玉米蛋白质二硫键异构酶（PDI）基因的特征和表达

蛋白质二硫键异构酶（PDI）对蛋白的折叠和二硫键的形成起重要的作用.此外,PDI还执行许多其他的生物功能,是1个多功能酶. 本文通过研究玉米中1个PDI基因的特征和表达,探讨它的功能作用. 玉米中的PDI基因编码513个氨基酸.同源分析表明,该基因和水稻、小麦的PDI基因聚为一类,有很高的蛋白相似性.蛋白结构分析表明,该基因具有明显的PDI基因的结构特点,包括硫氧还蛋白活性位点(CGHC)以及内质网定位信号(KDEL).Northern杂交分析显示,该基因在发育种子的表达量高,同时受干旱、冷、ABA和盐等逆境胁迫诱导表达.PDI与GFP融合表达研究基因的亚细胞定位,表明该基因定位在除细胞膜外的细胞质和细胞器上.     

新疆无苞芥Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因OpNHX1的克隆、表达分析与功能验证

从耐盐植物无苞芥中克隆获得了1个Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因NHX1,命名为OpNHX1(GenBank登录号:KC200248)。OpNHX1基因cDNA全长2 153 bp,包含一个1 605 bp的开放阅读框,编码534个氨基酸。系统进化树分析表明,OpNHX1编码产物与拟南芥、小盐芥亲缘关系较近,属于同一进化分支。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,该蛋白基因在无苞芥根、茎、叶、花和荚果中均有表达,其中茎中表达量最高。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因受高盐、干旱、低温及ABA的诱导上调表达。进一步将该基因在拟南芥中过量表达,显著提高了转基因植株在盐胁迫下的存活率,说明OpNHX1基因参与了植物的耐盐性。酵母功能互补试验结果显示,该基因转化酵母Δnhx1后可以补充NHX1的缺失,表明OpNHX1参与Na+/H+的转运。     

柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1基因克隆及表达分析

植物受到逆境胁迫后,大量逆境响应基因会被诱导表达,LEA蛋白编码基因就是与植物抗旱、抗冷等非生物胁迫密切相关的一类基因.从已构建的柠条锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制性削减杂交文库中筛选到了一条LEA蛋白编码基因并进行了克隆.序列比对与系统进化分析显示该基因属于LEA3基因家族成员,命名为CkLEA1(GenBank登录号是KC309408).克隆得到该基因gDNA长469bp,包含两个外显子和一个内含子;cDNA长357bp,包含300bp的开放阅读框,推导编码99个氨基酸的蛋白质.利用荧光定量PCR技术对CkLEA1基因在各种逆境胁迫条件的表达情况进行初步研究表明,CkLEA1受干旱、ABA、冷、热、盐和碱等处理不同程度地诱导,推测其与柠条锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫的机制有关.     

玉米逆境响应相关转录因子ZmC2H2-1基因克隆及功能验证

玉米是我国第一大作物,提高玉米的抗逆性是玉米育种的重要目标性状之一。植物C2H2型锌指蛋白广泛参与植物各个时期的生长发育及逆境应答过程。本研究从玉米中分离了转录因子ZmC2H2-1基因并对其功能进行了初步研究。结果表明,ZmC2H2-1属于C2H2锌指蛋白转录因子家族,编码蛋白主要位于细胞核中,酵母自激活实验表明ZmC2H2-1不具有自激活活性;干旱、盐和ABA等逆境可抑制ZmC2H2-1基因在玉米中的表达;过表达ZmC2H2-1基因的拟南芥叶片失水速率更快,在PEG、高盐和ABA处理条件下,与对照相比转ZmC2H2-1基因拟南芥耐逆性降低,以上结果说明ZmC2H2-1基因是作为玉米抗逆的负调控因子参与了逆境胁迫应答。本研究为深入解析玉米ZmC2H2-1的调控网络和玉米的抗逆调控机制奠定了基础。     

