高粱ATP合成酶E亚基基因(SbATPase-E)的克隆及其抗逆功能研究

高粱是一种抗旱性较强的禾谷类作物。本研究在高粱中克隆到一个全长为693 bp的编码ATP合成酶E亚基的基因(SbATPase-E)。在高粱幼苗期,SbATPase-E基因受Na Cl和脱落酸(ABA)处理诱导上调表达。该基因在拟南芥中过量表达可提高转基因植株的耐旱性和耐盐性,在逆境胁迫条件下转基因拟南芥植株较野生型植株根系发达,可能是转基因植株耐旱性和耐盐性提高的主要原因。在干旱胁迫条件下,转基因植株中DREB2A、P5CS1、RD29A、RAB18和ABI1基因的表达量相对于野生型植株中的表达量提高更为显著;在高盐处理条件下,转基因植株中SOS1和SOS2基因的表达量也较野生型植株中的表达量明显提高。这些抗逆相关基因的上调表达可能是转基因植株抗逆性提高的主要分子机制。     

转PvP5CS2基因烟草对干旱胁迫的反应

为了验证普通菜豆脯氨酸合成酶基因PvP5CS2在改善作物抗旱性方面的作用,构建了普通菜豆PvP5CS2基因的烟草表达载体pCAPE2-PvP5CS2,利用农杆菌将PvP5CS2导入烟草,获得15株阳性转PvP5CS2基因植株。干旱胁迫条件下,转基因烟草植株和野生型植株叶片中脯氨酸含量、叶片相对含水量和萎蔫叶片数的差异均达到极显著水平。转基因烟草的脯氨酸含量、叶片相对含水量分别是野生型的2．30倍和1．26倍,而萎蔫叶片数只相当于野生型的90％。表明超表达PvP5CS2基因的烟草植株在干旱胁迫条件下能积累较多的脯氨酸,抗旱性得到初步改善。     

超表达AVP1基因提高甜菜的耐低磷和耐盐抗旱性

为探讨H⁺-焦磷酸酶编码基因对甜菜磷吸收和抗性的影响，实现优良基因在甜菜基因工程中的利用，研究在甜菜中超表达拟南芥液泡膜H⁺-焦磷酸酶编码基因AVP1,对转基因甜菜分析其耐低磷、耐盐性和抗旱性。结果显示，AVP1基因在甜菜植株的叶片和块根中表达，且在逆境胁迫下增强表达量响应胁迫；低磷处理条件下，转基因甜菜与野生型甜菜相比具有更高的含磷量，可提高甜菜对磷的吸收利用效率；干旱、盐胁迫处理条件下，AVP1基因在转基因甜菜中显著上升，在盐胁迫或干旱处理条件下，转基因植株的生长受抑程度相对较轻。随着盐和干旱胁迫的加剧，转基因植株体内MDA含量与野生型植株相比较低而脯氨酸含量显著增加，AVP1基因可通过减轻逆境对甜菜细胞膜的损伤及提高甜菜细胞的渗透调节能力，进而增强甜菜对高盐和干旱胁迫的抗性。     

向日葵转录因子HB-12的定位分析及过表达验证

向日葵转录因子HB-12属于HD-Zip I类转录因子家族,在植物逆境胁迫应答中发挥着极其重要的作用。该研究构建HB-12基因瞬时表达载体并进行亚细胞定位分析,表明HB-12基因定位于细胞核。构建HB-12基因植物超表达载体转化野生型烟草获得了转基因植株。进行了Na Cl胁迫对转基因烟草耐盐性检测、生理生化指标测定和胁迫相关基因的表达分析。结果表明,Na Cl胁迫条件下,转基因烟草叶色失绿程度较野生型的轻,分化情况较野生型的好,生长速度和生根率均较野生型的高;转基因烟草叶绿素和脯氨酸含量及POD和SOD活性均高于野生型烟草;与野生型烟草相比,转基因烟草P5CS、POD、Mn SOD和Gu Zn SOD相对表达水平显著提高。这说明,向日葵HB-12在转基因烟草中的过量表达可抑制叶绿素降解酶的活性,降低叶绿素的分解,还可诱导脯氨酸合成酶基因P5CS及抗氧化相关基因POD、Mn SOD和Gu Zn SOD的上调表达,促进脯氨酸的生物合成,增强POD和SOD的活性,提高烟草抵抗盐害的能力。该研究结果将为进一步探讨植物的耐盐机理及改良作物的耐盐性状奠定基础。     

过量表达星星草PtSOS_1提高拟南芥的耐盐性

将星星草中分离的质膜型Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因PtSOS1(GenBank登录号EF440291)构建到pGWB2植物表达载体上,转化拟南芥,获得抗卡那霉素的抗性植株.PCR和Northern检测表明,PtSOS1已整合到拟南芥基因组中并过量表达.耐盐性实验表明,PtSOS1过量表达提高了拟南芥植株的耐盐性.盐分测定表明,盐胁迫下PtSOS1转基因植株中Na+积累低于野生型的,K+含量则高于野生型的,转基因植株中K+/Na+比值高于野生型.     

