动物乳腺生物反应器的现状和趋势

利用转基因家畜的乳腺生产人类重组蛋白,可以高效获得安全、足量的药用蛋白。本文针对乳腺生物反应器的成功研制,从目的基因的选择、载体构建、转基因技术等方面探讨了动物乳腺生物反应器的研究现状。分析了提高转基因效率和外源蛋白表达水平的技术途径,提出了降低总体成本的战略措施。特别探讨了利用Cre-loxP系统发展“体细胞打靶体细胞核移植技术体系”,高效生产乳腺生物反应器动物的可能性。     

体细胞基因打靶制备动物乳腺生物反应器的策略与应用

在转基因动物研究中,由于基因表达调控元件的人工拼接和外源基因在动物基因组中随机整合所带来的“位置效应”,致使转基因动物外源基因的表达水平不高并且差异较大。为此,利用定位整合优势,对以基因同源重组为基础的基因打靶技术进行了大量研究。介绍了就利用体细胞基因打靶和核移植技术制备动物乳腺生物反应器的策略和应用情况做一综述,并对提高基因打靶效率的各种策略,打靶细胞的选择,转基因细胞核移植的低融合事件以及基因打靶制备乳腺生物反应器的优越性进行分析。     

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的发展概况及人工染色体在其中的应用

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器位点效应的影响是制备转基因动物乳腺生物反应器过程中的主要问题。酵母人工染色体（YAC）和细菌人工染色体（BAC）具有容量大的特性,可以将乳蛋白的整个基因座包括所有调控序列全部装载进去,有可能克服位点效应的影响,是一种理想的载体。YAC和BAC载体转基因技术可能成为避开基因打靶获得高效表达的转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的另一途径.     

提高动物乳腺生物反应器表达水平的策略

在转基因动物乳腺生物反应器研究中,组织特异性表达水平、表达率和表达定位性是决定性的指标。因此,高效表达乳腺生物反应器的制备是许多研究者要实现的目标,也是走向产业化的基本要求。本文从基因构件、动物基因转移方面叙述了如何提高乳腺生物反应器表达水平、增强表达特异性及表达率,着重探讨如何提高动物乳腺生物反应器表达水平。     

药用蛋白质乳腺生物反应器的制作技术及新方法进展

用乳腺生物反应器生产人类珍稀的药用蛋白已经构成了现代生物技术的一个重要领域.与其他的生物工程方法比起来,用乳腺生物反应器生产人类珍稀的药用蛋白具有更多的优点.这一生物技术的实际应用依赖于基因的时空表达调控操作和可靠的转基因动物制作方法.综述了这一技术的优点,概括描述了了乳腺生物反应器表达载体的构建方法,及转基因动物的制作方法.讨论了这些方法的优缺点及技术改进的发展方向,特别是介绍了最近出现的、有研究和应用价值的用精原干细胞制作转基因动物的方法.     

乳腺生物反应器的研究现状和产业化前景

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器是伴随转基因动物技术而发展起来的一项高新生物技术。利用这项技术,我们可以从动物乳汁中源源不断地获取用于医疗或保健目的的有生物活性的基因产物。这是一种全新的蛋白质生产模式,它将成为许多国家的重要支柱产业之一。本文介绍了乳腺生物反应器的基本概念和基本原理;概述了制备过程中的目的基因选择、载体构建、转基因等技术环节的研究现状;分析了乳腺生物反应器的优势及存在的问题,并就其产业化前景进行了展望。     

动物乳腺生物反应器研究进展

利用转基因家畜的乳腺生产人类重组蛋白,可以高效获得安全、足量的药用蛋白。本在简要介绍乳腺生物反应器的基本原理及优越性的基础上,对其目的基因、表达载体和转基因技术在国内外的研究现状加以综述,着重探讨了体细胞核移植方法生产乳腺生物反应器的优越性及面临的技术问题。     

转基因技术在制备动物乳腺生物反应器中的应用和发展

利用乳腺生物反应器可以高效获得安全、足量的药用蛋白,在制药工业中具有广阔的应用前景。但是,目前采用的转基因技术由于其各自固有的局限性,未能使乳腺生物反应器的研究取得长足的进步。基因打靶技术和核移植技术的发展为乳腺生物反应器的开发注入了新的活力。本文综合近年来国内外文献,阐述了各种转基因技术的优点与缺陷,同时说明了构建“体细胞打靶-克隆技术体系”在制备大动物的乳腺生物反应器中的必要性。     

