基于核基因RAG1部分序列探讨菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科的系统发育关系

应用核基因重组激活基因1(Recombination activating gene,RAG1)部分序列对贵州9种菊头蝠和5种蹄蝠的系统发育关系进行了研究,运用贝叶斯法(Bayesian inference,BI)、最大似然法(Maximum likelihood,ML)和邻接法(Neighbor-joining,NJ)构建了系统进化树。研究结果表明:1.菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科形成两个平行的分支,支持它们是两个平行科的结论。2.马铁菊头蝠是菊头蝠科中第一个独立出来的亚分支,与其余8种菊头蝠的亲缘关系最远;Rhinolophus sp.与大菊头蝠聚合为一支,推测Rhinolophus sp.可能是大菊头蝠,或者是大菊头蝠的近缘种,它们是继马铁菊头蝠之后分离出来的第二亚分支;中华菊头蝠、栗黄菊头蝠、中菊头蝠聚合为第三亚分支,贵州菊头蝠、大耳菊头蝠、菲菊头蝠聚合为第四亚分支,此两分支形成姊妹群。3.在蹄蝠科的亚分支中,三叶蹄蝠、小蹄蝠、普氏蹄蝠依次分离出来,最后分出的是大蹄蝠和中蹄蝠。     

澳门翼手类物种多样性调查

2009 ～2012 年,对澳门翼手目(蝙蝠)物种多样性进行了调查。结果共捕捉到10 个物种,属5 科8 属,其中包括澳门原来记载的2 个物种,即蹄蝠科的大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)和蝙蝠科的东亚伏翼(Pipistrellus abramus);本研究新增加8 个物种,即狐蝠科的犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx) 和棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaulti),鞘尾蝠科的黑髯墓蝠(Taphozous melanopogon),菊头蝠科的菲菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pusillus),以及蝙蝠科的大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis ricketti)、普通伏翼(P. pipistrellus)、普通长翼蝠(Miniopterus schreibersi) 和南长翼蝠(M. pusillus)。另外,通过野外录音和分析,并与已发表物种声音特征比较核对,发现菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科各一种,前者可能是泰国菊头蝠(R. siamensis)或者中菊头蝠(R. affinis),后者可能是果树蹄蝠(H. pomona) 或者三叶蹄蝠(Aselliscus stoliczkanus)。本文对已捕捉10 种蝙蝠的分布、形态特征和回声定位叫声特征进行报道,同时对其种群数量和保护现状进行了讨论。保护蝙蝠栖息生境(洞穴、古老建筑和蒲葵树等) 对保护澳门蝙蝠物种多样性至关重要。     

基于16S rRNA部分序列中国蝙蝠科蝙蝠系统发生分析

蝙蝠科蝙蝠遍布全世界,是蝙蝠中种类最多的一个科.尽管从形态学、胚胎学和分子生物学等方面认为蝙蝠科内长翼蝠亚科应该提升到科、鼠耳蝠属应该提升到亚科的分类地位,但是其科内的系统关系长期以来一直处于争议之中.本文对蝙蝠科11种38个标本线粒体16S rRNA部分序列进行了测序,并结合以前报道的13种(属于7科13属)蝙蝠的线粒体16S rRNA部分序列构建了系统树,结果表明:长翼蝠亚科可以提升到科的分类地位、鼠耳蝠属提升到亚科的分类地位,这与前人报道的结果一致;相对于由鼠耳蝠亚科、彩蝠亚科和管鼻蝠亚科构成的分支,蝙蝠亚科和Antrozoinae是一个并系群.蝙蝠亚科内的亲缘关系也进行了进一步的讨论.     