木薯MeASR基因克隆及表达分析

脱落酸-胁迫-成熟诱导蛋白(Abscisic acid-stress-ripening,ASR)在植物对非生物逆境胁迫的应答过程中发挥着重要作用。利用PCR技术从木薯中克隆了第一个ASR基因Me ASR,序列分析表明该基因开放阅读框(ORF)330 bp,编码109个氨基酸。多序列比对和进化树分析表明该基因所编码的蛋白具有ASR家族蛋白的保守结构域,与番茄ASR家族蛋白Sl ASR4具有较近的亲缘关系。亚细胞定位分析表明Me ASR定位在细胞核,实时荧光定量PCR分析表明该基因的表达显著受渗透胁迫和ABA诱导。结果表明,Me ASR可能作为转录因子参与木薯对干旱逆境胁迫应答及ABA信号调节。     

木薯MeHB2转录因子的克隆与表达分析

该研究以木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)Ku50为实验材料,采用RT-PCR方法从叶片中克隆了1个HD-Zip基因MeHB2。MeHB2基因含有882bp的开放阅读框,编码293个氨基酸。蛋白质保守结构预测显示,MeHB2编码的蛋白含有Homeodomain、Leu zipper和HD-Zip_N等结构域,属于HD-Zip II成员。进化树分析表明,MeHB2与麻疯树、杨树和杞柳中同源基因的亲缘关系较近。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,低温胁迫、渗透胁迫、ABA和H2O2均可诱导MeHB2基因的表达,而盐胁迫抑制其表达。此外,MeHB2的表达量还受到遮荫胁迫的诱导。研究表明,MeHB2在木薯非生物逆境调控中扮演重要角色。     

水稻含有B-box锌指结构域的OsBBX25蛋白参与植物对非生物胁迫的响应

锌指蛋白在调控植物生长发育和应对逆境过程中发挥着重要作用.为进一步研究锌指类蛋白参与植物非生物胁迫响应的分子机制,对水稻(Oryza sativa)中一个编码含有B-box锌指结构域蛋白的OsBBX25基因进行了功能分析.OsBBX25受盐、干旱和ABA诱导表达.异源表达OsBBX25的转基因拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)与野生型相比对盐和干旱的耐受性增强,且盐胁迫条件下转基因植物中KIN1、RD29A和COR15的表达上调,干旱胁迫下KIN1、RD29A和RD22的表达上调.外源施加ABA时,转基因植物的萌发率与野生型之间没有明显差异.OsBBX25可能作为转录调控的辅助因子调节胁迫应答相关基因的表达,进而参与植物对非生物胁迫的响应.     

棉花抗逆基因GhAREB4的克隆及功能分析

AREBs转录因子家族基因主要参与干旱、高盐、低温等胁迫应答反应,在植物抵御各种逆境胁迫中起着非常重要的作用。该研究经序列电子拼接克隆了陆地棉GhAREB4基因,该基因全长1 784bp,其开放阅读框为1 227bp,编码408个氨基酸,预测分子量为44.3kD,等电点为8.88。蛋白结构预测发现,该蛋白二级结构中含有bZIP基因家族的保守结构域。系统进化树分析表明,GhAREB4与可可的AREB转录因子同源性最高。绿色荧光蛋白亚细胞定位分析表明,GhAREB4蛋白分布在细胞核内。qRT-PCR分析表明,GhAREB4基因在花中的表达量最高;且GhAREB4基因表达受到干旱、高盐、低温、脱落酸(ABA)等处理的诱导,其可能调控棉花对非生物逆境的耐性响应。研究结果为进一步研究该基因对棉花耐逆调控机制奠定了基础。     

小麦TaMAPK2基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究从小麦中克隆了1个MAPK基因TaMAPK2。序列分析表明,TaMAPK2基因的ORF为1 110bp,编码369个氨基酸。序列比对分析表明,该基因所编码的蛋白与粗山羊草、水稻、谷子等MAPK蛋白具有较高的一致性,分别为99%、94%、94%。进化树分析表明,TaMAPK2与水稻OsMAPK2的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,该基因的表达显著受渗透胁迫、低温胁迫、高盐胁迫、乙烯和双氧水诱导,受ABA抑制。研究表明,TaMAPK2可能参与非生物逆境胁迫及相关信号分子应答。     

