急性感染对中国明对虾非特异免疫水平的影响

本文研究了哈维弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）急性感染和WSSV急性暴发后中国明对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）非特异性免疫水平的变化。给中国明对虾幼虾腹肌注射30μL哈维弧菌菌液（7.2×107CFU/mL）,以未注射及注射无菌生理盐水为空白对照组和盐水对照组,检测急性感染48h之内不同时间段死亡个体及仍然存活的中国明对虾幼虾的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和溶菌酶（LSZ）活性。受到哈维弧菌攻击仍然存活的幼虾SOD活性极显著高于空白对照组、生理盐水对照组和感染后48h内死亡个体,而感染后48h内死亡个体的SOD活性与两对照组虾无显著差异。弧菌感染的幼虾LSZ活性较两对照组有极显著的降低,越早死亡的个体LSZ活性越低。通过环境胁迫诱导暴发WSSV症状的中国明对虾与未表现出WSSV症状者相比,总血淋巴细胞密度（THCs）、腹肌SOD活性及LSZ活性均极显著地降低,血清蛋白浓度极显著升高,而血清酚氧化酶（PO）活性增高不显著。     

对虾杆状病毒病暴发式大流行的生态机理初步研究

初步探讨中国和沿海和对虾杆状病毒病暴发式大流行的生理机理。分析了病毒病特性与对虾免疫功能的关系;病毒在虾池间的传染机制。着重说明了虾病的群体感染过程,给出模式化的群体传染模型,简要阐述了与虾病相关的社会生态经济问题。     

日本囊对虾4个地理群体线粒体16S rRNA序列及遗传结构分析

对我国东南沿海日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)的4个地理群体广东群体(GD)、台湾群体(TW)、福建群体(FJ)和浙江群体(ZJ)的线粒体16S rRNA基因片段进行PCR扩增,对产物进行测序后分析。经比对获得470bp的核苷酸分析序列,发现了16个变异位点,得到了10种单倍型。广东、台湾、福建和浙江群体的核苷酸多样性依次分别为0.0008、0.0010、0.0051、0.0015,各群体均存在独有的单倍型和共有单倍型。群体遗传距离分析表明各群体间保持着一定的遗传差异,其中福建群体与其他群体之间存在着较远的遗传距离并保持了较高的遗传多样性。另外,利用其423bp的16S rRNA同源序列探讨了对虾科6个属共12种对虾的系统进化关系,囊对虾属与沟对虾属亲缘关系较近聚为一支,其他4个属的10种对虾聚为一支。     

微生态调节剂对提高中国对虾抗病力的研究

应用从健康中国对虾肠道中分离筛选出的无毒、无害菌群（ＪＸ５、ＪＸ６）制成微生态调节剂,将其作为饲料添加剂饲养中国对虾,对感染暴发性流行病的抗病力进行试验研究。结果表明：（１）微生态调节剂能够明显地提高中国对虾感染后的成活率,使死亡高峰时间延迟;（２）感染后的血液病理指标显示,病虾的血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白等指标下降,甘油三酯、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶等指标上升;（３）投喂微生态调节剂的试验组与对照组经感染致病后,其血液指标与健康虾比较变化幅度不同,试验组虾血液指标变化幅度小于对照组。本文同时对微生态调节剂抗病力的作用机制进行了初步探讨。     

棉铃虫感染中华卵索线虫后血淋巴酚氧化酶活性的变化及其分离纯化

研究了中华卵索线虫Ovomermis sinensis感染棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫后宿主体内酚氧化酶活性的变化。研究结果表明,在感染后的第1天,中华卵索线虫的侵入引起酚氧化酶活性的增加,感染组酶活性是同期对照组的1.12倍; 但在随后的寄生期间,中华卵索线虫抑制了宿主的酚氧化酶活性,其中以第5天的抑制最为强烈： 同期对照组酶活性是感染组的1.52倍。对酚氧化酶进行了初步的分离纯化,纯化倍数为41.5倍,酶得率为12.7%,比活力为4 030.6 U/mg。     

