突托蜡梅ISSR引物反应条件的优化与筛选

为从突托蜡梅(Chimonanthus grammatus)叶片中提取高质量的总DNA,比较了CTAB法、改良的CTAB法、SDS法、高盐低pH值法、SDS-CTAB法、SDS-蛋白酶K法.结果表明:改良的CTAB是提取突托蜡梅基因组DNA的有效方法.以U811(GA)8C为引物,确立了适合突托蜡梅的ISSR反应体系:在20 μL反应体系(50 ng DNA、0.6 μmol/L引物、1.5 mmol/L Mg2 、0.15 mmol/L dNTPs、2.0 U Taq DNA聚合酶)中,反应程序为:94℃预变性5 min、94℃变性1 min、57.2℃退火45 s、72℃延伸2 min,循环40次,最后于72℃延伸5 min.用来自不同居群的7个个体,以100个ISSR引物进行PCR扩增,筛选出了扩增效果较好的10个引物,得到了74个位点,其中39个为多态位点,多态性位点比例为52.7%.     

黄鳝ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及条件优化

以黄鳝基因组DNA为模板,采用正交试验设计方法,对各反应因子、引物退火温度和循环参数进行优化.建立了黄鳝的最适ISSR-PCR反应体系,25 μl反应体系中含2.5 mmol/ L Mg2+,250 μmol/ L dNTPs,0.25 μmol/ L 引物,1.0 U Taq DNA聚合酶,30 ng DNA模板.最佳反应程序:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性40 s,48～57℃复性40 s(随引物而确定),72℃延伸1.5 min,循环次数40;72℃延伸10 min.利用所建立的ISSR反应体系,获得了清晰、重复性好、多态性高的DNA谱带.     

栝楼ISSR-PCR体系的正交优化

目的：建立栝楼最佳ISSR-PCR正交优化体系,为开展栝楼ISSR分子标记奠定技术基础。方法：采用正交试验设计对影响栝楼ISSR-PCR扩增的重要参数（DNA模板、MgCl2、dNTPs、引物、TaqDNA聚合酶）进行优化试验,同时进行不同温度梯度试验和ISSR体系筛选。结果：最佳的栝楼ISSR-PCR的反应体系（20μl）为：30ng模板DNA,2.0mmol/L MgCl2,0.3mmol/L dNTPs,0.5μmol/L引物,0.5U Taq DNA聚合酶;退火温度为52℃-55℃;扩增反应程序为：94℃预变性5min;94℃变性30s,52℃退火1min,72℃延伸2min,35个循环;72℃延伸7min;4℃保存。结论：建立了栝楼的最佳ISSR反应体系,为栝楼种质鉴定提供了更客观可靠     

正交设计优化绿竹ISSR-PCR体系和引物筛选

旨在建立绿竹ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系和扩增程序,并筛选适于绿竹ISSR-PCR分析的高多态性引物。以绿竹基因组DNA为ISSR-PCR扩增模板,采用正交试验方法,对d NTPs浓度、Mg2+浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶浓度、引物浓度、模板DNA用量设计5因素4水平试验,采用极差分析法和方差分析法对试验结果进行分析。并对退火温度和循环次数进行筛选,建立绿竹ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系和扩增程序。并利用优化后的体系对100条ISSR引物进行筛选。最终确定的最佳反应体系为:20μL的扩增体系中,d NTPs浓度为0.2 mmol/L,Mg~(2+)浓度为2.0 mmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶浓度为1.5 U,引物浓度为0.4μmol/L,DNA浓度为60 ng,10×PCR Buffer体积为2μL、剩下用灭菌ddH_2O补全。各因素影响大小依次是:Mg~(2+)d NTPs模板DNATaq DNA聚合酶引物。扩增程序为:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性45 s,(根据引物的退火温度)复性30 s,72℃延伸90 s,循环38次,72℃延伸10 min,4℃保存。以此体系为基础进行引物筛选,在100条ISSR引物中筛选出14条扩增条带清晰、多态性较高、重复性好的引物。     

冬瓜和节瓜DNA提取及RAPD反应体系优化

以8份冬瓜和节瓜为材料,采用改良CTAB法提取基因组DNA,采用正交试验设计,对冬瓜和节瓜RAPD条件进行了优化,建立了最佳反应体系:25μL反应体系中含1×buffer,模板DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物和Taq酶的浓度分别为20 ng、2.0mmol/L、0.24 mmol/L、0.3μmol/L和1.0 U。PCR扩增程序为:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性45 s,36.9℃退火45 s,72℃延伸1.5min,共40个循环;72℃延伸10 min,12℃保存。     

