黄土丘陵区不同生境沙棘种群数量动态分析

在黄土高原匠陵沟壑区对阳坡,半阳坡．半阴坡,阴坡四个生境条件下,列经过13年发育的沙棘种群动态、大小结构等进行了系统研究,编制了静态生命表,分析了仔活曲线和死亡曲线。结果表明,黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同生境的沙棘种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄个体多,中老龄个体少。不同生境的种群密度存在差异。其中阴坡种群密度最大;不同坡向种群生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加。死亡率逐渐降低,但到了Ⅴ,Ⅵ径级．由于生理衰老死亡率又上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降：不同坡向的沙棘种群的存活曲线均接近于DeeveyⅢ型。沙棘种群动态是环境因素与生物学特性共同作用的结果,其中土壤含水量、人为干扰、土壤有机质影响较大。在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,沙棘人下种群应该以保护为主．适当抚育的措施。促进群落持续发育。     

武夷山米槠种群结构及谱分析

在武夷山自然保护区对米槠种群数量动态进行了系统研究,编制了静态生命表,分析了存活曲线和死亡曲线,同时应用谱分析方法分析种群数量的动态变化。结果表明,武夷山自然保护区米槠种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄级个体多,中老龄级个体少。不同海拔的种群密度存在差异,其中C种群密度最大;静态生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加,死亡率逐渐降低,但到了Ⅳ、Ⅴ径级,由于生理衰老死亡率又上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降;不同海拔的米槠种群的存活曲线均接近于Deevey Ⅲ 型。米槠种群自然更新过程存在明显的周期。     

准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群结构与动态研究

通过样地调查和数据统计分析,对准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群现状绘制径级结构图,编制生命表、分析存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态.结果表明:种群整体结构属于增长型,但梭梭种群幼苗个体少,Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体数目少于Ⅲ龄级的个体数目.存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏有关;环境因素和人为干扰的影响,梭梭在Ⅲ～V龄级死亡率较高,种群在第Ⅳ级出现死亡高峰,且只有少量幼年个体能进入成年阶段,个体平均生存能力的期望在第Ⅳ级最大;时间序列分析表明,在未来第Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ龄级的个体会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.适当的人工辅助恢复和现有植株及生境的保护是保持梭梭种群自然更新和种群恢复的关键.     

荒漠珍稀灌木半日花种群的年龄结构与生命表分析

根据对不同坡位的半日花种群的调查资料,分析了其年龄结构,编制了静态生命表,分析了存活曲线和死亡率曲线、损失度曲线,并利用生存分析理论进行了函数分析。结果表明：不同坡位的半日花种群存在下降趋势。幼龄级和老龄级个体少,中龄级个体多。不同坡位的半日花种群密度存在差异,坡上部种群密度最大,坡下部最小,坡中部居中。不同坡位半日花种群在Ⅰ龄级时期望寿命达到最大,并在Ⅶ、Ⅷ龄级时期望寿命出现波动;不同坡位的半日花种群的存活曲线整体上趋于Deevy Ⅱ～Ⅲ型之间;在第Ⅵ~Ⅷ龄级半日花种群死亡率较高,且坡中部和坡下部种群死亡率峰值比坡上部种群滞后一个龄级。生存分析引入生命表中的4个函数能较好地说明不同坡位半日花种群的结构和动态变化。     

塔里木河上、中游胡杨种群结构与统计分析

在新疆塔里木河的上游-阿瓦提县和中游-轮台县胡杨林自然保护区内设置1．2hm^2的样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查获取野外资料,编绘了不同生境胡杨种群的特定时间生命表、存活曲线和大小、年龄结构图。结果表明：不同生境胡杨的种群结构差异明显。阿瓦提县胡杨种群大小、年龄结构呈金字塔型,幼苗储备丰富,缺乏老树,林分较年轻,为增长种群。种群从Ⅰ～Ⅱ级发育过程中死亡率较高,中龄个体生命期望寿命较高,存活曲线符合DeeveyⅢ（凹）型。轮台县胡杨种群大小、年龄结构呈中部大、两端小的正态分布,幼苗相对较少,林相成熟,为稳定种群。种群从Ⅵ～Ⅶ级发育过程中死亡率较高,生命期望寿命随年龄的增大而降低,存活曲线经模型检验符合DeeveyⅡ（直线）型。不同生境种群的消失率与死亡率曲线变化一致,均出现两个高峰,峰值大小明显不同。种群数量动态是胡杨生物学特性和环境条件共同作用的结果。     

珍稀植物银砂槐中国分布区的种群结构与动态分析

通过对中国唯一银砂槐(Ammodendron bifolium)分布区———新疆伊犁河谷地塔克尔莫乎尔沙漠狭窄区域的样地调查和数据统计分析,绘制了银砂槐自然种群的径级结构图,编制了种群的特定时间生命表,分析了存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等重要参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态。结果表明:(1)研究区内银砂槐种群结构中小径级个体较多,即Ⅰ~Ⅲ径级占70.4%,Ⅳ~Ⅶ径级占27.62%,Ⅷ~Ⅹ径级仅占1.98%,种群整体结构属于增长型,但Ⅰ径级个体数少于Ⅱ径级,种群的自然更新相对较差。(2)静态生命表分析结果表明,随着径级的增加银砂槐种群死亡率大致为上升趋势,且种群内基径超过3.5cm(Ⅷ径级)的银砂槐数量迅速下降,即研究区内银砂槐基径越接近Ⅷ径级就越接近其生理寿命。(3)研究区内银砂槐的存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,但Ⅰ径级存活数低于Ⅱ径级,Ⅱ径级后存活数量迅速下降,说明该种群幼苗补充量较少,自然更新受阻。(4)时间序列分析表明,随着时间推移,种群未来会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势。研究认为,新疆伊犁河谷地的银砂槐种群的生长发育主要受限于其自身的生物学特性和种内竞争,其种群的长期稳定维持较为困难,现有植株及生境斑块的妥善保护和适当的人工辅助措施是该区银砂槐种群恢复的关键。     