两种微藻改善虾池环境增强凡纳对虾抗病力的研究

人工引入波吉卵囊藻和微绿球藻于凡纳对虾养殖环境中,检测与凡纳对虾抗病力有关因子变化和测定主要水质因子,研究微藻生态调控对凡纳对虾抗病力的影响。结果表明,引入波吉卵囊藻和微绿球藻能改善养殖水体的水质,凡纳对虾的血细胞数目,血清蛋白的含量以及酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶,溶菌酶,抗菌酶的活性都较对照组显提高。因此,微藻生态调控是防止对虾疾病的重要技术措施。     

中国厕蝇属二新种记述(双翅目:厕蝇科)(英文)

本文记述分别采自山西省和湖南省厕蝇属2新种,多突厕蝇FanniapolystylataWangetXue,sp.nov,新种与FanniaFuscinataChillcott,1961近缘,但触角第3节长为宽的2．5倍,盾片具暗褐色纵条,前中鬃呈2列,腋瓣淡黄色,各足股、胫节黄色,后股无后腹鬃列等即可区别。正模♂,山西省沁水,1991－06－16,王明福采、裂叶厕蝇FanniascissifoliaXue,WangetHuang,sp．nov.,新种与FanniaedentulaNishda,1973近缘,但复眼裸,触角第3节长为宽的2．5倍,盾片无纵条,腋瓣黄色,中胫后背鬃3,后面观侧尾叶上枝较直,其内侧具齿状利等即可区别。正模♂,湖南省常德,1984－03－11,黄耀明采;副模3♂♂,同正模。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

中国对虾呼肠孤样病毒感染的电镜观察

呼肠孤病毒在自然界广泛存在于脊椎动物、无脊椎动物和植物中.水产动物呼肠孤病毒感染曾见于鱼、贝、蟹.近几年随着对对虾病毒病害研究的日益重视,在对虾中也发现呼肠孤病毒的感染.Tsing等[1]最早于1987年在法国南部养殖的日本对虾(P.japonicus)幼虾中发现呼肠孤病毒感染.Krol等[2]于1990年在试验感染的南美白对虾(P.vannamei)中发现呼肠孤样病毒与对虾杆状病毒混合感染.中国大陆养殖的中国对虾自1993年全面暴发流行病以来,许多学者进行了对虾流行病的病原学、流行病学及诊断和防治方法的研究,部分学者曾在中国对虾(P.chinensis)中观察到呼肠孤样病毒颗粒[3],但未报道较详细的电子显微镜观察资料.     

绿原酸对凡纳滨对虾抗氧化系统及抗低盐度胁迫的影响

对绿原酸调节凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)血淋巴抗氧化系统功能及抗低盐度胁迫的效果进行了评价。360尾凡纳滨对虾随机分为4组,分别投喂含有0、100、200和400 mg/kg绿原酸的饲料28 d,随后将对虾从盐度为32的天然海水直接转入至盐度为10的水中胁迫72 h。结果表明,在正常养殖条件下,绿原酸对凡纳滨对虾的成活率、血淋巴总抗氧化能力(Total antioxidative capacity, T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)及过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活力均无明显影响,然而投喂含有绿原酸的饲料14 d,对虾血淋巴谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase, GPx)活性和血淋巴细胞GPx和CAT基因表达水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);低盐度胁迫24 h,绿原酸组凡纳滨对虾的存活率较对照组提高10%,但各组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);低盐度胁迫24 h,各组凡纳滨对虾血淋巴T-AOC、SOD和GPx活性与胁迫前相比均显著增加,说明低盐度胁迫条件下机体产生了抗氧化胁迫反应,同时绿原酸组对虾血淋巴GPx、CAT活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);低盐度胁迫72 h,绿原酸组对虾血淋巴T-AOC、GPx和CAT活性和血淋巴细胞GPx和CAT基因表达水平均明显高于对照组。上述结果表明绿原酸可有效调节凡纳滨对虾的抗氧化系统功能,增强对虾对于低盐度胁迫下的适应能力。     

