新疆野核桃自然保护区不同坡向丛生野核桃年龄结构及数量动态

通过对新疆野核桃自然保护区丛生野核桃(Juglans regia)进行普查,以径级结构代替年龄结构,采用匀滑技术编制种群静态生命表,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态,从而获得丛生野核桃树的龄级结构与动态。结果表明,不同坡向丛生野核桃以中龄级为主,年龄结构呈两头小中间大的纺锤型;4个坡向种群年龄结构的动态指数Vpi虽大于0,但最大仅为19.10%,且Vpi’极低,最大为1.12%,阳坡种群增长趋势最高,抗干扰能力最强,种群稳定性最好,半阳坡种群增长趋势最弱,抗干扰能力最弱,种群稳定性最差;各坡向种群均存在多个死亡高峰,阳坡最高峰在15龄级,半阳坡在15和18龄级,阴坡和半阴坡均在9龄级,存活曲线更接近Deevey-Ⅱ型;在未来2、5、10龄级后,中龄级个体数量减少,老龄个体呈增加趋势,丛生野核桃种群稳定性难以长期维持。因此对丛生野核桃幼苗的保护非常关键。     

新疆野核桃自然保护区不同坡向分枝成株野核桃种群结构与动态

新疆野核桃(Juglans regia)系国家Ⅱ级渐危物种,其主干倒伏或死亡后,若干分枝可形成主干并生长至成龄树。为了解分枝成株野核桃的种群结构与动态,采用普查法对新疆野核桃自然保护区分枝成株种群进行调查,利用空间代替时间方法及匀滑技术建立分枝成株野核桃种群的年龄结构、静态生命表,得到年龄结构动态指数,绘制种群存活曲线、死亡曲线、消失曲线、生存函数曲线,进而获得分枝成株野核桃种群年龄结构与动态趋势。结果表明：1)4个坡向分枝成株野核桃种群数量变化动态指数V_pi和V_pi′均大于0,种群年龄结构呈增长型,存活曲线属Deevey-Ⅱ型;2)不同坡向2龄级个体数远大于1龄级,1龄级分枝成株野核桃比2龄级更难通过环境筛;3)阴坡种群增长最高,半阳坡种群稳定性最好、种群抗干扰能力最强,阳坡种群稳定性最差,种群抗干扰能力最低;4)生存函数分析显示,阳坡种群早期稳定,中期脆弱,而半阳坡、阴坡、半阴坡种群早期脆弱,中晚期稳定。     

新疆西天山峡谷海拔梯度上野核桃种群统计与谱分析

为了掌握国家Ⅱ级渐危植物新疆野核桃种群的现存状态、预测未来种群的发展趋势,在野核桃自然保护区4条沟谷的不同海拔分别设置样地进行大样本调查.以胸径级结构代表年龄结构,采用匀滑技术编制野核桃种群静态生命表,应用谱分析方法分析野核桃种群的波动周期.结果表明:野核桃种群的胸径级随着海拔的升高逐渐减小,海拔1241~1380 m(H1)为19个龄级,最大胸径91.7 cm,海拔1381~1490 m(H2)为18个龄级,最大胸径82.8cm,海拔1491~1670 m(H3)为13个龄级,最大胸径58.9 cm.不同海拔梯度生境同一龄级及同一海拔梯度不同龄级野核桃的期望寿命均存在波动.在3个海拔梯度生境,野核桃种群的存活曲线均趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,呈增长型年龄结构,有3个死亡高峰,最高死亡率H1和H3均为9龄级,分别为55.9%和89.8%,H2为12龄级,最高死亡率为79.4%.种群的数量动态变化明显受野核桃种群整个生命周期生物学特征的基波影响,并具有大周期内多谐波迭加的小周期波动特征.野核桃为长寿命树种,是野核桃自然保护区植被的主要优势种,现时种群自然更新良好,若无强烈人为干扰或严重自然灾害,将在群落中长期保持优势种地位.     

