乌龟MHCⅡ类B基因第二外显子的克隆及序列分析

利用一对兼并性引物扩增了乌龟MHCⅡ类分子B基因第二外显子的部分片段,并对PCR产物进行了克隆和测序,结果得到8种长度为166 bp的不同序列。经分析,序列中有84个变异位点,核苷酸的非同义替换(dN)多于同义替换(dS),造成39个位点氨基酸的改变。氨基酸的替换趋于集中在假定的抗原结合位点附近。利用MEGA、PAUP软件分别构建NJ树和MP树,两种树极为相似,均分为两支。同一个体中出现有多种序列,提示乌龟MHCⅡ类分子B基因可能存在着座位重复。研究表明:乌龟MHCⅡ类分子B基因第二外显子有较高的多态性,有利于乌龟野生种群的遗传保护。     

3个不同尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)群体MHC ⅡA基因多态性和遗传分化

MHC ⅡA作为主要组织相容性复合体的重要成分之一,在鱼类的免疫系统中发挥重要作用,具有高度多态性。本研究从广东省3个不同养殖地区的91尾尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的个体中获得了MHC ⅡA的第二外显子区域序列共501条,长度为647～742 bp。对该序列进行分析,共发现12个不同的等位基因。三个群体中核苷酸序列变异百分比为34.73%～60.78%,氨基酸变异百分比为68.24%～78.82%,其中惠州群体的变异比例最高(60.78%和78.82%)。单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分析表明:惠州群体的遗传多样性最为丰富。群体间分化指数(Fst)、中性检测(Tajima检测)、平均基因流、平均K2-P遗传距离和AMOVA分析的各项数据表明MHC ⅡA基因的第二外显子区域在3个不同群体间遗传分化不显著,存在一定的基因交流。本研究发现的MHC ⅡA基因的高度多态性及遗传结果,为尼罗罗非鱼抗病品种的选育以及种质资源的保护奠定了重要的基础资料。     

长江江豚MHC-DRB基因第二外显子的分离鉴定

主要组织相容性复合体(Major histocompatibility complex,MHC)在脊椎动物的免疫系统中起着重要的作用,常作为适应性遗传标记应用于保护遗传学研究.长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是惟一生活于淡水环境中的江豚种群,且已处于濒危状况.为了开发适用于长江江豚保护遗传学研究的MHC遗传标记,首次采用北象海豹(Mirounga angustirostris)的一对DRB基因引物对长江江豚的基因组进行扩增,从5个个体中成功扩增并测序得到5条MHC DRB基因第二外显子188 bp的核苷酸序列.BLAST结果表明这5条DRB特异序列与Gen-Bank中白鲸(Delphinapterus leucas)的DRB2序列具有较高的同源性,从而证实得到了预期扩增位点.进一步分析发现:这5条序列在4个核苷酸位点上产生替代,翻译后氨基酸序列在3个位点上发生替代;均具有完整的开放阅读框;且核苷酸的非同义替代率远远高于同义替代率;此外,从同一个体分离到两种以上不同DRB核苷酸序列,暗示着长江江豚在DRB座位上可能存在基因重复现象.初步分析结果表明长江江豚的DRB基因具有核苷酸多态性和氨基酸多态性及潜在功能性,并经受着强烈的自然选择.因此,该DRB座位可以作为适应性遗传标记进一步用于长江江豚遗传多样性以及种群适应能力评估等保护遗传学研究.     

合作猪SLA-DQA基因外显子2多态性分析

旨在研究合作猪DQA基因外显子2多态性,确定其等位基因数、核苷酸多态位点、氨基酸多态位点及各个等位基因之间的遗传关系,分析其进化意义。选用PCR-SSCP对439只合作猪SLA-DQA基因外显子2的多态性进行检测;测序群体内因变异而产生的各等位基因序列,并分析序列数据。结果显示,在合作猪SLA-DQA外显子2中发现了7个新等位基因,共18个核苷酸多态位点,10个氨基酸多态位点。合作猪SLA-DQA外显子2具有较丰富的多态性,群体内可能蕴藏着更加丰富的遗传资源;合作猪SLA-DQA外显子2基因最初可能由一个等位基因突变分化成一大类基因;合作猪SLA-DQA外显子2序列与各个猪种的SLA-DQA外显子2序列具有较高的同源性,预示着这些猪种的SLA-DQA外显子2基因最早可能来源于其分歧之前的共同祖先原始序列;新发现的7个SLA-DQA外显子2等位基因,可能由遗传关系较近的两个等位基因突变产生。     

