中国安氏长舌果蝠的分类记述

1992年3月和1999年12月，分别从云南南部西双版纳勐腊补崩和麻木树采到6号长舌果蝠，经与我国已记载过的翼手目（Chiroptera)狐蝠科（Pteropodidae)长舌果蝠亚科（Macroglossinae)的种类比较：其舌甚长，舌尖具刷状突起，舌面中央有三尖形乳突（tridentate papillae）、前臂长47.31～51.01 mm与长舌果蝠（Eonycteris spelaea）相似，但第二指具爪，翼膜止于第三趾趾基，上唇前缘无沟槽，鼻孔不突出，尾极短、隐于毛被中；头骨后部明显向后下方倾斜，齿槽后延线明显超过人字嵴上缘达及顶间骨上缘水平，牙齿非常长而细弱，与长舌果蝠明显有别，这些特征与印度东北部和东南亚一带的安氏长舌果蝠（Macroglossus sobrinus）一致，为我国翼手目狐蝠科长舌果蝠亚科的属、种新纪录，本文对这一属、种作比较详细的记述；另对已记录的长舌果蝠（Eonycteris spelaea），根据新的资料作补充记述。     

海南岛发现长舌果蝠

2019年7月于海南岛儋州市石花水洞网捕到1只蝙蝠,形态特征、头骨特征及线粒体Cyt b基因序列鉴定证实其为长舌果蝠(Eonycteris spelaea),该物种为海南岛蝙蝠分布新记录种。其主要鉴别特征为:中等体型,前臂长69.6 mm;第二指无爪;有一短尾,尾长12.9 mm,明显突出于股膜之后;肛腺发达;头骨较大,头骨和吻部相对较长,颅全长35.2 mm,吻长11.4 mm。本文报道了海南岛长舌果蝠的外部形态、头骨特征以及基于Cyt b基因序列的系统发育树结果,并与该物种已报道的数据进行了比较。     

中国4种蝙蝠的G-带和C-带

首次报道了中国4种蝙蝠的G-带和C-带核型。大长舌果蝠(Eonycteris spelaea)二倍染色体数目(2n)为36,常染色体臂数(FN)为56;马来假吸血蝠(Megaderma spasma)2n=38,FN=70;黑髯墓蝠(Taphozous melanopogon)2n=42,FN=64;皱唇蝠(Chaerephon plicata)2n=48,FN=54。通过C-带显示,除着丝粒异染色质外,在皱唇蝠的许多染色体臂内和马来假吸血蝠染色体的端粒处也有较多的插入异染色质,大长舌果蝠的基因组中既有臂内异染色质也有端粒异染色质。     

基于核基因RAG2部分序列探索菊头蝠总科、蝙蝠科和鞘尾蝠科物种的系统发育关系

采用PCR技术获得了翼手目(菊头蝠总科、蝙蝠科以及鞘尾蝠科)16种19个个体的核基因重组激活基因2(Recombination activating gene,RAG2)部分序列,长度为730～760 bp.结合从Genbank中提取的翼手目3科14个体的RAG2序列,通过构建贝叶斯(Bayesian inference,BI)和最大似然树对翼手目种属间的系统进化关系进行研究.研究表明:在菊头蝠总科中,菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科是两个独立的科,且在蹄蝠科中,大蹄蝠、中蹄蝠、普氏蹄蝠3种之间的亲缘关系非常近;蝙蝠科中的南蝠属与棕蝠属是姊妹群;长翼蝠亚科应提升为长翼蝠科.此外,鞘尾蝠科与犬吻蝠科形成姊妹群关系.     

果蝠的婚配制度及繁殖策略

翼手类(Chiroptera)(俗称蝙蝠)分为小蝙蝠亚目(Microchiroptera)和大蝙蝠亚目(Megachiroptera),大蝙蝠又称果蝠或狐蝠,果蝠仅狐蝠科(Pteropodidae)1科188种。深入地了解其独特的婚配行为机制、独特的繁殖发育机制,对有效地开展果蝠的保护工作、合理地控制种群数量有积极意义。本文对果蝠的婚配制度及繁殖策略进行了阐述。     