体细胞基因打靶-核移植技术研究进展

转基因效率与外源基因表达水平低的现状一直是制约动物生物反应器研究与产业化的主要技术瓶颈。体细胞克隆动物的成功和胚胎干细胞基因打靶技术的逐步完善使得体细胞基因打靶与核移植技术的结合使用成为可能,这就为生产遗传修饰家畜提供了一种新的手段,为动物生物反应器的成功研制提供了新的技术途径。从体细胞基因打靶的载体设计、转染系统的建立、中靶细胞的筛选和鉴定以及培养体细胞寿命等方面阐述了体细胞基因打靶—核移植技术体系的最新研究进展,并对其在异种器官移植、建立动物疾病模型、提高家畜生长性能以及生产药用蛋白等各个领域中的应用前景作了展望 。     

利用动物乳腺生物反应器生产药用蛋白

动物乳腺生物反应器是利用动物乳腺特异性启动子调控元件指导外源基因在乳腺中特异性表达,并从转基因动物奶液中获取重组蛋白。应用动物乳腺生物反应器生产药用蛋白具有生产方式简单,产量大,蛋白能进行翻译后修饰等优点,是具有广阔前景的生物医药产业。本文仅就动物乳腺生物反应器的建立、检测、目的蛋白的分离纯化以及存在的问题等作一综述。     

Transgenic animal bioreactors

The production of recombinant proteins is one of the major successes of biotechnology. Animal cells are required to synthesize proteins with the appropriate post-translational modifications. Transgenic animals are being used for this purpose. Milk, egg white, blood, urine, seminal plasma and silk worm cocoon from transgenic animals are candidates to be the source of recombinant proteins at an industrial scale. Although the first recombinant protein produced by transgenic animals is expected to be in the market in 2000, a certain number of technical problems remain to be solved before the various systems are optimized. Although the generation of transgenic farm animals has become recently easier mainly with the technique of animal cloning using transfected somatic cells as nuclear donor, this point remains a limitation as far as cost is concerned. Numerous experiments carried out for the last 15 years have shown that the expression of the transgene is predictable only to a limited extent. This is clearly due to the fact that the expression vectors are not constructed in an appropriate manner. This undoubtedly comes from the fact that all the signals contained in genes have not yet been identified. Gene constructions thus result sometime in poorly functional expression vectors. One possibility consists in using long genomic DNA fragments contained in YAC or BAC vectors. The other relies on the identification of the major important elements required to obtain a satisfactory transgene expression. These elements include essentially gene insulators, chromatin openers, matrix attached regions, enhancers and introns. A certain number of proteins having complex structures (formed by several subunits, being glycosylated, cleaved, carboxylated...) have been obtained at levels sufficient for an industrial exploitation. In other cases, the mammary cellular machinery seems insufficient to promote all the post-translational modifications. The addition of genes coding for enzymes involved in protein maturation has been envisaged and successfully performed in one case. Furin gene expressed specifically in the mammary gland proved to able to cleave native human protein C with good efficiency. In a certain number of cases, the recombinant proteins produced in milk have deleterious effects on the mammary gland function or in the animals themselves. This comes independently from ectopic expression of the transgenes and from the transfer of the recombinant proteins from milk to blood. One possibility to eliminate or reduce these side-effects may be to use systems inducible by an exogenous molecule such as tetracycline allowing the transgene to be expressed only during lactation and strictly in the mammary gland. The purification of recombinant proteins from milk is generally not particularly difficult. This may not be the case, however, when the endogenous proteins such as serum albumin or antibodies are abundantly present in milk. This problem may be still more crucial if proteins are produced in blood. Among the biological contaminants potentially present in the recombinant proteins prepared from transgenic animals, prions are certainly those raising the major concern. The selection of animals chosen to generate transgenics on one hand and the elimination of the potentially contaminated animals, thanks to recently defined quite sensitive tests may reduce the risk to an extremely low level. The available techniques to produce pharmaceutical proteins in milk can be used as well to optimize milk composition of farm animals, to add nutriceuticals in milk and potentially to reduce or even eliminate some mammary infectious diseases. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

提高转基因表达水平的策略

随着转基因相关技术的发展,转基因动物技术在许多方面得到了成功应用.但外源基因在体内的表达仍然难以预测,特别是大动物的转基因,由于制备效率低下,因而难以筛选出足够的高表达的阳性动物数.基因表达调控研究对提高外源基因在动物体内的表达水平提供了一些新手段,本就避免转基因的位置效应、控制外源基因在动物宿主基因组中的整合、提高转基因的表达效率、构建转基因载体和使用外源基因需要注意的问题等进行综述.     

