基于部分线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(mtCOI)DNA 序列的6种蝙蝠(翼手目:蝙蝠科)的分子系统进化关系

对贵州5种蝙蝠科蝙蝠的部分线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基ⅠDNA序列进行了测定,并结合从Genbank获得的爪哇伏翼的相应序列,以Pteropus dasymallus,P.scapulatus,Rousettus aegyptiacus为外群,运用贝叶斯法(Bayes-ian),最大似然法(Maximum Likelihood,ML)分析了这6种蝙蝠科蝙蝠的分子系统进化关系。结果表明:在贝叶斯,ML树中,这6种蝙蝠科的蝙蝠可分为3个分支:亚洲长翼蝠是第1个独立出来的分支;白腹管鼻蝠是继亚洲长翼蝠之后第2个分离出来的分支;第3个分支又分为两支,一支由大鼠耳蝠和小鼠耳蝠组成,另一支由南蝠和爪哇伏翼组成,支持将这4种蝙蝠同归于蝙蝠亚科的结论,从一定程度上否定了鼠耳蝠属和管鼻蝠亚科之间的姐妹类群关系,也不支持将鼠耳属提升为亚科。     

基于核基因RAG2部分序列探索菊头蝠总科、蝙蝠科和鞘尾蝠科物种的系统发育关系

采用PCR技术获得了翼手目(菊头蝠总科、蝙蝠科以及鞘尾蝠科)16种19个个体的核基因重组激活基因2(Recombination activating gene,RAG2)部分序列,长度为730～760 bp.结合从Genbank中提取的翼手目3科14个体的RAG2序列,通过构建贝叶斯(Bayesian inference,BI)和最大似然树对翼手目种属间的系统进化关系进行研究.研究表明:在菊头蝠总科中,菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科是两个独立的科,且在蹄蝠科中,大蹄蝠、中蹄蝠、普氏蹄蝠3种之间的亲缘关系非常近;蝙蝠科中的南蝠属与棕蝠属是姊妹群;长翼蝠亚科应提升为长翼蝠科.此外,鞘尾蝠科与犬吻蝠科形成姊妹群关系.     

蝙蝠科三种蝙蝠的G-带和C-带

对肺、心等进行组织培养,用空气干燥法制作染色体标本,对贵州3种蝙蝠即中华鼠耳蝠(Myotis chinensis)、西南鼠耳蝠(M.altarium)和亚洲长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuliginosus)进行了G-带、C-带带型分析。结果表明,2种鼠耳蝠的G-带基本相同,亚洲长翼蝠的G-带与两种鼠耳蝠有一定同源性;C-带核型中,中华鼠耳蝠和亚洲长翼蝠只有着丝粒带,而西南鼠耳蝠有的染色体有插入C-带和端位C-带。根据带型异同分析讨论了鼠耳蝠和长翼蝠间的进化关系。     

食鱼蝙蝠——大足鼠耳蝠初报

大足鼠耳蝠属蝙蝠科,为中国特有种类。食性分析和野外观察证实大足鼠耳蝠为食鱼蝙蝠。室内放养条件下发现大足鼠耳蝠一次进食能连续消耗5．0—10．0g麦穗鱼。本研究首次报道北京房山亦有大足鼠耳蝠分布,并介绍了其地理分布和保护现状。     

蝙蝠科七种蝙蝠的核型

报道了贵州7 种蝙蝠科蝙蝠的核型。伏翼和印度伏翼的染色体数为2n = 26 , 常染色体都由10 对双臂染色体和2 对微小点状染色体组成, N.F = 44 , 性染色体是大小悬殊的端着丝粒染色体; 两者核型的主要区别在于前者的No.3 是中着丝粒染色体, 后者为亚中着丝粒染色体; 大鼠耳辐(四川亚种) 、水鼠耳蝠和西南鼠耳蝠的染色体数都是2n = 44 , 常染色体都由4 对中着丝粒染色体和17 对端着丝粒染色体组成, N.F = 50 , 其中大鼠耳蝠(四川亚种) 和水鼠耳蝠核型非常相似, 西南鼠耳蝠与前二者有一定区别; 山蝠(福建亚种) 是2n = 36 , 常染色体包括7 对中着丝粒染色体、1 对亚中着丝粒染色体和9 对端着丝粒染色体, N.F = 50 ; 南蝠2n = 50 , 常染色体由24 对端着丝粒染色体组成, N.F = 48 , X染色体是最大的中着丝粒染色体。     