新疆西天山峡谷海拔梯度上野核桃种群统计与谱分析

为了掌握国家Ⅱ级渐危植物新疆野核桃种群的现存状态、预测未来种群的发展趋势,在野核桃自然保护区4条沟谷的不同海拔分别设置样地进行大样本调查.以胸径级结构代表年龄结构,采用匀滑技术编制野核桃种群静态生命表,应用谱分析方法分析野核桃种群的波动周期.结果表明: 野核桃种群的胸径级随着海拔的升高逐渐减小,海拔1241～1380 m (H₁)为19个龄级,最大胸径91.7 cm,海拔1381～1490 m (H₂)为18个龄级,最大胸径82.8 cm,海拔1491～1670 m(H₃)为13个龄级,最大胸径58.9 cm.不同海拔梯度生境同一龄级及同一海拔梯度不同龄级野核桃的期望寿命均存在波动.在3个海拔梯度生境,野核桃种群的存活曲线均趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,呈增长型年龄结构,有3个死亡高峰,最高死亡率H₁和H₃均为9龄级,分别为55.9%和89.8%,H₂为12龄级,最高死亡率为79.4%.种群的数量动态变化明显受野核桃种群整个生命周期生物学特征的基波影响,并具有大周期内多谐波迭加的小周期波动特征.野核桃为长寿命树种,是野核桃自然保护区植被的主要优势种,现时种群自然更新良好,若无强烈人为干扰或严重自然灾害,将在群落中长期保持优势种地位.     

新疆西天山峡谷不同坡向野核桃幼苗种群动态及生长分析

在非破坏性判定幼苗年龄及大样方逐苗调查的基础上,编制了新疆西天山峡谷不同坡向野核桃幼苗种群静态生命表,分析了幼苗株高的数量特征和生长规律。结果表明:不同坡向野核桃幼苗的期望寿命均以1龄最大,阳坡为2.018,阴坡为1.766,1~6龄普遍为阳坡大于阴坡。不同坡向幼苗种群均以1龄个体数量所占比率最大,阳坡为39.7%,阴坡为44.2%;3龄幼苗死亡率均最高,阳坡为82.0%,阴坡为78.3%;均为增长型年龄结构;存活曲线均趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型。1龄幼苗在阳坡和阴坡分别仅有3.3%和1.1%可以存活到7龄。不同坡向幼苗株高随着年龄的增加均为指数函数异速生长,其模型的生长速度(b值)也大体相同。     

新疆野核桃自然保护区不同坡向野核桃幼苗种群年龄结构及生长特征

为了解国家Ⅱ级渐危植物新疆野核桃不同年龄幼苗的数量组成及生长特性,在野核桃自然保护区不同坡向上设置4个2-hm²样地,应用相邻格子样方法对野核桃幼苗进行逐株调查,分析了野核桃幼苗种群的数量组成、基径和株高的生长特征及各性状间的生长关系.结果表明: 阳坡、半阳坡、阴坡和半阴坡野核桃1龄幼苗均较丰富,1～3龄幼苗数量均占绝对优势,不同坡向野核桃幼苗种群均呈增长型年龄结构.各坡向野核桃1龄幼苗平均5.7%可存活到4龄,平均1.7%可以存活到7龄.3龄是野核桃幼苗数量的一个转折点,幼苗种群在生活史中采用的是r对策.野核桃幼苗的基径和株高在3龄前生长缓慢,3龄后加快生长;基径平均生长速率为3.6 mm·a^-1,按阴坡、阳坡、半阴坡、半阳坡顺序减小;株高平均生长速率为9.0 cm·a^-1,按阳坡、半阳坡、半阴坡、阴坡顺序减小.不同坡向野核桃幼苗的基径与株高均随年龄的增加呈指数函数生长,株高与基径呈幂函数异速生长,幼苗各性状间的生长快慢可通过函数的性质和参数反映出来.     