云生毛茛ISSR-PCR体系优化与引物筛选

旨在建立稳定可靠的云生毛茛ISSR-PCR反应体系。采用正交试验设计方法,对影响云生毛茛ISSR-PCR扩增结果的Mg2+、d NTP、Taq DNA聚合酶、引物、模板DNA五个因素进行优化筛选,对反应程序进行优化,建立适用于云生毛茛的最佳反应体系和扩增程序,并对反应体系和扩增程序进行验证;在此基础上筛选多态性好的ISSR引物,采用梯度法筛选各个引物的最适退火温度。结果表明,云生毛茛20μL ISSR-PCR的最佳反应体系为:模板DNA 30 ng,Mg2+1.95 mmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶0.04U/μL,d NTP 0.150 mmol/L,引物0.5μmol/L;最佳反应程序为:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性20 s,49.6-60.6℃复性1 min,72℃延伸100 s,38个循环;72℃下延伸6 min。在优化的反应体系和反应程序条件下,从100条ISSR引物中筛选获得16条ISSR扩增引物,并确定了引物各自的最适退火温度。经过不同居群云生毛茛的验证,证明优化后体系扩增条带清晰且重复性好,可用于后续云生毛茛遗传多样性的研究。     

黑籽南瓜ISSR-PCR反应体系的正交设计优化

以云南个旧黑籽南瓜叶片基因组DNA为模板,固定反应程序,采用L_(16)(4~5)正交试验设计的方法,对影响ISSR-PCR反应的五因素(dNTPs,Mg~(2+),引物,Taq DNA聚合酶,模板DNA)在四个水平上进行优化试验。研究建立起了适于云南黑籽南瓜ISSR-PCR的最佳反应体系:25μl反应体系中含10×buffer 2.5μl、0.15mmol/L dNTPs、2.5mmol/L Mg2+、0.40μmol/L引物、1.5U Taq DNA聚合酶、DNA模板15ng。扩增程序为:95℃预变性5min,94℃变性45s,52℃退火45s,72℃延伸90s,进行35个循环,最后72℃延伸7min。该优化体系的建立为今后用ISSR标记技术进行黑籽南瓜种质资源的分类鉴定和遗传多样性研究奠定了基础。     

正交试验优化八角ISSR-PCR反应体系

利用正交试验设计研究Taq DNA聚合酶、DNA模板、引物(UBC 886)、dNTP、Mg2+浓度5个因素对云南八角ISSR-PCR反应的影响,建立其最佳反应体系。结果表明:25μL的反应体系中5个因子的最佳水平为:Mg2+3 mmol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶0.5 U、DNA模板0.016 ng、引物0.8μmol/L、dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L。PCR最佳反应程序为:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性30 s,46℃退火45 s,72℃延伸1 min,40次循环;72℃最后延伸7 min,4℃保存。     

葡萄ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

采用正交设计L9(34)对影响葡萄ISSR-PCR反应体系的4个因素(dNTP、TaqDNA聚合酶、引物、模板DNA)在3个浓度水平上进行试验,并通过直观分析初步确定其反应体系;在此基础上,通过单因素试验探讨了dNTP、TaqDNA聚合酶、引物、模板DNA、退火温度及循环次数等因素或条件对葡萄ISSR-PCR扩增结果的影响,确定最佳反应水平。最终建立了葡萄ISSR-PCR扩增的最佳反应体系:在25μL的反应体系中,dNTP浓度0.2 mmol/L,TaqDNA聚合酶的用量0.5 U,引物浓度0.4mmol/L,DNA模板用量40 ng。反应程序:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性1 min,52℃退火1 min,72℃延伸1 min 30 s,40次循环;最后72℃延伸10 min,10℃保存。     

均匀设计优化建兰ISSR-PCR体系

采用均匀设计,对影响建兰ISSR-PCR体系的引物、Mg^2＋、dNTP和Taq DNA聚合酶浓度等进行4因素5水平和4因素3水平两轮优化,建立了适合于建兰ISSR-PCR的反应体系：在20μL反应体系中,舍引物0．25μmol／L、Mg^2＋ 2．5mmol／L,dNTP0．2mmol／L、Taq DNA聚合酶1.5U和模板DNA40ng．在此基础上对扩增程序中的循环次数和退火温度,以及ISSR引物进行筛选．筛选获得的扩增程序为：94℃预变性5min;接着进行32个循环：94℃变性35S,52～56℃退火45S,72℃延伸90s;循环结束后,72℃延伸10min．同时筛选得到14个扩增稳定、多态性丰富的ISSR引物．     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.