安徽的蹄蝠和鼠耳蝠

蹄蝠(Hipposideros)已知有47种(Honacki1982),主要分布于非洲、南亚、澳洲北部等热带及亚热带地区。非洲的H.commersoni是小蝙蝠亚目中最大的种类(重180克、前臂长达110毫米)。马来半岛和新加坡的H.ridleyi,1978年被IUCN列为濒危蝠种。我国有4种蹄蝠,安徽省已知两种,多见于沿江及皖南地区。一、大蹄蝠H.armiger swinhoei Peters(5月,泾县、东至)9♂♂,10♀♀。常数十或数百只群居。同栖者有普氏蹄蝠、中菊头蝠、皮氏菊头蝠、鲁氏菊头蝠、中华鼠耳蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠、绒鼠耳蝠和折翼蝠等。雄蝠阴茎长约10毫米,冬季睾丸约7×4-8×5毫米。5月…     

贵州发现毛翼管鼻蝠和华南菊头蝠及其回声定位声波特征

2017年5月分别在贵州省兴义市和安龙县用雾网采集到1只大体型雌性管鼻蝠和2只小体型雄性菊头蝠,经鉴定为毛翼管鼻蝠(Harpiocephalus harpia)和华南菊头蝠(Rhinolophus huananus),属贵州省翼手目新分布记录。所采集的毛翼管鼻蝠雌性个体可能为怀孕个体,故测量相关数据并鉴定后原地放归野外。华南菊头蝠标本保存于东北师范大学环境学院。毛翼管鼻蝠(1♀):鼻部呈短管状,全身被毛厚密而柔软,后足、翼膜和尾膜均被覆黄褐色绒毛;体重14.01 g,前臂长48.23 mm;回声定位声波为调频(FM)型,静止状态下声波峰频为(56.04±4.52)k Hz。华南菊头蝠(2♂):耳大,对耳屏相对较小;鼻叶之蹄状叶宽大,完全覆盖吻部;鞍状叶小,其高略超过其宽,近乎矩形;体毛烟褐色;2只样本体重分别为4.52 g、4.12 g,前臂长40.70 mm、40.00 mm;头骨狭长,颅全长16.35 mm、16.46 mm,颅宽8.11 mm、8.14 mm;回声定位声波属调频-恒频-调频(FM-CF-FM)型,静止状态下峰频分别为(68.48±0.08)k Hz、(67.18±0.06)k Hz。2种蝙蝠物种在贵州省为首次发现,扩大了其在国内的分布范围,丰富了生态资料,为进一步的研究和保护提供了基础资料。     

贵州省果树蹄蝠的分类记述

2008年10月在贵州省荔波县进行翼手目动物多样性调查中,于该县永康乡采集到2号蹄蝠标本,经与国内外记载过的蹄蝠科bicolor族群的标本进行比较,这2号标本的体型较小,前臂长分别为44.26mm、42.48mm,耳大而圆,耳长22.02mm、22.58mm;鼻叶简单,前鼻叶外侧没有小附叶,中鼻叶不发达;后鼻叶稍宽于前鼻叶和中鼻叶,被3纵隔分为4个部分,P2弱小,但未消失,位于齿列线外侧,这些特征与中国和泰国记载的果树蹄蝠Hipposideros pomona一致。另对贵州早期文献中记载的双色蹄蝠H.bicolor标本进行了查阅,认为其应归为果树蹄蝠。     

江西省翼手目一新纪录——无尾蹄蝠

2012年2月在江西井冈山自然保护区采集到3只体型较小的蝙蝠,主要特征为:前臂长37.80～39.35mm,颅全长18.16～18.41mm;耳壳半透明呈圆形漏斗状;无尾椎骨,股间膜内凹呈"∧"形;背毛基部黑褐色,毛尖赤褐色,翼膜浅褐色。根据其特征鉴定为无尾蹄蝠Coelopsfrithi,江西省首次采集、记录到该种蝙蝠,属该省翼手目新纪录,并首次描述了该种阴茎骨形态。     

大足鼠耳蝠的翼型和回声定位声波特征

大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis ricketti Thomas,1894)属翼手目(Chiroptera),蝙蝠科(Vespertilionidae),鼠耳蝠属(Myotis).     