坡向与龄级对新疆野核桃自然保护区野核桃病害的影响

为了解渐危植物新疆野核桃的病害情况,在新疆野核桃自然保护区调查不同坡向、不同龄级野核桃4种病害的患病比例,分析病害种类、病害等级与野核桃胸径及坡向的相关关系。结果表明: 保护区野核桃的主要病害为核桃褐斑病(95.8%)、核桃枯枝病(90.5%)、核桃黑斑病(74.4%)和核桃腐朽病(7.7%)。4个坡向的野核桃均易患核桃褐斑病,阴坡和半阴坡的野核桃易患核桃枯枝病,阳坡和阴坡的野核桃易患核桃黑斑病,半阳坡和半阴坡的野核桃相对易患核桃腐朽病。4个坡向野核桃的4种病害均随病害等级(1～4级)的增加而病株比例减小。4个坡向核桃枯枝病、核桃黑斑病、核桃褐斑病均以中龄树比例最大,其次是老龄树,再次是小树,未见幼苗患病;核桃腐朽病仅发生在老龄树。核桃枯枝病、核桃腐朽病、核桃黑斑病、核桃褐斑病与野核桃的胸径呈显著正相关,核桃黑斑病与坡向呈显著负相关,核桃枯枝病、核桃腐朽病、核桃黑斑病的不同病害等级与胸径和坡向存在相关性。     

石河子地区不同生境梭梭种群数量动态分析

对新疆石河子莫索湾地区阳坡、阴坡、坡脊、坡谷4个生境条件下的梭梭种群动态、大小结构等进行了实地调查研究,并编制静态生命表分析存活曲线和死亡曲线.结果表明,石河子地区的梭梭种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄个体多,中老龄个体少.不同生境的种群密度存在差异,其中坡谷种群密度最大;不同坡向种群生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加,死亡率逐渐降低,Ⅴ、Ⅵ径级由于生理衰老死亡率上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降;不同坡向的梭梭种群的存活曲线均接近于DeeveyⅢ型.在石河子莫索湾地区,梭梭种群应以保护为主,适当抚育为辅,从而促进群落持续发育.     

黄土丘陵区不同生境沙棘种群数量动态分析

在黄土高原匠陵沟壑区对阳坡,半阳坡．半阴坡,阴坡四个生境条件下,列经过13年发育的沙棘种群动态、大小结构等进行了系统研究,编制了静态生命表,分析了仔活曲线和死亡曲线。结果表明,黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同生境的沙棘种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄个体多,中老龄个体少。不同生境的种群密度存在差异。其中阴坡种群密度最大;不同坡向种群生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加。死亡率逐渐降低,但到了Ⅴ,Ⅵ径级．由于生理衰老死亡率又上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降：不同坡向的沙棘种群的存活曲线均接近于DeeveyⅢ型。沙棘种群动态是环境因素与生物学特性共同作用的结果,其中土壤含水量、人为干扰、土壤有机质影响较大。在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,沙棘人下种群应该以保护为主．适当抚育的措施。促进群落持续发育。     

黄龙山林区不同郁闭度对辽东栎种群结构的影响

辽东栎是黄龙山林区主要的建群种,通过典型取样选择16块样地,对其年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、高度级结构、冠幅结构的绘制,研究其在不同郁闭度(0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9)不同坡向(阴坡、阳坡)生境中变化规律。结果表明:辽东栎幼苗数量在郁闭度0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9样地中,分别占全部个体数量的57%、64%、36%、47%,从年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线均表明辽东栎幼苗在4个不同郁闭度中比例都是最大的,大树比例次之,幼树小树比例最少,幼树小树是辽东栎更新瓶颈阶段,辽东栎种群存活曲线均属于R.PearlⅢ型,在郁闭度0.7波动最小;从辽东栎种群的年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、高度级结构、冠幅结构等指标综合表现中可以看出辽东栎种群在郁闭度0.7生境优于郁闭度0.6、0.8、0.9生境;辽东栎在阳坡的幼苗、幼树、小树、比例高于阴坡,而大树比例低于阴坡;除高度级a外,阳坡多集中在c、d、e高度级,阴坡高度级多集中在d、e、f;在阳坡冠幅级10以下均有分布,在阴坡冠幅多集中在冠幅级7以下;无论在阳坡还是阴坡,郁闭度0.7更适合辽东栎更新生长,可以作为西北地区抚育间伐的理想条件。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense

Four phenolic amides, dihydro-N-caffeoyltyramine (1), trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (2), trans-N -caffeoyltyramine (3), and cis-N-caffeoyltyramine (4), were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller. All had an anti-fungal effect; compounds 1-3 were potent at 5-10 microg ml(-1) and were without hemolytic activity against human erythrocyte cells. Compound 4 was active at 40 microg ml(-1). All four compounds impeded the dimorphic transition of pathogen, Candida albicans.