豚鼠甲流H1N1感染模型的建立及激素甲强龙对感染干预作用的探讨

目的建立豚鼠的甲流感染模型并评价激素甲强龙对感染的干预作用。方法将4～6周龄雌性SPF级豚鼠（200～300）g分为4组：正常对照组,模型组,甲强龙1组和甲强龙2组,除对照组外,豚鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻接种A/California/7/2009（CA7）病毒,分别于攻毒后3 d和5 d给予激素甲强龙,大剂量3 d后1/4剂量给3 d,检测豚鼠感染的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果成功建立了豚鼠的甲流感模型;甲强龙1组豚鼠肺部炎症减轻较模型组和甲强龙2组明显,存活率较这两组均降低,甲强龙2组肺部炎症较模型组减轻,而较甲强龙1组重,豚鼠的存活率较这两组均无差异。结论豚鼠能感染A/California/7/2009（CA7）病毒,感染后5 d比感染后3 d开始给予激素的干预效果好。     

枯草芽胞杆菌发酵玉米秸秆后对家蝇的饲养效果

作物秸秆是重要的农业资源,为有效利用作物秸秆,本文利用枯草芽胞杆菌发酵玉米秸秆,配制成人工饲料来饲养家蝇。从菌液加入量和发酵天数来考察对家蝇饲养效果的影响,结果表明:枯草芽胞杆菌菌液加入量为3 mL(3.2×10~(11)cfu/mL),发酵天数3d时对家蝇饲养效果较好,幼虫质量为16.91g,与不加菌液的对照组(13.30g)相比存在显著性差异(P0.05)。经过枯草芽胞杆菌发酵和家蝇幼虫处理后,玉米秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的绝对含量都显著降低(P0.05)。经过家蝇取食后的饲料残渣,经检测,有机质等均达到国家标准。最优家蝇饲料配方为:枯草芽胞杆菌菌液加入量3mL(3.2×10~(11) cfu/mL),发酵天数3d,玉米秸秆和麦麸各125g,每250g饲料添加初孵幼虫200mg。本研究利用枯草芽胞杆菌发酵玉米秸秆,提高其营养价值,并进一步饲养家蝇,为秸秆的资源化利用和家蝇规模化饲养奠定了基础。     

Human interleukin-2 production in insect (Trichoplusia ni) larvae: effects and partial control of proteolysis

Many eukaryotic proteins have been successfully expressed in insect cells infected with a baculovirus in which the foreign gene has been placed under the control of a viral promoter. This system can be costly at large scale due to the quality of virus stock, problems of oxygen transfer, and severity of large-scale contamination. To circumvent this problem, we have investigated the expression of a foreign protein, human interleukin-2 (IL-2), in insect larvae, Trichoplusia ni, infected with the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). The IL-2 gene was placed under control of the p10 promoter so that the polyhedra remained intact for efficient primary infection. From our results, it was clear that early infection limited larval growth and late infection delayed product production until near pupation, hence infection timing was important. Also, the harvest time was crucial for obtaining high yield, because IL-2 production had a sharp optimal peak with a time of occurrence dependent on both temperature and the initial amount of infection virus. Specifically, we found that, by raising the infection temperature to 30 degrees C, we more than doubled the protein productivity. Furthermore, a significant concern of the larvae/baculovirus expression system has been the large amount of protease produced by the larvae, which adversely affects the protein yield. Therefore, we screened several protease inhibitors and characterized the larval protease specificity and timing to attenuate their impact. This report elucidates and delineates the factors that most directly impact protein yield in the larvae expression system, using IL-2 as a model.     

