况;免疫组化法检测肾脏CD3阳性T细胞和免疫荧光法检测F4/80阳性巨噬细胞浸润情况;天狼星红染色、免疫组化法检测胶原I和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达以评估肾脏纤维化情况。结果 与正常对照组相比,随着注射顺铂浓度的升高,小鼠肾脏损伤越明显,其中10 mg/kg顺铂高剂量组最为显著。与对照组相比,顺铂高剂量组小鼠肾功能下降,表现为血浆肌酐浓度和24 h尿蛋白排泌量显著升高(P0.05和P0.001);肾小管上皮细胞坏死、空泡变性等病理学改变显著,肾组织KIM-1表达显著上升(P0.05),尿NAG水平升高;肾组织浸润的CD3阳性T细胞和F4/80阳性巨噬细胞增多;肾组织天狼星红染色阳性胶原纤维区域显著增多(P0.001),胶原I和α-SMA表达也明显增多(P0.01),肾小管-间质发生纤维化。结论反复注射4周10 mg/kg顺铂可诱导小鼠慢性肾功能不全模型,可为研究AKI向CKD的转化机制提供了新的实验模型。     

Ⅰ型马立克病毒UL24蛋白的原核表达及其亚细胞定位的研究

为研究Ⅰ型马立克病毒(MDV)UL24蛋白的亚细胞定位,以MDV GX0101为模板,PCR扩增UL24基因全长,分别克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1、pET-32a(+)和真核表达载体pEGFP-C1中。将原核表达重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌感受态细胞BL21(DE3)中表达,并进行纯化和鉴定。用纯化蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠,制备并鉴定抗UL24蛋白的多克隆抗体。通过间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)检测感染GX0101的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中的UL24蛋白。同时,将真核表达重组质粒pEGFP-C1-UL24转染CEF细胞,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察UL24蛋白在CEF中的亚细胞定位。结果显示Ⅰ型MDV的UL24基因在原核表达载体中能够正确表达,免疫小鼠后获得抗UL24蛋白的多克隆抗体。该抗体可特异性识别MDV UL24蛋白,且MDV UL24蛋白在CEF的细胞质和细胞核中定位,以上研究结果为进一步研究MDV UL24基因的功能奠定基础。     

检测抗核抗体谱对自身免疫性疾病的临床应用

目的:分析自身免疫性疾病患者抗核抗体谱检测结果,探讨抗核抗体谱检测在自身免疫性疾病诊断中的应用。方法:分别采用间接免疫荧光法和免疫印迹法检测130例自身免疫性疾病患者和20例健康人的ANA和抗核抗体谱。结果:ANA在各种自身免疫性疾病中均有一定的阳性检出率,ANA在SLE中的检出率最高,阳性率为89.6%,其次为ITP、MCTD和SS。抗核抗体谱中的各种自身抗体在不同的自身免疫性疾病中有不同的敏感性和特异性。结论:采用间接免疫荧光法对ANA的检测对自身免疫性疾病有重要的筛查意义,抗核抗体谱检测对自身免疫性疾病的诊断有重要意义。     

1型和2型外壳蛋白构建的AAV载体携带HIV-1 gag诱导免疫反应的比较研究

比较两种血清型的腺病毒伴随病毒(Adeno-associated virus,AAV)载体携带HIV-1gag基因肌肉注射诱导小鼠免疫反应的特点。分别制备携带EGFP和HIV-1gag基因的重组AAV2/1(AAV1)和AAV2载体。小鼠肌肉注射rAAV1-EGFP和rAAV2-EGFP,观察注射局部EGFP的表达。将rAAV1-gag和rAAV2-gag分别以0、3周初免/加强方式肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠以及新西兰白兔。ELISA法检测抗HIV-1 Gag P24蛋白的特异性抗体,细胞内细胞因子染色法检测Gag特异性的CTL反应。结果表明,rAAV1-EGFP在小鼠肌肉的表达强度显著高于rAAV2-EGFP;用Western blot法和间接免疫荧光法检测rAAV1-gag和rAAV2-gag体外转染的293细胞,均可检测到HIV-1 Gag蛋白的表达;在小鼠体内rAAV1-gag和rAAV2-gag组均可检测到特异性P24抗体,抗体滴度rAAV1-gag组显著高于rAAV2-gag组;而无论rAAV1-gag组还是rAAV2-gag组,特异性CTL反应均较低,与阴性对照组相比均无显著性差异;两种载体免疫兔子也都可检测到特异性P24抗体,同样地,rAAV1-gag组显著高于rAAV2-gag组。结论:携带HIV-1gag基因的rAAV1或rAAV2以肌肉注射方式免疫小鼠主要诱导特异Gag的体液免疫反应;且rAAV1可诱导很强的抗HIV-1 Gag特异性抗体,抗体水平显著高于rAAV2。     