河南省绯鼠耳蝠新纪录

绯鼠耳蝠Myotis formosus又称丽鼠耳蝠、红黑鼠耳蝠等,隶属于翼手目Chiroptera蝙,蝠科Vespertilionidae蝙蝠亚科Vespertilioninae鼠耳蝠属Myotis.2006年12月20日于河南省南阳市桐柏山熊洞(2°62′N,113°68′E,海拔301 m)发现一冬眠群共31只色彩鲜艳的蝙蝠,仅采集5只,外形测量后分离头骨,毛皮做成剥制标本保存于河南师范大学生命科学学院标本馆.经进一步鉴定,确定为绯鼠耳蝠华南亚种Myotis formous rufoniger,为河南省蝙蝠新纪录.     

湖南省衡东县发现大卫鼠耳蝠

2015年7月26日于湖南省衡东县四方山仙妃洞(26°58′24.93″N,113°3′23.03″E,海拔641 m)捕到1只雌性蝙蝠。该蝙蝠体型较小,前臂长34.54 mm,后足长超过胫长的一半;通体黑褐色,被毛毛尖染有淡棕色,腹毛由前而后淡棕色毛尖逐渐增加,到腹后部几乎形成淡棕色区;颅全长13.34 mm,齿式为2.1.3.3/3.1.3.3=38,初步鉴定为大卫鼠耳蝠(Myotis davidii)。基于线粒体Cyt b基因1 140 bp序列对上述标本与大卫鼠耳蝠不同种群进行系统发育分析,大卫鼠耳蝠是一个单起源的谱系,其种群形成了广东、广西一个支系和江苏、安徽、浙江、湖南、重庆另一个支系,其中,江苏种群和广西种群之间的遗传距离最远。通过形态特征和线粒体Cyt b基因序列鉴定,确认此标本为蝙蝠科(Vespertilionidac)鼠耳蝠属的大卫鼠耳蝠。标本保存于湖南师范大学脊椎动物标本馆。     

湖南省衡东县发现长指鼠耳蝠

2016年8月27日在湖南省衡阳市衡东县四方山林场仙妃洞（26°58′25″N,113°3′23″E,海拔463 m）采到1只鼠耳蝠标本（1♂）;同年8月29日在金觉峰（26°58′24.4″N,113°3′23.1″E,海拔311 m）采到9只鼠耳蝠标本（4♀,5♂）。上述鼠耳蝠标本形态较小,前臂长33.3 ~ 36.1 mm,其后足长（不包括爪长）长于胫长之半,胫外缘有毛;颅全长13.57 ~ 14.35 mm,头骨粗壮,脑颅圆且较高,明显高过上颌骨。经形态和线粒体Cyt b序列鉴定,确认这10只蝙蝠均为蝙蝠科（Vespertilionidac）鼠耳蝠属（Myotis）的长指鼠耳蝠（M. longipes）,该种为湖南省翼手目分布新记录种,标本（编号,4♀为HUNNU16JJ28、HUNNU16JJ42、HUNNU16JJ43、HUNNU16JJ52,6♂为HUNNU16SF25、HUNNU16JJ05、HUNNU16JJ08、HUNNU16JJ51、HUNNU16JJ58、HUNNU16JJ60）保存于湖南师范大学动物标本室。     

大足鼠耳蝠的翼型和回声定位声波特征

大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis ricketti Thomas,1894)属翼手目(Chiroptera),蝙蝠科(Vespertilionidae),鼠耳蝠属(Myotis).     