安徽皇藏峪自然保护区青檀种群数量动态

根据野外调查资料编制皇藏峪自然保护区不同生境青檀种群的静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线以及4个生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征。同时,结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型,分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明:1)不同生境青檀种群径级结构大体呈金字塔型,中、幼龄阶段个体数量丰富,老龄阶段个体数量相对较少,种群在发育过程中存在一定波动性,但种群数量变化动态指数Vpi和Vpi’(考虑外部干扰时)均大于零。种群属稳定增长型。2)不同生境青檀种群在幼龄阶段死亡率较高,随着龄级的增加,死亡率逐渐降低。进入生理衰老阶段时,阳坡、阴坡种群死亡率再次上升,而坡谷种群由于老龄个体受到较好保护,死亡率略有下降。3)不同生境存活曲线存在差异,阳坡、阴坡种群趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,坡谷种群趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型。4)生存分析表明,阳坡、阴坡种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点;坡谷种群表现为前期锐减、中后期稳定的特点。5)在未来2年、5年中,不同生境青檀种群呈增长趋势。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区封禁30年前后狼牙刺种群动态研究

以荒草坡为对照,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区阳坡、半阳坡和半阴坡3个生境条件下经30年封禁后的狼牙刺种群动态进行系统研究,分析了种群的年龄结构、分布格局,编制了静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线. 结果表明,黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同生境自然恢复的狼牙刺种群年龄结构均属于进展型,幼龄个体多,老龄个体少,其中以半阳坡种群密度最大,不同坡向狼牙刺种群的存活曲线均接近于DeeveyⅡ型.种群分布格局总体上呈聚集型,随年龄增加聚集强度增加.影响狼牙刺群落恢复和种群生长的环境因素主要是水分因子和光照因子.狼牙刺种群恢复状况良好,说明封禁措施是有效的.     

茂兰喀斯特森林梓叶槭种群结构与数量动态

梓叶槭是中国特有的珍稀濒危树种,国家二级保护植物,为了明确梓叶槭种群的结构特征及其种群生存现状,该研究在黔、桂交界处的茂兰国家级喀斯特森林自然保护区选取典型森林群落,应用每木调查法从梓叶槭高度（H）、径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和寿命期望等方面分析梓叶槭种群结构及其数量动态规律,为退化喀斯特森林生态系统的恢复重建提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）茂兰喀斯特森林中梓叶槭在群落中的重要值较低 ［槽谷(0.255),漏斗(0.243),坡地(0.188）］为非优势种。（2）梓叶槭种群主要分布在槽谷森林、漏斗森林和坡地森林等3种不同地形部位的群落类型中,在槽谷森林中分布数量最多,其次是漏斗森林,坡地森林中长势较差且数量最少。（3）梓叶槭在不同生境均严重缺乏Ⅰ径级 ［胸径（DBH） < 2.5 cm,H < 33 cm］ 个体,但Ⅱ径级（DBH < 2.5 cm,H = 33 cm）个体占较大的比例,中、大径个体较少,表现为稳定型种群。（4）不同生境梓叶槭种群存活数（除Ⅰ径级）随着径级增加而降低,死亡率（q_x）和致死力（K_x）曲线大致呈上升趋势,生命期望单调下降,且Ⅰ径级在不同生境的死亡率均为负数,说明其幼苗严重不足,存活曲线趋于DeeveyⅡ型。研究认为,茂兰喀斯特森林中梓叶槭种群幼苗在发育过程中死亡率较高,而且受到的种间竞争较为激烈,加之茂兰喀斯特生境的严酷性和土壤营养空间缺乏,造成梓叶槭生长速度缓慢,故梓叶槭种群的衰退与严酷的喀斯特生境、人为干扰有关。     

新疆野核桃自然保护区不同坡向野核桃种群生命表与波动周期

为了掌握新疆野核桃种群的波动周期、预测未来种群结构变化,在新疆野核桃自然保护区的阳坡和阴坡分别设置样地大样本调查,以径级结构代表年龄结构编制野核桃种群静态生命表,绘制其期望寿命图、年龄结构图、存活曲线和死亡率曲线,同时应用谱分析方法比较分析不同坡向生境野核桃种群的波动周期。结果表明:(1)野核桃种群不同坡向同一龄级和同一坡向不同龄级的期望寿命均存在波动,期望寿命在10龄级前为阳坡高于阴坡,10龄级后为阳坡低于阴坡。(2)阳坡和阴坡野核桃种群均为增长型年龄结构。(3)不同坡向生境野核桃种群的存活曲线均趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,但阳坡种群各龄级的存活率均高于阴坡。(4)1龄级植株以高死亡率为代价发育为幼树;阳坡种群在其生活史中经历2个死亡高峰,最高峰在16龄级,阴坡种群经历4个死亡高峰,最高峰在9龄级。(5)谱分析表明,新疆野核桃种群的数量动态除受基波影响外,并表现明显的小周期波动,具有大周期内有小周期的多谐波迭加特征,且在11龄级的小周期波动与野核桃高生长特性有关,在17龄级的小周期波动可能与野核桃的生理特性有关。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.