河南省绯鼠耳蝠新纪录

绯鼠耳蝠Myotis formosus又称丽鼠耳蝠、红黑鼠耳蝠等,隶属于翼手目Chiroptera蝙,蝠科Vespertilionidae蝙蝠亚科Vespertilioninae鼠耳蝠属Myotis.2006年12月20日于河南省南阳市桐柏山熊洞(2°62′N,113°68′E,海拔301 m)发现一冬眠群共31只色彩鲜艳的蝙蝠,仅采集5只,外形测量后分离头骨,毛皮做成剥制标本保存于河南师范大学生命科学学院标本馆.经进一步鉴定,确定为绯鼠耳蝠华南亚种Myotis formous rufoniger,为河南省蝙蝠新纪录.     

毛腿鼠耳蝠、亚洲长翼蝠和栗鼠耳蝠斑驳白化现象

斑驳白化是一种先天性颜色失调表型,在翼手目中较为罕见。2016年5月至8月期间,分别在3个省份共发现3种存在斑驳白化现象蝙蝠。在河南省内乡县七里坪乡北湾村,发现1只怀孕雌性斑驳白化毛腿鼠耳蝠(Myotis fimbriatus),斑驳区域包括背部左侧区域及腹部左侧边缘一带。在陕西省柞水县下梁镇,发现1只怀孕雌性斑驳白化亚洲长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuliginosus),斑驳部位包括背部下端、腹部底端股骨边缘、左右股骨、尾骨及小部分尾膜区域。在云南省晋宁县双河乡法古甸村,发现2只斑驳白化雄性栗鼠耳蝠(Myotis badius),斑驳区域分别为背部左下侧和背颈部一侧,区域面积较小。其中,毛腿鼠耳蝠和栗鼠耳蝠的斑驳白化现象为国内首次报道。此外,通过测量蝙蝠体重、前臂长等体型参数,并与同种正常个体进行比较,发现斑驳白化亚洲长翼蝠体重偏大,1只斑驳白化栗鼠耳蝠前臂长偏大,其余斑驳白化蝙蝠体型数据均在正常范围内,表明斑驳白化现象对蝙蝠的正常生存与繁殖未造成严重影响。这为将来斑驳白化蝙蝠的生理生态研究提供科学依据。     

The status of the Japanese and East Asian bats of the genus Myotis (Vespertilionidae) based on mitochondrial sequences

The genus Myotis includes the largest number of species in the family Vespertilionidae (Chiroptera), and its members are distributed throughout most of the world. To re-evaluate the phylogenetic position of East Asian Myotis species with respect to Myotis species worldwide, we analyzed mitochondrial gene sequences of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and cytochrome b from 24 East Asian individuals as well as 42 vespertilionid bats determined previously. The results suggest that: (1) some individuals having the same species name in Europe and Japan do not form a monophyletic clade, indicating that some bat species exhibit morphological convergence, (2) Japanese Myotis mystacinus forms a sister relationship with Myotis brandtii (Palaearctic), and both species are included in the American clade implying that an ancestor of these species originated in North America, and (3) the Black whiskered bat, Myotis pruinosus, is endemic to Japan and forms sister relationships with Myotis yanbarensis and Myotis montivagus collected from Okinawa (Japan) and Selangor (Malaysia), respectively, implying that M. pruinosus originated from the south. The systematics of Japanese and East Asian Myotis bats were revisited by considering their phylogenetic relationships. Our study provides the first extensive phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Myotis that includes East Asian and Japanese species.     

毛细属线虫中国新记录种的记述(嘴刺目:鞭虫科)

毛细属Capillaria中国新记录种——越南毛细线虫C.vietnamensis Meszaros,1973,采自广东省惠州市小蹄蝠Hipposideros pomona、大黄蝠Scotophilus heathi,龙门县长翅蝠Miniopterus schreibersi,广州市扁颅蝠Tylonycteris pa...     