中华菊头蝠MHCⅡ-DRB 基因遗传多态性及进化

采样自云南同一种群的中华菊头蝠共16 个个体,用于DRB 基因的分子进化和多态性研究。利用翼膜组织提取DNA 基因组,并PCR 克隆测序分析。获得了相差3 bp 的两种不同长度序列类型,A 序列类型263 bp,在研究群体中有15 个等位基因;B 序列类型260 bp,在研究群体中有8 个等位基因。在分析的74 个氨基酸变异位点上检测到12 个正向选择位点。在9 个个体中检测到分布频率最高的等位基因,也有多个等位基因只存在一个个体中。单个个体中最多存在6 个等位基因。遗传多态性分析表明中华菊头蝠DRB 基因具有较高的多态性。中华菊头蝠DRB 基因可能至少存在3 个重复座位。利用已发表的翼手目DRB 第二外显子序列构建的系统进化树表明中华菊头蝠MHCⅡ-DRB 基因处于独立进化支。     

猪MHC-DQB、DRB近端调控区序列及其多态性

根据人MHC—DRB和MHC—DQB基因组序列和猪MHC-DRB和MHC-DQB基因外显子1设计引物,应用PCR扩增及克隆测序技术,首次得到了猪MHC-DRB和MHC-DQB基因的5上游近端调控区(URR)序列。分析发现所得序列中存在与MHCⅡ类基因表达调控有关的高度保守的W、X、Y、CCAAT及类TATA调控元件,调控元件的空间组织顺序也与其他物种相应序列的相同。利用SSCP技术在313头猪中共发现12个DRB-URR复等位基因和14个DQB-URR复等位基因,序列比对结果表明在这些复等位基因中存在丰富的多态位点,为进一步深入研究猪MHCⅡ类基因近端调控区的多态性及抗病育种研究奠定了基础。     

扬子鳄MHCⅡ类B基因第二外元的克隆及序列分析

3头扬子鳄血样取自宣城安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心。利用一对简并引物对MHCⅡ类B基因第二外元的部分片段进行扩增;通过克隆、单链构象多态性分析、测序,并将测得序列与下载的8个物种MHC序列比对,确定序列差异和变异位点;利用MEGA软件构建NJ树,PAUP4．0构建MP树。结果得到10种不同的序列,片段长166bp。核苷酸序列中有38个变异位点,氨基酸序列中有23个变异位点;推定的抗原结合位点非同义替换(dN)明显高于同义替换(dS)。10种序列的NJ树和MP树极为相似,均为A、B两个分支,两个分支明显的特异性位点核苷酸序列中有9个。氨基酸序列中有7个。表明扬子鳄MHCⅡ类B基因第二外元有较高的多态性,有利于扬子鳄饲养种群的遗传保护。     

白鱀豚MHC基因类DQB1座位第二外元的序列变异分析

测定了 4 5个克隆的白豚 (Lipotesvexillifer)MHCⅡ类基因DQB座位第二外元 172bp的核苷酸序列 ,共获得 15种序列 ,发现了 2 2个变异位点。核苷酸的非同义替换明显多于同义替换 ,并造成了 15个氨基酸的改变。氨基酸的替换趋于集中在假定的与抗原的选择性识别相关的位点附近。白豚DQB基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列与文献报道的白鲸 (Delphinapterusleucas)和一角鲸 (Monodonmonoceros)DQB1序列具有较高的同源性。氨基酸序列不具备人及其它一些灵长类动物DQB2基因所共有的基序 (Motif) ,而与牛DQB1基因的基序相近 ,说明本研究得到的白豚MHC序列应属于类DQB1基因。同一个体出现了多种序列的情况 ,提示白豚的DQB基因可能存在着座位重复。白豚的类DQB1座位的序列中存在多种基序的不同组合 ,推测是由于基因转换造成的.     