Genetic modification of animals in the next century

Since the initial demonstration in 1982 of profound phenotypic effects stemming from the expression of a single transgene, genetic engineering has revolutionized fundamental biological and biomedical research. The application of transgenic technology to farm animals has held the promise of being able to improve animal agriculture significantly and has resulted in a new industry, i.e., the successful expression of foreign proteins in the mammary gland for the pharmaceutical industry. Work over the last few years in model species (e.g., the mouse) and new technical developments such as cloning have now set the stage for the initial application of transgenic technology for the improvement of farm animals. Major limitations that remain are the lack understanding of which genes we should transfer in order to alter quantitative production traits usefully and the low efficiency of producting transgenic founders. Furthermore, more research is needed concerning the consequences and potential problems arising from the integration of transgenes into populations with varying genetic backgrounds. Recent advances suggest that within the first decade of the 21 st century the first transgenic animals will become available to the livestock industry, with acceptance depending upon their cost versus their potential economic benefit to the producers.     

TPO内含子Ⅴ可显著增强人血小板生成素基因在乳腺细胞中的表达

人血小板生成素（thrombopoietin,TPO）基因组包括6个外显子和5个内含子,内含子在其表达过程中可能扮演着重要作用.为了研究人TPO基因组中不同内含子对TPO表达的影响,构建可在转基因动物乳腺中高水平表达人TPO的乳腺特异性表达质粒.本研究以65 kb的山羊β-casein启动子为调控元件,构建了包括人TPO cDNA(pTPOA)、TPO intronⅠ-TPO cDNA (pTPOB)、ΔTPO intronⅠ-TPO cDNA (pTPOC)、TPO intronⅤ-TPO cDNA (pTPOD)和TPO gDNA (pTPOE)等5种TPO乳腺特异性表达质粒,并在人乳腺细胞HC-11细胞上进行了瞬间表达研究.在转染48 h后,通过双抗体夹心的ELISA方法定量分析上述质粒在HC-11细胞上的表达水平.结果表明,含有内含子Ⅴ的 pTPOD的表达量最高,而含有整个基因组TPO的pTPOE表达水平最低.为了进一步证实pTPOD可在乳腺细胞中高水平表达,将pTPOD经脂质体包埋后注射到泌乳期山羊的乳腺中.结果显示,在山羊乳汁中可连续14 d检测到人TPO的表达.上述实验证实,人TPO基因组中的内含子V可显著提高TPO在HC-11细胞内的表达水平,并提示内含子Ⅴ中可能含有特殊的调控序列.     

Establishment of a rapid and scalable gene expression system in livestock by site-specific integration

Somatic cell-mediated transgenesis is routinely used to transfer exogenous genes to livestock genomes. However, transgene insertion events are essentially random which may lead to transgene silencing or alter animal phenotype because of insertional mutagenesis. To overcome these problems, we established a gene manipulation system in goat somatic cells based on homologous recombination and flp recombinase-mediated site-specific integration. First, we performed gene targeting to introduce an frt-docking site into the α1 (I) procollagen (ColA1) locus in goat somatic cells. Second, the targeted cell clones were rejuvenated by embryo cloning, and the vigorous cells with targeted frt were reestablished. Third, a gene-replacement system was used to introduce an EGFP reporter gene into the targeted ColA1 locus via flp mediated recombination. As a result, the transgenic somatic cell exhibited faithful expression of EGFP gene under control of the CMV promoter. Similarly, other expression vectors can be introduced into the defined site to evaluate gene functions or express valuable proteins. The gene manipulation system described here will be applicable in other livestock somatic cells, and would allow for the rapid generation of livestock with transgene targeted to the defined site.     