印度假吸血蝠捕食鼠耳蝠

2004年12月10日,在广西南宁地区马山县金伦洞捕到2只雄性印度假吸血蝠(Megaderma lyra:Megadermatidae,Chiroptera),分析其中的胃容物,发现有蝙蝠的残遗物,包括牙齿、后足、骨骼、毛发(棕黄色);未发现昆虫残遗物。通过对残遗物中牙齿(上颌齿式:2.1.3.3)的鉴定,与蝙蝠科鼠耳蝠属(Myotis)的齿式一致,因此确定印度假吸血蝠捕食了鼠耳蝠属的蝙蝠。     

A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, miniopterus

The long-fingered bats (Miniopterus sp.) are among the most widely distributed mammals in the world. However, despite recent focus on the systematics of these bats, their taxonomic position has not been resolved. Traditionally, they are considered to be sole members of Miniopterinae, 1 of 5 subfamilies within the largest family of bats, the Vespertilionidae. However, this classification has increasingly been called into question. Miniopterines differ extensively from other vespertilionids in numerous aspects of morphology, embryology, immunology, and, most recently, genetics. Recent molecular studies have proposed that the miniopterines are sufficiently distinct from vespertilionids that Miniopterinae should be elevated to full familial status. However, controversy remains regarding the relationship of the putative family, Miniopteridae to existing Vespertilionidae and to the closely related free-tailed bats, the Molossidae. We report here the first conclusive analysis of the taxonomic position of Miniopterus relative to all other bat families. We generated one of the largest chiropteran data sets to date, incorporating approximately 11 kb of sequence data from 16 nuclear genes, from representatives of all bat families and 2 Miniopterus species. Our data confirm the distinctiveness of Miniopterus, and we support previous recommendations to elevate these bats to full familial status. We estimate that they diverged from all other bat species approximately 49-38 MYA, which is comparable to most other bat families. Furthermore, we find very strong support from all phylogenetic methods for a sister group relationship between Miniopteridae and Vespertilionidae. The Molossidae diverged from these lineages approximately 54-43 MYA and form a sister group to the Miniopteridae-Vespertilionidae clade.     

Primers for identification and polymorphism assessment of Vespertilionid bats in the Pacific Northwest

Species‐specific primers for portions of the mitochondrial DNA 16S ribosomal subunit gene were designed to identify bats of the family Vespertilionidae (Mammalia). Two fragments, each of 190 base pairs, were found to contain sufficient genetic variability to consistently resolve 10 of the 14 Pacific Northwest species included in this study. The remaining four species could be resolved into two sets of paired species that were unique from the other 10 species. These primers are demonstrably useful for purposes of surveys designed for species identification of bats, including using DNA extracted from guano collected from roost sites when bats are absent.     

Phylogeny of Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda) inferred from three rDNA sequences: implications for morphological evolution and superfamily classification