中国地方鸡种MHC B-LBⅡ新等位基因的遗传多态性研究

为研究鸡MHC B-LBⅡ基因的遗传多态性,首先在8个中国地方鸡种(藏鸡、仙居鸡、北京油鸡、固始鸡、斗鸡、丝羽乌骨鸡、白耳鸡和狼山鸡)B-LBⅡ基因第二外显子扩增了一长度为 175 bp 的 DNA 片段并进行 SSCP 基因型分析;在8 个地方鸡种共 467 个个体中检测到 37 个 PCR-SSCP 基因型;从被检样品中筛选出不同基因型的个体,并在其 B-LBⅡ基因组中扩增了一个包括其第二外显子和第二内含子在内长度为374 bp的片段,通过克隆和测序获得了该片段的核苷酸序列。经序列分析,在前述地方鸡种被筛选出的 30 个无血缘关系的个体中发现了 31 个 B-LBⅡ新等位基因,并参照哺乳动物 MHC II 类 B 等位基因命名规则进行了命名。对这 31 个 B-LBⅡ新等位基因长度为 374 bp 的 DNA 片段进行比对表明,在其第二外显子序列上共有 68 个多态性变异位点,其中简约性信息位点 51 个,单变异位点 17 个,具有丰富的遗传多态性。在这些多态性变异位点中,出现在遗传密码子第一和第二位上的碱基替换率分别为 36.76% 和 35.29%。等位基因序列间的相似性估测为 90.6%-99.5%;B-LBⅡ基因第二外显子的错义替换率和同义替换率分别为 14.64±2.67%和 2.92±0.94%。结果表明,B-LBⅡ基因的丰富遗传多态性主要是由基因重组和平衡选择效应所引起的。对 B-LBⅡ等位基因第二外显子所编码的 B-LBⅡ分子β1 结构域氨基酸序列比对发现,31 个 B-LBⅡ新等位基因属于 26 个等位基因主型;在β1结构域氨基酸序列的 33个变异位点上,存在 6 个同义替换和 27 个错义替换。分析认为,那些发生在多肽结合位点上的氨基酸错义替换与鸡 MHC B-LBⅡ分子的免疫特异性有关。该结果可为鸡的抗病育种研究提供分子生物学依据。     

蒙古绵羊和哈萨克绵羊MHC-DRB3基因外显子2的多态性

采用PCR RFLP方法对蒙古绵羊和哈萨克绵羊MHC DRB3 基因第 2外显子 2 85bp的扩增产物进行多态性分析 ,共检测到 17种基因型 ,由A、B、C、D、E、F和H共 7个复等位基因控制。通过酶切图谱分析表明 ,蒙古绵羊和哈萨克绵羊的MHC DRB3 基因第 2外显子的第 15 4、16 8和 2 2 0位的碱基表现出多态性。统计分析表明 ,MHC DRB3 基因的部分基因型频率和等位基因频率在两个群体之间差异显著或极显著 (P <0 10、P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。χ2 适合性检验结果表明 ,蒙古绵羊和哈萨克绵羊的MHC DRB3 基因第 2外显子的HaeⅢ酶切位点均未达到Hardy Weinberg平衡状态 (P <0 0 1)。     