玉米逆境胁迫响应基因ZmbZIP71的克隆与表达分析

从玉米抗旱自交系CN165中克隆得到了与逆境胁迫相关的bZIP（Basic Leucine Zipper Protein）基因ZmbZIP71。ZmbZIP71基因的开放阅读框为471 bp,编码156个氨基酸,相对分子量为17.59 kDa,等电点pI为9.24。ZmbZIP71蛋白包含真核生物中高度保守的bZIP结构域。ZmbZIP71基因编码区的基因组序列全长为1050 bp,包括2个外显子和1个内含子。利用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析ZmbZIP71基因在玉米不同组织中的表达差异及其在非生物胁迫下的表达模式,结果表明,该基因在雄穗和雌穗中的表达量较高,并且受干旱、低温和ABA的胁迫诱导上调表达,在盐胁迫下下调表达。     

An Na+/H+ antiporter gene from wheat plays an important role in stress tolerance

A vacuole Na+/H+ antiporter gene TaNHX2 was obtained by screening the wheat cDNA library and by the 5'-RACE method. The expression of TaNHX2 was induced in roots and leaves by treatment with NaCl, polyethylene glycol (PEG), cold and abscisic acid (ABA). When expressed in a yeast mutant (deltanhx1), TaNHX2 suppressed the salt sensitivity of the mutant,which was deficient in vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter, and caused partial recovery of growth of delta nhx1 in NaCl and LiCl media. The survival rate of yeast cells was improved by overexpressing the TaNHX2 gene under NaCl, KCl, sorbitol and freezing stresses when compared with the control. The results imply that TaNHX2 might play an important role in salt and osmotic stress tolerance in plant cells.     

Arabidopsis fatty acid desaturase FAD2 is required for salt tolerance during seed germination and early seedling growth

Fatty acid desaturases play important role in plant responses to abiotic stresses. However, their exact function in plant resistance to salt stress is unknown. In this work, we provide the evidence that FAD2, an endoplasmic reticulum localized ω-6 desaturase, is required for salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Using vacuolar and plasma membrane vesicles prepared from the leaves of wild-type (Col-0) and the loss-of-function Arabidopsis mutant, fad2, which lacks the functional FAD2, we examined the fatty acid composition and Na+-dependent H+ movements of the isolated vesicles. We observed that, when compared to Col-0, the level of vacuolar and plasma membrane polyunsaturation was lower, and the Na+/H+ exchange activity was reduced in vacuolar and plasma membrane vesicles isolated from fad2 mutant. Consistent with the reduced Na+/H+ exchange activity, fad2 accumulated more Na+ in the cytoplasm of root cells, and was more sensitive to salt stress during seed germination and early seedling growth, as indicated by CoroNa-Green staining, net Na+ efflux and salt tolerance analyses. Our results suggest that FAD2 mediated high-level vacuolar and plasma membrane fatty acid desaturation is essential for the proper function of membrane attached Na+/H+ exchangers, and thereby to maintain a low cytosolic Na+ concentration for salt tolerance during seed germination and early seedling growth in Arabidopsis.     

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白和植物耐盐性

Na^ /H^ 逆向转运蛋白对植物耐盐起着重要作用,它利用质膜H^ -ATPase或液泡膜H^ -ATPase及PPiase泵H^ 产生的驱动力把Na^ 排出细胞或在液泡中区隔化以消除Na^ 的毒害。主要讨论植物中Na^ /H^ 逆向转运蛋白研究在分子水平的最新进展。     

花烟草NaNHX1基因的克隆及其在非生物胁迫下的表达模式

植物NHX家族基因,在植物的生长发育以及生物与非生物胁迫的应答反应中发挥着十分重要的作用。为了探究花烟草Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白的生理功能,为花烟草耐盐分子机制的研究提供参考。采用同源克隆的方法进行基因克隆,对花烟草进行非生物胁迫,并运用qPCR的方法进行基因表达模式分析。结果表明,从花烟草(Nicotiana alata)中克隆了一个属于Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白家族的基因NaNHX1。该基因的开放阅读框全长为1 599 bp,编码了532个氨基酸残基。生物信息学分析结果表明,该基因编码的蛋白分子量为58.4 kD,等电点为5.66;具有Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白家族典型的保守结构域NhaP2;该蛋白属于疏水性蛋白,包含10个跨膜区。NaNHX1基因主要定位于细胞质膜,并含有多个磷酸化位点。同源性分析的结果显示,NaNHX1基因与美花烟草(Nicotiana sylvestris)、茸毛烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)以及番茄(Solanum lycoperisicum)NHX基因的亲缘关系最近,而与拟南芥的NHX基因同源性最低。NaNHX1基因的表达具有组织表达特异性,花中表达量最高,茎中次之,根和叶中表达量较低。在高盐、干旱、低温、ABA、低钾及H2O2等非生物胁迫下,NaNHX1的表达呈现3种不同的表达模式。其中,对高盐及低钾胁迫的响应强烈。本研究的结果表明,NaNHX1基因属于Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白家族,可能参与了花烟草高盐和低钾胁迫,以及其它非生物胁迫响应在内的众多生理过程。     