The infraorder Thalassinidea is a group of cryptic marine burrowing decapods of which the higher taxonomy is often contentious. The present analysis attempts to reconstruct phylogenetic relationship among 12 of the 13 currently recognized families using partial nuclear 18S, 28S rDNA and mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. The infraorder is divided into two distinct clades, with the first clade consisting of Thalassinidae, Laomediidae, Axianassidae and Upogebiidae, and the second clade including Axiidae, Calocarididae, Eiconaxiidae, Callianassidae, Ctenochelidae, Micheleidae, Strahlaxiidae and Callianideidae. Within the first clade, the Upogebiidae is the basal family. The Axianassidae shows low affinity to other laomediid genera indicating that it is a valid family. The interfamilial relationships are less well resolved in the second clade. The Axiidae is paraphyletic with respect to Calocarididae and Eiconaxiidae. Thus, the status of these two latter families is not supported if the currently defined Axiidae is maintained. All three families appear to be basal in the thalassinidean clade. The Micheleidae is closely related to the Callianideidae and they form a sister group to the Strahlaxiidae. The monophyletic Callianassidae aligns with the Micheleidae + Callianideidae + Strahlaxiidae clade. The relationship among the Axiidae + Calocarididae + Eiconaxiidae clade, Callianassidae + Micheleidae + Callianideidae + Strahlaxiidae clade and the Ctenochelidae cannot be resolved which might be due to a rapid radiation of the three lineages. Our results do not support the generally used classification scheme of Thalassinidea and suggest that the infraorder might be divided into two superfamilies instead of three as suggested based on larval morphology, second pereiopod morphology in adults and gastric mill structure. The two superfamilies are Thalassinoidea (i.e. Thalassinidae, Laomediidae, Upogebiidae and Axianassidae) and Callianassoidea (i.e. Axioidea + Callianassoidea, as defined in Martin and Davis (2001) but excluding Laomediidae and Upogebiidae). It also appears that gill‐cleaning adaptations are important in thalassinidean evolution while the presence of linea thalassinica is a result of parallel evolution.     

中国蚌科线粒体16S rRNA序列变异及系统发育

首次测定了中国淡水贝类———蚌科 (Unionidae) 1 3个属代表种类的线粒体 1 6SrRNA部分序列。用Clustal X排序软件进行 1 6SrRNA序列的对位排列 ,序列总长度为 30 5— 32 0bp。通过Mega 2 0软件对所得线粒体 1 6SrRNA片段序列进行比较 ,共发现 1 0 8个碱基存在变异 ,其中包括 77个简约信息位点 ,并用“Pairwisedistance”计算了各属间的相对遗传距离。以贻贝为外类群 ,采用Mega 2 0软件中的“Neighbore Joining”法得到惟一一个分子系统树 ,系统树各分支的置信度由“Bootstrap”1 0 0 0循环检验。结果表明 :分布于中国的蚌科形成三个明显的类群 ,第一个类群 ,包括帆蚌属、蛏蚌属、丽蚌属和尖锄蚌属 ;第二个类群 ,由矛蚌属、扭蚌属、裂脊蚌属、鳞皮蚌属、尖嵴蚌属、楔蚌属和珠蚌属组成 ;第三个类群只包括无齿蚌和冠蚌两个属。由此可以看出 ,它们有可能分别隶属于三个不同的亚科 ,即小方蚌亚科 (帆蚌属、蛏蚌属、丽蚌属和尖锄蚌属 )、无齿蚌亚科 (无齿蚌属和冠蚌属 )和珠蚌亚科 (矛蚌属、扭蚌属、裂脊蚌属、鳞皮蚌属、尖嵴蚌属、楔蚌属和珠蚌属 ) ,由此证明小方蚌亚科在中国的存在 ,并且 ,对几个属的分类位置作了调整。其中鳞皮蚌属和蛏蚌属原来属于无齿蚌亚科 ,根据线粒体 1 6SrRNA的结果 ,前者应该放     

Geographic variation in South American populations of Myotis nigricans () (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), with the description of two new species

The genus Myotis (Vespertilionidae, Myotinae) comprises a diverse group of small to large-sized vespertilionid bats that present a worldwide distribution. Twelve South American species are currently recognized. In this paper we evaluate the morphological and morphometric variation observed in South American populations of the most widespread species, Myotis nigricans. Against this background, two forms can be morphologically distinguished from M. nigricans and other known South American species. We describe these new species, documenting their diagnostic external and cranial characters by comparing them to other sympatric and cryptic species of South American Myotis. In addition, we provide an emended diagnosis of Myotis nigricans.     