Cannibalism and Virus Production in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Fed with Two Leaf Substrates Inoculated with Baculovirus spodoptera

Cannibalism in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (FAW), is a limiting factor in a baculovirus production system. To detect the impact of cannibalism, a two-step bioassay was conducted with different larval ages of FAW fed on two food sources (corn and castor bean leaves) contaminated with the S. frugiperda multiple-embedded nucleopolyhedrovirus. In a first bioassay, the food source affected the cannibalism, being higher for all larval ages tested (5-, 6- and 7-day-old larvae) in larvae fed on corn than on those fed on castor bean leaves. Larval mortality, weight equivalent and larval equivalents (LEs) per hectare decreased as the larval age increased. Larval weight, occlusion bodies (OBs)/larva and total OBs increased when the larval age increased. In a second bioassay, in which only 6- and 7-day-old larvae were used because of the performance in the first bioassay, the cannibalism rates were affected by the interaction between food sources and time of feeding (48 and 72 h), reaching the highest values for 6- and 7-day-old larvae fed on corn leaves for 72 h. Mortality of the FAW was affected by the interaction between food sources, larval age and time of feeding. The lowest mortalities were on 7-day-old larvae when they were fed on castor bean leaves for 48 and 72 h. Larval weight, OBs/larva, total OBs and LEs were affected by the interaction between food sources and larval age. A significant correlation was observed between larval weight and OBs/larva that fed on both food sources, suggesting that larval weight can be used to achieve a concentration to be sprayed in 1 ha.     

家蝇微生物感染对RNA干扰GNBP3基因的作用

为了研究家蝇Musca domestica微生物感染对RNA干扰GNBP3基因的作用,评价微生物感染后对下游抗菌肽水平的影响,本研究用RNA干扰技术沉默家蝇GNBP3基因探索最佳沉默时间及效果,检测RNA干扰后家蝇幼虫存活及化蛹情况,通过微生物喂食途径感染,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测抗菌肽基因(cecropins、...     

Exploring sub-lethal effects of exposure to a nucleopolyhedrovirus in the speckled wood (Pararge aegeria) butterfly

This study investigated the sub-lethal effects of larval exposure to baculovirus on host life history and wing morphological traits using a model system, the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.) and the virus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus. Males and females showed similar responses to the viral infection. Infection significantly reduced larval growth rate, whilst an increase in development time allowed the critical mass for pupation to be attained. There was no direct effect of viral infection on the wing morphological traits examined. There was, however, an indirect effect of resisting infection; larvae that took longer to develop had reduced resource investment in adult flight muscle mass.     

转Bt基因水稻对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫体内三种保护酶活性的影响

用转Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac基因水稻的叶片饲喂稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée)幼虫,采用酶活力测定方法研究了转基因水稻对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫体内3种保护酶（SOD,CAT和POD）活性的影响。结果表明：取食转基因水稻叶片4 h后,幼虫体内SOD酶活性比对照提高了91.5%,与对照有显著差异;36 h后活性达到最大值,但与对照差异不显著。取食转基因水稻叶片24 h后,幼虫体内CAT酶活性达到最大值且高于对照,但与对照差异不显著;48 h后酶活性受到显著抑制,与对照差异显著。取食转基因水稻叶片12 h后,幼虫体内POD酶活性达到最大值,与对照差异不显著;48 h后酶活性逐渐下降达到最小值,比对照下降68.05%。实验同时测定了幼虫体内及其粪便中Bt毒蛋白含量的变化,结果表明取食转基因水稻叶片12 h后,随着大量取食进入体内的毒蛋白随粪便排出,幼虫体内的毒蛋白含量一直低于粪便中的含量,且在24 h时两者差异达到最大。由于Bt毒蛋白在幼虫体内的积累,扰乱了稻纵卷叶螟幼虫体内SOD,CAT和POD 3种保护酶的动态平衡,使虫体内自由基的清除遇到障碍,从而对其产生毒害作用。     

Effect of starvation upon baculovirus replication in larval Bombyxmori and Heliothisvirescens