IgG型浆细胞在溃疡性结肠炎小鼠蛋白C系统变化中的作用

本文旨在探讨IgG型浆细胞在溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)小鼠蛋白C系统(protein C system,PCS)变化中的作用。利用4%硫酸葡聚糖钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)模拟小鼠UC,免疫荧光法观察结肠组织黏膜固有层浆细胞及免疫复合物IgA/M/G的类型,分离小鼠结肠组织黏膜固有层细胞,用抗CD38~+、CD54~+抗体双标、流式细胞术检测浆细胞数量,以抗IgA/M/G抗体标记,流式细胞术检测浆细胞类型;模拟IgG型免疫复合物刺激分离培养的巨噬细胞,ELISA法检测上清中促炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的变化;流式细胞术检测TNF-α、IL-6对结肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞蛋白C受体(endothelial protein C receptor,EPCR)、血栓调节蛋白(thrombomodulin,TM)表达的影响,发色底物法检测TNF-α、IL-6对微血管内皮细胞激活的蛋白C(activated protein C,APC)活性的影响。结果显示:与对照组相比,DSS组小鼠结肠组织大量IgG型浆细胞浸润(P0.05),黏膜固有层IgG型免疫复合物水平显著升高;分离培养的巨噬细胞与模拟IgG型免疫复合物共孵育后,上清中炎性细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6明显增高(P0.01);同时TNF-α或IL-6与小鼠结肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞共孵育后,内皮细胞表达EPCR、TM的能力均有所降低(P0.05或P0.01),其APC活性明显降低(P0.05或P0.01)。以上结果提示,UC时IgG型浆细胞数量增加,并通过形成免疫复合物,从而影响巨噬细胞分泌促炎细胞因子,进而影响血管内皮细胞功能,抑制PCS。浆细胞有望成为治疗UC的新靶点。     

自身抗体检测对 自身免疫性肝炎的临床诊断价值

目的通过对肝炎患者多种自身抗体检出率的比较,探讨其在自身免疫性肝炎中的临床诊断价值。方法对75例自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)患者,64例非AIH肝炎患者和78例健康体检者进行自身抗体检测。采用免疫印迹法检测抗线粒体抗体-M2(AMA-M2)、抗肝肾微粒体-1抗体(LKM-1)、抗肝细胞胞质抗原-1抗体(LC-1)、抗可溶性肝抗原/肝-胰抗原抗体(SLA/LP);采用间接免疫荧光法检测抗核抗体(ANA),并对各检测指标进行比对分析。结果AIH组患者ANA、AMA-M2、LKM-1、LC-1、SLA/LP检测阳性率分别为100.0%、28.0%、9.3%、1.3%、10.7%均高于非AIH组患者的56.2%、3.1%、0.0%、0.0%、0.0%,且除LC-1外其余差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论联合检测ANA、AMA-M2、LKM-1、LC-1及SLA/LP对诊断自身免疫性肝炎具有重要的临床意义。     

血清中Epstein-Barr病毒膜抗原IgA抗体检测法的改进及应用

用萄葡球菌菌体A蛋白(SPA)预先处理被检血清,以去除抗体IgG部份的竞争性结合,提高了间接免疫荧光法检查鼻咽癌病人血清中EB病毒膜抗原IgA(IgA/MA)抗体的敏感性及特异性,检查48例鼻咽癌病人血清IgA/MA抗体,阳性率为100％,血清几何平均滴度为141;40例其它恶性肿瘤病人和46例正常人都检不出IgA/MA抗体,免疫荧光法测得IgA/MA抗体阴性的6例鼻咽癌病人血清,SPA吸收后呈阳性反应,此改进方法可用以追踪观察鼻咽癌病的病程及预后。     

Effect of doxycycline-regulated protein disulfide isomerase expression on the specific productivity of recombinant CHO cells: thrombopoietin and antibody

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), one of the ER-resident molecular chaperones, forms and isomerizes disulfide bonds. This study attempts to investigate the effect of PDI expression level on specific productivity (q) of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells producing thrombopoietin (TPO) and antibody (Ab). To regulate the PDI expression level, the Tet-Off system was introduced in TPO and Ab producing CHO cells, and stable Tet-Off cells (TPO-Tet-Off and Ab-Tet-Off) were screened using the luciferase assay. The doxycycline-regulated PDI expression system in Tet-Off rCHO cells (Tet-TPO-PDI and Tet-Ab-PDI) was established by the cotransfection of pTRE-PDI and pTK-Hyg expression vector into TPO-Tet-Off and Ab-Tet-Off cells, respectively. Subsequent screening was done by Western blot analysis of PDI and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the secreted TPO and antibody. We cultured two Tet-TPO-PDI and two Tet-Ab-PDI clones, and all these clones showed an average of 2.5-fold increase in PDI expression when compared to the basal level. In both these cell lines the PDI expression was tightly controlled by various concentrations of doxycycline. The q of TPO (q(TPO)) was unaffected but that of antibody producing cells was increased by 15-27% due to the PDI expression level.     