Molecular phylogeny of hyperoliid treefrogs: biogeographic origin of Malagasy and Seychellean taxa and re-analysis of familial paraphyly

Treefrogs of the family Hyperoliidae are distributed in Africa, Madagascar and the Seychelles. In this study, their phylogeny was studied using sequences of fragments of the mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA and cytochrome b genes. The molecular data strongly confirmed monophyly of the subfamily Hyperoliinae but indicated that the genus Leptopelis (subfamily Leptopelinae) is more closely related to species of the African family Astylosternidae. The Seychellean genus Tachycnemis was the sister group of the Malagasy Heterixalus in all molecular analyses; this clade was deeply nested within the Hyperoliinae. A re-evaluation of the morphological data did not contradict the sister group relationships of these two genera. The subfamily Tachycneminae is therefore considered as junior synonym of the Hyperoliinae. In addition, the molecular analysis did not reveal justification for a subfamily Kassininae. Biogeographically, the origin of Malagasy hyperoliids may not be well explained by Mesozoic vicariance in the context of Gondwana breakup, as indicated by the low differentiation of Malagasy hyperoliids to their African and Seychellean relatives and by analysis of current distribution patterns.     

The status of the Japanese and East Asian bats of the genus Myotis (Vespertilionidae) based on mitochondrial sequences

The genus Myotis includes the largest number of species in the family Vespertilionidae (Chiroptera), and its members are distributed throughout most of the world. To re-evaluate the phylogenetic position of East Asian Myotis species with respect to Myotis species worldwide, we analyzed mitochondrial gene sequences of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and cytochrome b from 24 East Asian individuals as well as 42 vespertilionid bats determined previously. The results suggest that: (1) some individuals having the same species name in Europe and Japan do not form a monophyletic clade, indicating that some bat species exhibit morphological convergence, (2) Japanese Myotis mystacinus forms a sister relationship with Myotis brandtii (Palaearctic), and both species are included in the American clade implying that an ancestor of these species originated in North America, and (3) the Black whiskered bat, Myotis pruinosus, is endemic to Japan and forms sister relationships with Myotis yanbarensis and Myotis montivagus collected from Okinawa (Japan) and Selangor (Malaysia), respectively, implying that M. pruinosus originated from the south. The systematics of Japanese and East Asian Myotis bats were revisited by considering their phylogenetic relationships. Our study provides the first extensive phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Myotis that includes East Asian and Japanese species.     

新疆塔里木盆地可培养嗜盐放线菌系统发育多样性

应用纯培养手段和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析,对从塔里木盆地高盐环境土壤样品中分离的18株可培养嗜盐放线菌多样性进行了研究.实验结果表明,18株嗜盐放线菌可3个(GlycomycetaceaePseudonocardineae和Nocardiopsaceae),在有效发表的5个属的嗜盐放线菌中有4个属的嗜盐放线菌被分离到.多数菌株属于Actinopolyspora属(38.9%),Nocardiopsis属(27.8%)和Streptomonospora属(22.2%),是塔里木盆地高盐环境中嗜盐放线菌的优势类群.这些分离菌株中,菌株YIM 92370与最近种的相似性为92%,在Glycomycetaceae科内形成一个独立的分支,极有可能代表Glycomycetaceae科的一个新属.研究结果表明塔里木盆地高盐环境中存在有较为丰富的嗜盐放线菌系统发育多样性,并且潜藏着新类型的放线菌资源.     

A new species of Myotis Kaup, 1829 (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from Ecuador

A new species of bat in the genus Myotis (Vespertilionidae, Myotinae) is described from the Chocó ecoregion on the western slope of the Andes in northwestern Ecuador. The genus Myotis comprises a diverse group of small to large-sized vespertilionid bats distributed worldwide. Twelve South American species are recognized currently, 6 of which occur in Ecuador. Morphological relationships among the new species and the other 12 South American species of Myotis were examined using 15 cranial and 5 external characters. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses found the new species to be distinct. As an aid to future identifications, we provide a key to the Ecuadorian species of Myotis.