The progression of baculovirus (BmNPV, BmCysPD, AcMNPV or AcAaIT) infection in larval Bombyx mori and Heliothis virescens (1st, 3rd or 5th instar) was investigated following various starvation regimes. When the larvae were starved for 12 or 24 h immediately following inoculation, the median lethal time to death (LT₅₀) was delayed by 9.5-19.2 h in comparison to non-starved controls. This corresponded to a delay of 10-23% depending upon the larval stage and virus that was used for inoculation. When a 24 h-long starvation period was initiated at 1 or 2 days post inoculation (p.i.), a statistically significant difference in LT₅₀ was not found indicating that the early stages of infection are more sensitive to the effects of starvation. Viral titers in the hemolymph of 5th instar B. mori that were starved for 24 h immediately following inoculation were 10-fold lower (p < 0.01) than that found in non-starved control larvae. Histochemical analyses indicated that virus transmission was reduced in 5th instar B. mori that were starved for 24 h immediately following inoculation in comparison to non-starved control larvae. In general, the mass of larvae that were starved immediately after inoculation was 30% lower than that of non-starved control insects. Our findings indicate that starvation of the larval host at the time of baculovirus exposure has a negative effect on the rate baculovirus transmission and pathogenesis.     

Alpine newts (Triturus alpestris) as top predators in a high-altitude karst lake: daily food consumption and impact on the copepod Arctodiaptomus alpinus

1. Population dynamics and feeding ecology of adult and larval alpine newts (Triturus alpestris, Laurenti) were investigated in a high-altitude karts lake to estimate their feeding pressure on the copepod Arctodiaptomus alpinuf (Imhof). Estimates of population size for reproducing adults ranged from 666 to 864 individuals in the lake during July and August. Total abundance of larvae before the onset of ice cover varied considerably between 4400 and 25400 individuals in different years. 2. Arctodiaptomus alpinus was an important prey item for adult and larval alpine newts. During the second half of their aquatic period, adult newts moved to deeper water where the copepod reached its highest densities near the sediment. Adults and larvae exhibited no periodic feeding pattern. The feeding rhythm was more synchronized among the larvae than among the adults. 3. Daily food consumption, estimated using the Elliott & Persson (1978) model, reached 4–21 mg dry biomass in adults. The daily ration of larvae was about 7% of body dry weight in the temperature range 6-11°C. Compared to published estimates of daily food consumption in salmonid fishes, the feeding pressure of newts appears low.     

Impact of planting date on sunflower beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) infestation,damage, and parasitism in cultivated sunflower

The sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (F.), is the major defoliating pest of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Planting date was evaluated as a potential management tool in a variety of production regions throughout North Dakota from 1997 to 1999, for its impact on sunflower beetle population density of both adults and larvae, defoliation caused by both feeding stages, seed yield, oil content, and larval parasitism in cultivated sunflower. Results from this 3-yr study revealed that sunflower beetle adult and larval populations decreased as planting date was delayed. Delayed planting also reduced defoliation from adult and larval feeding, which is consistent with the lower numbers of the beetles present in the later seeded plots. Even a planting delay of only 1 wk was sufficient to significantly reduce feeding damage to the sunflower plant. Yield reduction caused by leaf destruction of the sunflower beetle adults and larvae was clearly evident in the first year of the study. The other component of sunflower yield, oil content, did not appear to be influenced by beetle feeding. The tachinid parasitoid, Myiopharus macellus (Rheinhard), appeared to be a significant mortality factor of sunflower beetle larvae at most locations regardless of the dates of planting, and was able to attack and parasitize the beetle at various larval densities. The results of this investigation showed the potential of delayed planting date as an effective integrated pest management tactic to reduce sunflower beetle adults, larvae, and their resulting defoliation. In addition, altering planting dates was compatible with biological control of the beetle, because delaying the planting date did not reduce the effectiveness of the parasitic fly, M. macellus, which attacks the sunflower beetle larvae.     

The role of DIMBOA on the feeding of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lep., Pyralidae)

The role of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA), on feeding of Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), was observed and quantified. DIMBOA had an antifeedant effect on ACB and a mathematical model was built for the correlation between DIMBOA concentration and antifeedant index. DIMBOA increased the time that the larvae required to reach the pupal stage and the larval weights in treatment were significantly less than those in control. The number of entrances of ACB on the plant sites were positively correlative to the DIMBOA concentrations, suggesting that feeding stimulants in the corn plants could probably override the antifeedant effect of DIMBOA