Development and characterization of a chitosan-supported immunoaffinity chromatography column for the selective extraction of methandrostenolone from food and feed samples

The development of a chitosan-supported immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) column and its application to the selective extraction of methandrostenolone (MA) from food and feed samples were described in this paper. Using hybridoma technique, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against MA was produced. The IAC column was prepared by coupling the produced antibody with crosslinked chitosan. Scanning electron microscopy and IR spectroscopy was used to characterize the chitosan crosslinking and antibody coupling. 2% and 90% methanol were respectively selected as loading and eluting solution by optimization. The maximum capacity of the column for MA was 1790 ng/mL gel. The extraction recoveries of the column for MA at three different spiked concentrations ranged from 83.7 to 98.5%. After 2 cycles of usage, the column capacity and extraction recovery still remained 84.6% and 80.5%. To further verify the effect of matrix on the IAC cleanup, MA-fortified food and feed samples were extracted using the prepared IAC column, and MA recovery rates were found to be 86.2% and 70.4%, respectively.     

趋化因子CXCL14在SLE患者外周血单个核细胞中的表达及启动子甲基化分析

目的：分析趋化因子CXCL14在系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中的表达及其启动子甲基化特征。方法：收集28例SLE患者和20名健康人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）标本,抽提细胞中RNA,逆转录后,以GAPDH为内参,通过定量PCR检测PBMC中CXCL14的表达,统计分析CXCL14表达水平与SLE各种临床资料的相关性,探讨PBMC中CXCL14表达与SLE的关系,通过重亚硫酸盐修饰的全基因组DNA用以BSP测序来明确不同标本中CXCL14启动子中甲基化位点的甲基化率。结果：CXCL14在SLE患者和正常人PBMC中的表达量存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。与健康人PBMC中CXCL14的含量相比较,CXCL14在SLE患者PBMC中表达量显著降低。与进一步CXCL14表达水平与SLE各种临床资料的相关性分析显示,CXCL14表达水平与SSB抗体（干燥综合征B抗体）、蛋白尿及血小板计数相关。与SSB抗体阴性SLE患者比较,SSB抗体阳性患者CXCL14表达水平更低（P <0.05）;与蛋白尿阴性SLE患者相比,蛋白尿阳性患者CXCL14表达水平更低（P < 0.05）;而血小板升高患者的CX-CL14表达水平更高（P < 0.05）。CXCL14表达水平与SLE活动、肾损害指标、抗ds-DNA、C反应蛋白（CRP）、补体C3水平等指标未见显著相关性。CXCL14启动子区甲基化分析显示,SLE患者CpG岛甲基化明显高于正常对照。结论：PBMC中低表达的CXCL14与SLE发生发展相关,其启动子区CpG岛过度甲基化是SLE患者CXCL14低表达的重要机制。     

Cortical control of mastication in the cat: properties of mastication-related neurons in motor and masticatory cortices

The aim of this study is to examine mastication-specific activity of orofacial neurons in the motor and masticatory cortices of the awake cat. We examine properties of mastication-related neurons (MRNs) in masticatory (MA, the rostral region of the orbital gyrus) and motor (area P, the lateral wall of the presylvian sulcus) cortical areas that are related to mastication of cats. MRNs in MA and area P had in common mechanoreceptive fields (RFs) in perioral, mandibular and lingual regions, and many MRNs had bilateral RFs in the tongue and mandibular regions. Facial RF size was the largest in area P. Eleven percent of MRN recording sites in MA, and 43% in area P evoked various motor effects with the use of intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). MRNs of the pre-movement type showing activities prior to mastication, or masticatory or lingual EMG, were 14% in MA and 45% in area P. Based on wheat germ agglutinin–horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injection into area P and MA, cortico-cortical connections were examined. After the unilateral area P injection, were reciprocal connections between the contralateral area P and bilateral MA were demonstrated. After the unilateral MA injection, there were reciprocal connections between the contralateral MA, bilateral area P and bilateral orofacial SI (the orofacial region of the first somatosensory area). These findings suggest that accurate masticatory movements may be executed by the cortical processing in MA and area P.     