狐蝠科3种蝙蝠舌长度及结构比较

为探讨旧大陆食果和食蜜蝙蝠的食性类型不同是否造成其取食器官舌长度及结构的差异,本研究以2种食果蝙蝠犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)和棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaultii)以及1种食蜜蝙蝠长舌果蝠(Eonycteris spelaea)为研究对象,比较了这3个物种间舌的差异.犬蝠、棕果蝠和长舌果蝠伸入直径为2 cm试管的最大舌长度L1(包括伸入试管的吻部和吻部以外的舌长)分别为(29.19±0.52)mm、(35.05±0.82) mm、(49.34±1.64) mm;伸出吻端外部的舌长L3分别为(16.25±0.53)mm、(19.25±0.79) mm、(31.88 ± 1.56) mm;与体重转换后的最大舌长度,即转换L1分别为(8.57±0.17) mm/g1/3、(7.90 ±0.27) mm/g1/3、(12.41 ±0.40) mm/g1/3;与体重转换后的伸出吻端外部的舌长,即转换L3分别为(4.77±0.16) mm/g1/3、(4.34±0.22) mm/g1/3、(8.01 ±0.38) mm/g1/3;与体重转换后的解剖舌长分别为(5.56 ±0.16) mm/g1/3、(5.35 ±0.14) mm/g1/3、(6.65±0.38)mm/g1/3.此5个参数种间比较均差异显著,食蜜类的长舌果蝠的5个参数均显著长于食果类犬蝠和棕果蝠的相应参数.通过比较3种蝙蝠的舌结构发现,长舌果蝠的舌尖尖细且具有毛刷状丝状乳头结构,舌面及两侧凹槽较多;犬蝠和棕果蝠的舌尖钝圆,舌面乳头和凹槽较少而平缓.本文结果表明,旧大陆食蜜蝙蝠与食果蝙蝠在舌长度和舌结构上存在明显差异,可能与捕食行为的差异有关.     

三种旧大陆狐蝠科蝙蝠舌长度及结构比较

为探讨旧大陆食果和食蜜蝙蝠的食性类型不同是否造成其取食器官舌长度及结构的差异,本研究以2种食果蝙蝠犬蝠（Cynopterus sphinx）和棕果蝠（Rousettus leschenaultii）以及1种食蜜蝙蝠长舌果蝠（Eonycteris spelaea）为研究对象,比较了这3个物种间舌的差异。犬蝠、棕果蝠和长舌果蝠伸入直径为2 cm试管的最大舌长度L1（包括伸入试管的吻部和吻部以外的舌长）,分别为（29.19?0.52）mm、（35.05?0.82）mm、（49.34?1.64）mm;伸出吻端外部的舌长L3分别为（16.25?0.53）mm、（19.25?0.79）mm、（31.88?1.56）mm;与体重转换后的最大舌长度,即转换L1分别为（8.57?0.17）mm/3√g、（7.90?0.27）mm/3√g、（12.41?0.40）mm/3√g;与体重转换后的伸出吻端外部的舌长,即转换L3分别为（4.77?0.16）mm/3√g、（4.34?0.22）mm/3√g、（8.01?0.38）mm/3√g;与体重转换后的解剖舌长分别为（5.56?0.16）mm/3√g、（5.35?0.14）mm/3√g、（6.65?0.38）mm/3√g。此5个参数种间比较均差异显著,食蜜类的长舌果蝠的5个参数均显著长于食果类犬蝠和棕果蝠的。通过比较3种蝙蝠的舌结构发现,长舌果蝠的舌尖尖细且具有毛刷状丝状乳头结构,舌面及两侧凹槽较多;犬蝠和棕果蝠的舌尖钝圆,舌面乳头和凹槽较少而平缓。本文结果表明,旧大陆食蜜蝙蝠与食果蝙蝠在舌长度和舌结构上存在明显差异,可能与捕食行为上的差异有关。     

基于16S rRNA部分序列中国蝙蝠科蝙蝠系统发生分析

蝙蝠科蝙蝠遍布全世界,是蝙蝠中种类最多的一个科.尽管从形态学、胚胎学和分子生物学等方面认为蝙蝠科内长翼蝠亚科应该提升到科、鼠耳蝠属应该提升到亚科的分类地位,但是其科内的系统关系长期以来一直处于争议之中.本文对蝙蝠科11种38个标本线粒体16S rRNA部分序列进行了测序,并结合以前报道的13种(属于7科13属)蝙蝠的线粒体16S rRNA部分序列构建了系统树,结果表明:长翼蝠亚科可以提升到科的分类地位、鼠耳蝠属提升到亚科的分类地位,这与前人报道的结果一致;相对于由鼠耳蝠亚科、彩蝠亚科和管鼻蝠亚科构成的分支,蝙蝠亚科和Antrozoinae是一个并系群.蝙蝠亚科内的亲缘关系也进行了进一步的讨论.     

中国翼手类一新纪录种

记述采自中国吉林南部鼠耳蝠属Myotis 1种:大趾鼠耳蝠Myotis macrodactylus为翼手目中国新纪录.提供了外形、头骨和牙齿的特征描述、照片、分布和生态习性.     

棕果蝠微卫星位点的筛选及其对近缘种的通用性

棕果蝠在我国热带和亚热带地区分布广、种群数量大,对龙眼、荔枝等水果种植业造成巨大危害。近年来,棕果蝠在国内被大范围捕杀,造成其种群数量急剧下降。为了获得用于研究棕果蝠的种群结构和遗传多样性的分子标记,我们利用探针富集法构建了棕果蝠部分微卫星基因组文库,筛选出棕果蝠的4 个高度多态性位点;并结合前期本研究组已经发表的棕果蝠微卫星位点,共检测了10 个棕果蝠特异的微卫星标记在其它4 种果蝠(短耳犬蝠、犬蝠、大长舌果蝠、小长舌果蝠)内的通用性,为不同果蝠种群遗传学研究提供了更多的微卫星分子标记。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various