Intra- and interfamily relationships of Vespertilionidae inferred by various molecular markers including SINE insertion data

The family Vespertilionidae comprises the largest number of species in the order Chiroptera, and its members are distributed over most of the world. We collected sequences of the mitochondrial NDI (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) gene from 38 species as well as 20 sequences of exon28 of the vWF (von Willebrand Factor) gene and analyzed phylogenetic relationships in Vespertilionidae using maximum-likelihood analyses and SINE (short interspersed elements) insertions. Our data strongly suggest the following: (1) Murininae and Myotis, each of which is classified into different subfamilies, are monophyletic; (2) the monophyly of Murininae, Myotis, Pipistrellini, and Plecotini is supported by our analyses of the NDI and nuclear vWF as well as data from SINE insertions, while Miniopterinae was not included in this group; and (3) Rhinolophoidea (microchiroptera) is separated from all the other microchiropteran species. Our study represents the most comprehensive phylogenetic model of Vespertilionidae to date.     

Relationships Among the Families and Orders of Marsupials and the Major Mammalian Lineages Based on Recombination Activating Gene-1

Controversies remain over the relationships among several of the marsupial families and between the three major extant lineages of mammals: Eutheria (placentals), Metatheria (marsupials), and Prototheria (monotremes). Two opposing hypotheses place the marsupials as either sister to the placental mammals (Theria hypothesis) or sister to the monotremes (Palimpsest or Marsupionta hypothesis). A nuclear gene that has proved useful for analyzing phylogenies of vertebrates is the recombination activation gene-1 (RAG1). RAG1 is a highly conserved gene in vertebrates and likely entered the genome by horizontal transfer early in the evolution of jawed vertebrates. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on RAG1 sequences from seven placentals, 28 marsupials, and all three living monotreme species. Phylogenetic analyses of RAG1 sequences support many of the traditional relationships among the marsupials and suggest a relationship between bandicoots (order Peramelina) and the marsupial mole (order Notoryctemorphia), two lineages whose position in the phylogenetic tree has been enigmatic. A sister relationship between South American shrew opossums (order Paucituberculata) and all other living marsupial orders is also suggested by RAG1. The relationship between the three major groups of mammals is consistent with the Theria hypothesis, with the monotremes as the sister group to a clade containing marsupials and placentals.     

广东石门台国家级自然保护区蝙蝠多样性

本研究于2017至2019年对广东石门台国家级自然保护区的翼手目动物资源进行调查,调查方法主要为日栖息地与夜栖息地调查、网捕调查,共调查到翼手目动物4科9属31种。其中,菊头蝠科1属7种,占比22.6%,蹄蝠科1属4种,占比12.9%,假吸血蝠科1属1种,占比3.2%,蝙蝠科6属19种,占比61.3%。31种蝙蝠的区系组成以东洋型为主,共有19种,而南中国型和季风型较少,南中国型为7种,季风型为5种。以栖息类型划分,石门台保护区的翼手目动物可以分成3类,其中,洞栖型有12种,建筑物栖型有4种,树栖型有4种,另有8种蝙蝠的栖息地可包括洞穴和建筑物,3种的栖息地可包括建筑物和树洞。石门台保护区作为面积较大的国家级自然保护区,调查到蝙蝠种类31种,属于物种多样性较为丰富的保护区。本研究调查了石门台保护区的蝙蝠多样性数据,为以后深入探究该保护区的野生动物资源提供了基础资料。     

广东发现二种局部白化蝙蝠

动物的白化主要是由于动物的黑色素细胞缺乏或者黑色素生成发生障碍所导致的一种体色异常现象。白化现象有完全白化和局部白化两种,部分白化指皮肤、毛发等的局部白化;完全白化是指由于完全缺少黑色素,皮肤和毛发白色,眼睛红色,可     