Mucus-associated antigen in epithelial cells of the chicken digestive tract: Developmental change in expression and implications for morphogenesis-function relationships

The embryonic chicken digestive tract consists of endodermal epithelium and mesenchyme derived from splanchnic mesoderm. Interactions between these two tissues are important for the establishment of regionality and the subsequent differentiation of digestive organs. In the present study we obtained a monoclonal antibody that reacted with mucus-associated antigen and named it the MA antibody. From 6 days of incubation, this antibody reacted with the esophageal, proventricular and gizzard epithelia. In the proventriculus, the MA antigen was expressed in luminal epithelial cells, while pepsinogen-producing gland cells became MA antigen-negative. The intestinal goblet cells, which secrete mucus, became positive to the antibody from day 13 of incubation. When the esophageal, proventricular or gizzard epithelium of a 6 day embryo was associated and cultivated with the proventricular mesenchyme, the luminal epithelial cells remained reactive to the MA antibody while gland cells were negative or only weakly positive. If the small-intestinal epithelium was cultivated with the proventricular or gizzard mesenchyme, the antigen was detected on the apical surface of the epithelium, suggesting that the expression of the MA antigen was induced by mesenchymal influences in the small-intestinal epithelium. These results suggest that spatio-temporally regulated expression of the MA antigen is controlled by the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.     

细胞自噬促进柯萨奇病毒B3复制的研究

本研究探索柯萨奇病毒B3(Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)感染引起的自噬与病毒复制之间的关系。CVB3感染HeLa细胞,并在病毒感染后6 h、8 h和10 h时检测LC3-Ⅰ蛋白、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白和p62蛋白的表达水平。结果显示CVB3病毒感染促使LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值升高,同时降低p62蛋白的表达。分别将自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamy-cin)、自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-Methyladenine,3MA)或溶酶体抑制剂阿洛司他丁(Aloxistatin,E46D)预处理HeLa细胞2 h,CVB3感染药物处理细胞并在病毒感染6 h后收集细胞、检测CVB3病毒VP1蛋白的表达。结果显示雷帕霉素和E64D促使CVB3病毒VP1蛋白表达增加,而3MA降低CVB3病毒VP1蛋白的表达。本研究得出结论 CVB3病毒感染诱导自噬进而促进病毒复制。     

Maximizing antibody production in a targeted integration host by optimization of subunit gene dosage and position

Historically, therapeutic protein production in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been accomplished by random integration (RI) of expression plasmids into the host cell genome. More recently, the development of targeted integration (TI) host cells has allowed for recombination of plasmid DNA into a predetermined genomic locus, eliminating one contributor to clone-to-clone variability. In this study, a TI host capable of simultaneously integrating two plasmids at the same genomic site was used to assess the effect of antibody heavy chain and light chain gene dosage on antibody productivity. Our results showed that increasing antibody gene copy number can increase specific productivity, but with diminishing returns as more antibody genes are added to the same TI locus. Random integration of additional antibody DNA copies in to a targeted integration cell line showed a further increase in specific productivity, suggesting that targeting additional genomic sites for gene integration may be beneficial. Additionally, the position of antibody genes in the two plasmids was observed to have a strong effect on antibody expression level. These findings shed light on vector design to maximize production of conventional antibodies or tune expression for proper assembly of complex or bispecific antibodies in a TI system.     

Temporal,cell-specific,and tissue-preferential expression of myrosinase genes during embryo and seedling development in Sinapis alba

The expression of the genes for two types of myrosinase (EC 3.2.3.1), designated MA and MB, during embryo and seedling development was investigated in Sinapis alba L. by in-situ and RNA slot-blot analyses. The expression of MA and MB genes followed similar temporal profiles during embryogenesis, but MB mRNA was present in considerably higher amounts than MA mRNA. In the embryo, both MA and MB genes are activated in cotyledons and axis. The MB genes are preferentially expressed in the cotyledons whereas MA genes are preferentially expressed in the axis. In the developing seedling, MA mRNA was not present in the organs investigated. By contrast, MB mRNA was found in appreciable amounts in hypocotyls, cotyledons and developing leaves. The MB genes seem to be activated preferentially in tissues undergoing rapid cell division and — or cell expansion.Abbreviations DAP days after pollination - MA, MB A type, B type myrosinases in Sinapis alba Anna-Stina Höglund (Uppsala Genetic Center) is gratefully acknowledged for valuable discussion, Anders Gobl (Department of Immunology, Uppsala University) for kindly advice with the labeling of probes and Qingzhu Zhai (Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University) for help with seed harvest. This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council for Forestry and Agriculture.