藏鸡主要组织相容性复合体B-LBⅡ基因第二外显子序列遗传变异分析

根据鸡主要组织相容性复合体B-LBⅡ基因序列设计特异性引物,在藏鸡基因组中扩增了一个包括其第二外显子和第二内含子在内长度为374 bp的片段,并通过克隆和PCR直接测序获得了该片段的核苷酸序列。发现了15个B-LBⅡ新等位基因。对18个B-LBⅡ等位基因核苷酸序列和其所编码的MHCB-LBⅡ分子β1结构域的氨基酸序列分析显示,第二外显子核苷酸序列遗传多态性异常丰富,存在着62个多态变异位点(共包括80个突变),其中41个为简约性多态位点;衡量该序列遗传多样性的π值为0.0718;反映其群体内遗传变异度的平均遗传距离为0.056±0.008,低于在5个外来品种所估算的平均遗传距离。该编码区核苷酸相对异义替换率(15.61±2.69%)显著高于其同义替换率(3.25±0.94%),进一步分析表明,基因重组和平衡选择机制可能是引起B-LBⅡ基因序列变异的主要因素。在β1结构域氨基酸序列中,存在11个同义替换和27个异义替换;在24个肽结合位点中有12个变异位点;与其他6个中国地方鸡品种和一个外来品种比较发现,有11个异义氨基酸替换仅出现在藏鸡群体中,并被认为与藏鸡的免疫特异性有关,可为鸡的抗病力研究提供分子依据。     

Molecular characterization, expression and mapping of porcine LMP2 and MECL-1 genes.

Low molecular mass polypeptides 2 (LMP2) and Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit (MECL-1) are two of three catalytic beta-type subunits of the 20s proteasome and upon interferon gamma-induction. LMP2 is critical for the production of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I ligand and T-lymphocytes. The LMP2 gene is located in the MHC region, but MECL-1 is located outside the MHC region. They are involved in the antigen presentation and are important candidate genes for an initial exploration of relationships between the antigen processing genes and disease resistance. In this report, the porcine LMP2 and MECL-1 cDNA were cloned and A 5099 bp LMP2 genomic DNA structure was identified, then two single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the exon2 and exon5 of LMP2 gene in 367 individuals. The LMP2 and MECL-1 genes putative protein included 219,274 amino acids, respectively. Alignment and phylogenetic of predicted porcine LMP2 and MECL-1 amino acid sequence with their homologies were analyzed. Tissues expression of LMP2 and MECL-1 mRNA were observed by real time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) method, the results revealed MECL-1 expressed widely in all tissues, but LMP2 was not detected in muscle. The porcine MECL-1 gene was mapped to chromosome 6, closely linked to microsatellite SW1108 (LOD = 4.09, 84cR) by radiation hybrid panel.     

cDNA cloning and genetic polymorphism of the swine major histocompatibility complex (SLA) class II DMA gene

cDNA clones corresponding to the swine histocompatibility complex (SLA: swine leucocyte antigen)-DM alpha chain were isolated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from the third exon in the human HLA-DMA gene as a probe. Amino acid comparative analysis revealed that these clones were more closely related to the bovine and human DMA genes than to the other swine class II genes alpha chain genes, DRA, DQA and DOA. These results suggest that the SLA-DMA gene is expressed and may function, like HLA-DM, as an important modulator in class II restricted antigen processing in swine. Furthermore, based on the sequences and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) patterns in the SLA-DMA gene, no allelic variation was recognized in the second exon, but five allelic variations were recognized in the third exon in five different breeds of swine. These DMA alleles were defined by variation at four nucleotide positions. Two of these alleles resulted in an amino acid substitution. These results suggest that SLA-DMA has little polymorphism as observed in HLA-DMA and mouse H2-Ma.     

Characterization,Polymorphism, and Evolution of MHC Class II B Genes in Birds of Prey

During the last decade, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has received much attention in the fields of evolutionary and conservation biology because of its potential implications in many biological processes. New insights into the gene structure and evolution of MHC genes can be gained through study of additional lineages of birds not yet investigated at the genomic level. In this study, we characterized MHC class II B genes in five families of birds of prey (Accipitridae, Pandionidae, Strigidae, Tytonidae, and Falconidae). Using PCR approaches, we isolated genomic MHC sequences up to 1300 bp spanning exons 1 to 3 in 26 representatives of each raptor lineage, finding no stop codons or frameshift mutations in any coding region. A survey of diversity across the entirety of exon 2 in the lesser kestrel Falco naumanni reported 26 alleles in 21 individuals. Bayesian analysis revealed 21 positively selected amino acid sites, which suggests that the MHC genes described here are functional and probably expressed. Finally, through interlocus comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, we also discuss genetic evidence for concerted and transspecies evolution in the raptor MHC.     