Characterization and phylogenetic utility of the mammalian protamine p1 gene

We sequenced the protamine P1 gene (ca. 450 bp) from 20 bats (order Chiroptera) and the flying lemur (order Dermoptera). We compared these sequences with published sequences from 19 other mammals representing seven orders (Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Cetacea, Perissodactyla, Primates, Proboscidea, and Rodentia) to assess structure, base compositional bias, and phylogenetic utility. Approximately 80% of second codon positions were guanine, resulting in protamine proteins containing a high frequency of arginine residues. Our data indicate that codon usage for arginine differs among higher mammalian taxa. Parsimony analysis of 40 species representing nine orders produced a well-resolved tree in which most nodes were supported strongly, except at the lowest taxonomic levels (e.g., within Artiodactyla and Vespertilionidae). These data support monophyly of several taxa proposed by morphologic and molecular studies (all nine orders: Laurasiatheria, Cetartiodactytla, Yangochiroptera, Noctilionoidea, Rhinolophoidea, Vespertilionoidea, Phyllostomidae, Natalidae, and Vespertilionidae) and, in agreement with recent molecular studies, reject monophyly of Archonta, Volitantia, and Microchiroptera. Bats were sister to a clade containing Perissodactyla, Carnivora, and Cetartiodactyla, and, although not unequivocally, rhinolophoid bats (traditional microchiropterans) were sister to megachiropterans. Sequences of the protamine P1 gene are useful for resolving relationships at and above the familial level in bats, and generally within and among mammalian orders, but with some drawbacks. The coding and intervening sequences are small, producing few phylogenetically informative characters, and aligning the intron is difficult, even among closely related families. Given these caveats, the protamine P1 gene may be important to future systematic studies because its functional and evolutionary constraints differ from other genes currently used in systematic studies.     

Utility of the dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) gene for resolving mammalian intraordinal phylogenetic relationships

We sequenced exon 6 of the nuclear dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) gene from 19 species of bats (order Chiroptera) to assess the utility of this gene for higher-level phylogenetic studies. Bayesian analysis revealed high support (posterior probabilities >/=0.95) for monophyly of Noctilionoidea (Phyllostomidae, Noctilionidae, and Mormoopidae), all genera and most families examined. Comparison of the phylogenetic information present in DMP1 with mitochondrial rDNA and nuclear RAG2 genes indicated no significant heterogeneity. Thus, we concatenated these three data sets into a single "total evidence" phylogenetic analysis. Combined analysis was congruent with study of RAG2 and combined RAG2 and mtrDNA sequences, but improved support (Bayesian posterior probabilities) for many nodes. Our results indicate that exon 6 of DMP1 is rapidly evolving, able to tolerate non-frame shifting insertion and deletion events, is more variable than RAG2, and provides phylogenetic resolution from the interfamilial to infraclass levels in mammals.     

广东丹霞山国家级自然保护区 蝙蝠物种多样性调查

于2017年至2018年对广东丹霞山国家级自然保护区的翼手目动物进行调查,主要采用日栖息地与夜栖息地、捕食区网捕等调查方法,共调查到翼手目5科13属23种,其中蝙蝠科(Vespertilionidae)9属15种,菊头蝠科(Rhinolophidae)1属4种,蹄蝠科(Hipposideridae)1属2种,假吸血蝠科(Megadermatidae)1属1种,犬吻蝠科(Molossidae)1属1种。从区系组成来看,以东洋界为主(19种),其次为广布种(3种),古北界仅1种。从栖息类型上看,分为洞栖型、树栖型及建筑物栖息型,以洞栖型为主(15种),建筑物栖息型其次(12种),树栖型最少(5种),但其中9个物种的栖息地类型同时包含了上述3种栖息类型中的2种。本研究在广东丹霞山发现中国蝙蝠新分布记录1种,为卡氏伏翼(Hypsugo cadornae);而中印鼠耳蝠(Myotis indochinensis)为中国分布的再次确认。