The Use of Viral Vectors in Introducing Genes into Agricultural Animal Species

The use of viral vectors is a method for introducing foreign genes into various animal species. Vectors based on retro-, adeno-, flavi-, and parvoviruses have been used for research in animal species of agricultural importance, such as chickens, quail, swine, cows, goats, sheep, fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Viral vectors allow for efficient transgenic integration into host genome or for transient expression of the transgenic construct in somatic tissues. Because of that, viral vectors are important tools for research and potentially other biotechnology applications such as improving animal production qualities and introducing disease resistance, thus improving food quality and safety. Other uses may include generating animal models of human diseases and using animals as bioreactors for production of therapeutic proteins. Each vector type provides a unique set of advantages and limitations, which are in some cases specific to an animal species or a method of introduction. This article discusses viral vector characteristics and potential applications in agriculturally important animal species. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of using viral vectors in genetic engineering of agricultural animals.     

Transgenic farm animals - A critical analysis

The notion of directly introducing new genes or otherwise manipulating the genotype of an animal is conceptually straightforward and appealing from the standpoints of both speed and precision with which phenotypic changes can be made. Thus, it is little wonder that the imagination of many animal scientists has been captivated by the success others have achieved in introducing foreign genes into mice. Transgenic mice not only exhibit unique phenotypes, but they also pass those traits on to their progeny. However, before transgenic farm animals become a common component of the livestock industry, a number of formidable obstacles must be overcome. In this review we attempt to identify the critical issues that should be considered by both those currently working in the field and those scientists considering the feasibility of initiating a transgenic livestock project. The inefficiency of producing transgenic animals has been well documented. This does not constrain investigators using laboratory animal models, but it has a major impact on applying transgenic technology to farm animals. The molecular mechanisms of transgene integration have not been elucidated, and as a consequence it is difficult to design strategies to improve the efficiency of the process. In addition to the problems associated with integration of new genes, there are inefficiencies associated with collecting and culturing fertilized eggs as well as embryo transfer in farm animals. Transgenic farm animal studies are major logistical undertakings. Even in the face of these practical hindrances, some may be pressured by administrators to embrace this new technology. As powerful as the transgenic animal model system is, currently there are limits to the kinds of agricultural questions that can be addressed. Some uses are so appealing, however, that several commercial organizations have explored this technology. Within the next decade or two, it is likely that many of the technical hurdles will be overcome. Combining new techniques with a better understanding of the genetic control of physiological systems will make it possible to improve the characteristics of farm animals in highly imaginative ways.     

tPA/gGH双基因转染山羊乳腺上皮细胞表达分析

人组织纤溶酶原激活剂(tissue-type plasminogen activator,tPA)是一种被广泛应用于临床的溶栓药物。双基因共整合入生物体内能够产生协同作用,从而提高目的基因的表达水平。但是目前,利用gGH基因与tPA基因共整合以期提高tPA表达水平的相关研究较少。为筛选获得tPA高表达的tPA/gGH双基因整合的单克隆转基因山羊乳腺上皮细胞株,本研究以β-casein基因作为调控序列,构建乳腺特异性表达载体PCL25/gGH,并通过电转染将tPA和gGH双基因共转染山羊乳腺上皮细胞;通过G418筛选获得抗性细胞株,经PCR检测获得转基因单克隆细胞株;利用催乳素诱导tPA表达,收集48 h后细胞诱导液进行ELISA()和Western blotting检测并分析其tPA表达水平。结果表明,共获得142株抗性单克隆细胞,其中有53株tPA单基因整合细胞株,34株tPA/gGH双基因整合细胞株,双基因整合率达23.9%(34/142)。共检测出29株细胞能够表达tPA,其中单基因表达细胞为12株,表达率为22.6%(12/53);双基因表达细胞为17株,表达率为50.0%(17/34);且单基因细胞表达tPA含量为7.5~52.0μg/mL,而双基因细胞表达tPA含量为40~360μg/mL,明显高于单基因表达水平。本研究通过电转染的方式成功获得了tPA/gGH双基因整合的单克隆山羊乳腺上皮细胞株,并证明双基因整合的细胞株表达tPA水平明显提高,为后期制备高表达转基因山羊奠定了基础。