蛇白蔹白藜芦醇合酶基因CNRS2的克隆与原核表达

白藜芦醇合酶(resveratrol synthetic enzyme,RS)是植物白藜芦醇合成途径中的关键酶,利用已知的葡萄RS基因(AF274281)序列设计并合成了一对引物,以蛇白蔹基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增得到包含RS完整基因在内的一段序列,测序与序列分析表明:该克隆片段全长1 536bp,其中包含一个内含子及两个外显子。采用悬挂延伸PCR法克隆了目的基因,命名为CNRS2。序列分析表明该基因的开放读码框1 170 bp,编码389个氨基酸残基。同源性比较发现,CNRS2与已知葡萄RS基因序列的同源性达93%～98%。CNRS2与pET-30a(+)构建原核表达载体,经IPTG诱导后可表达获得相对分子量约为46 kD的外源融合蛋白。以上结果证实CNRS2属葡萄RS基因家族成员,为今后进一步对该基因的研究利用打下基础。     

Overexpression of GCN2-type protein kinase in wheat has profound effects on free amino acid concentration and gene expression

A key point of regulation of protein synthesis and amino acid homoeostasis in eukaryotes is the phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) by protein kinase general control nonderepressible (GCN)-2. In this study, a GCN2-type PCR product (TaGCN2) was amplified from wheat (Triticum aestivum) RNA, while a wheat eIF2α homologue was identified in wheat genome data and found to contain a conserved target site for phosphorylation by GCN2. TaGCN2 overexpression in transgenic wheat resulted in significant decreases in total free amino acid concentration in the grain, with free asparagine concentration in particular being much lower than in controls. There were significant increases in the expression of eIF2α and protein phosphatase PP2A, as well as a nitrate reductase gene and genes encoding phosphoserine phosphatase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase, while the expression of an asparagine synthetase (AS1) gene and genes encoding cystathionine gamma-synthase and sulphur-deficiency-induced-1 all decreased significantly. Sulphur deficiency-induced activation of these genes occurred in wild-type plants but not in TaGCN2 overexpressing lines. Under sulphur deprivation, the expression of genes encoding aspartate kinase/homoserine dehydrogenase and 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase was also lower than in controls. The study demonstrates that TaGCN2 plays an important role in the regulation of genes encoding enzymes of amino acid biosynthesis in wheat and is the first to implicate GCN2-type protein kinases so clearly in sulphur signalling in any organism. It shows that manipulation of TaGCN2 gene expression could be used to reduce free asparagine accumulation in wheat grain and the risk of acrylamide formation in wheat products.     

Cloning and characterization of the major histone H2A genes completes the cloning and sequencing of known histone genes of Tetrahymena thermophila.

A truncated cDNA clone encoding Tetrahymena thermophila histone H2A2 was isolated using synthetic degenerate oligonucleotide probes derived from H2A protein sequences of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The cDNA clone was used as a homologous probe to isolate a truncated genomic clone encoding H2A1. The remaining regions of the genes for H2A1 (HTA1) and H2A2 (HTA2) were then isolated using inverse PCR on circularized genomic DNA fragments. These partial clones were assembled into intact HTA1 and HTA2 clones. Nucleotide sequences of the two genes were highly homologous within the coding region but not in the noncoding regions. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with protein sequences of T. pyriformis H2As showed only two and three differences respectively, in a total of 137 amino acids for H2A1, and 132 amino acids for H2A2, indicating the two genes arose before the divergence of these two species. The HTA2 gene contains a TAA triplet within the coding region, encoding a glutamine residue. In contrast with the T. thermophila HHO and HTA3 genes, no introns were identified within the two genes. The 5'- and 3'-ends of the histone H2A mRNAs; were determined by RNase protection and by PCR mapping using RACE and RLM-RACE methods. Both genes encode polyadenylated mRNAs and are highly expressed in vegetatively growing cells but only weakly expressed in starved cultures. With the inclusion of these two genes, T. thermophila is the first organism whose entire complement of known core and linker histones, including replication-dependent and basal variants, has been cloned and sequenced.