Co-expression of Pennisetum glaucum vacuolar Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter and Arabidopsis H⁺-pyrophosphatase enhances salt tolerance in transgenic tomato

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant productivity. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), an important and widespread crop in the world, is sensitive to moderate levels of salt in the soil. To generate tomato plants that can adapt to saline soil, AVP1, a vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, and PgNHX1, a vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiporter gene from Pennisetum glaucum, were co-expressed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A sample of transformants was self-pollinated, and progeny were evaluated for salt tolerance in vitro and in vivo. It is reported here that co-expression of AVP1 and PgNHX1 confers enhanced salt tolerance to the transformed tomato compared with the AVP1 and PgNHX1 single gene transgenic plants and the wild-type. These transgenic plants grew well in the presence of 200 mM NaCl while wild-type plants exhibited chlorosis and died within 3 weeks. The transgenic line co-expressing AVP1 and PgNHX1 retained more chlorophyll and accumulated 1.4 times more proline as a response to stress than single gene transformants. Moreover, these transgenic plants accumulated a 1.5 times higher Na(+) content in their leaf tissue than the single gene transformants. The toxic effect of Na(+) accumulation in the cytosol is reduced by its sequestration into the vacuole. The physiological analysis of the transgenic lines clearly demonstrates that co-expression of AVP1 and PgNHX1 improved the osmoregulatory capacity of double transgenic lines by enhanced sequestration of ions into the vacuole by increasing the availability of protons and thus alleviating the toxic effect of Na(+).     

超表达AVP1基因提高转基因百脉根的耐盐性和抗旱性

本研究以超表达拟南芥液泡膜H＋-焦磷酸酶编码基因AVPI的转基因百脉根为材料,对其耐盐性和抗旱性进行了检测。结果显示：在200mmol·L^-1 NaCl下处理或自然干旱7d后,转基因植株的生长虽然受到抑制,但受抑程度明显低于野生型植株,前者叶片相对含水量比后者分别高18％和14％,净光合速率分别高20％和21％,而MDA含量则分别低35％和27％,相对质膜透性分别低28％和27％。此外,随着盐和干旱胁迫的加剧,与野生型植株相比,转基因植株体内积累了更多Na＋、K＋和Ca2＋。以上结果表明,AVPI基因的超表达可能提高了百脉根细胞Na＋区域化能力,既减轻了过量Na＋对细胞质的毒害作用,也提高了植株的渗透调节能力,从而增强了百脉根的耐盐性和抗旱性。     

Vacuolar cation/H+ exchange, ion homeostasis, and leaf development are altered in a T-DNA insertional mutant of AtNHX1, the Arabidopsis vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter

The function of vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter(s) in plants has been studied primarily in the context of salinity tolerance. By facilitating the accumulation of Na+ away from the cytosol, plant cells can avert ion toxicity and also utilize vacuolar Na+ as osmoticum to maintain turgor. As many genes encoding these antiporters have been cloned from salt-sensitive plants, it is likely that they function in some capacity other than salinity tolerance. The wide expression pattern of Arabidopsis thaliana sodium proton exchanger 1 (AtNHX1) in this study supports this hypothesis. Here, we report the isolation of a T-DNA insertional mutant of AtNHX1, a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter in Arabidopsis. Vacuoles isolated from leaves of the nhx1 plants had a much lower Na+/H+ and K+/H+ exchange activity. nhx1 plants also showed an altered leaf development, with reduction in the frequency of large epidermal cells and a reduction in overall leaf area compared to wild-type plants. The overexpression of AtNHX1 in the nhx1 background complemented these phenotypes. In the presence of NaCl, nhx1 seedling establishment was impaired. These results place AtNHX1 as the dominant K+ and Na+/H+ antiporter in leaf vacuoles in Arabidopsis and also suggest that its contribution to ion homeostasis is important for not only salinity tolerance but development as well.