AtNHX5基因过量表达对拟南芥耐盐性的影响

为了研究AtNHX5基因在植物耐盐中的作用,构建了植物过量表达载体pROKⅡ-AtNHX5,并转化拟南芥。结果显示:(1)RT-PCR检测表明,转基因拟南芥中AtNHX5基因的表达大幅提高。(2)对转基因纯合株系进行耐盐性分析显示,AtNHX5过量表达提高了植株在种子萌发和苗期的耐盐性。(3)转基因植株在盐处理下的干重、鲜重以及地上部分Na+、K+含量均高于野生型对照。在200mmol/L NaCl处理下,以转基因株系a1-4为例,其地上部分单株鲜重、单株干重、K+含量分别是野生型的1.27、1.54、1.16倍,较野生型显著升高。研究表明,过量表达AtNHX5基因促进了盐胁迫下转基因植株对K+的吸收,转基因拟南芥的耐盐性明显提高。     

过量表达大叶补血草LgNHX1基因对拟南芥耐盐性的影响

利用植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301和农杆菌GV3101将LgNHX1(全长1 656 bp)基因在拟南芥中过量表达.在含30 mg/L潮霉素的培养基上筛选获得LgNHX1的纯合转化子,并对其进行了分子鉴定和耐盐性分析.结果显示,经PCR和RT-PCR鉴定,野生型植株(对照)没有出现扩增条带,而转基因株系有相应的扩增条带,表明LgNHX1的确已经整合到拟南芥的基因组中,并已正常转录.在不同盐浓度处理下,转基因株系生长情况好于野生型对照;转基因植株地上部分和根的干重、鲜重相对高于野生型对照,但差异没有达到显著水平;当盐浓度达到150-200 mmol/L时,两个特基因株系的Na+含量显著高于野生型,K+含量极显著高于野生型.以上结果表明,过量表达LgNHX1基因可能增强了拟南芥将Na+区隔化至液泡的能力,提高了转基因拟南芥的耐盐能力.     

过量表达星星革PtSOS1提高拟南芥的耐盐性

将星星草中分离的质膜型Na^＋／H^＋逆向转运蛋白基因PtSOSJ（GenBank登录号EF440291）构建到pGWB2植物表达载体上,转化拟南芥,获得抗卡那霉素的抗性植株。PCR和Northem检测表明,PtSOS1已整合到拟南芥基因组中并过量表达。耐盐性实验表明,PtSOS1过量表达提高了拟南芥植株的耐盐性。盐分测定表明,盐胁迫下PtSOS1转基因植株中Na^＋积累低于野生型的,K^＋含量则高于野生型的,转基因植株中K^＋／Na^＋比值高于野生型。     

转ZjAPX基因拟南芥对NaCl、干旱胁迫的耐性研究

旨在探讨枣树抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因ZjAPX在植物渗透胁迫中的作用。将ZjAPX基因转入到模式植物拟南芥,以野生型(WT)、转ZjAPX拟南芥株系T2为试材,进行不同浓度NaCl胁迫和干旱胁迫。结果表明,转基因株系的种子萌发、植株生长均优于野生型株系;荧光定量PCR检测转基因拟南芥植株在干旱和盐胁迫处理10 d后目的基因ZjAPX的表达量显著高于野生拟南芥,表明ZjAPX的高表达明显提高了植株的抗旱和耐盐性。     

过量表达谷胱甘肽转移酶基因对转基因拟南芥抗旱能力的影响

盐地碱蓬谷胱甘肽转移酶基因（OST）在拟南芥中过量表达后,在干旱胁迫下,转基因拟南芥植株的干重比野生型植株高,其总谷胱甘肽含量和谷胱甘肽库的氧化水平都比野生型植株的高,而丙二醛含量则比野生型的低。这些显示转基因拟南芥的抗干旱胁迫能力有所增强。     

盐胁迫下过量表达腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因的转基因烟草的生长

以转腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因（SsSAMS2）烟草纯合子ST8-9为实验材料,研究盐胁迫下过量表达SsSAMS2对转基因烟草生长影响的结果表明,200mmol·L-1NaCl处理后的转基因烟草的光合速率和生物量都比野生型烟草高,积累的自由多聚胺比较多,同时精氨酸脱羧酶的转录本也更丰富。显示转基因烟草的耐盐性比野生型烟草高,多聚胺在烟株缓解盐胁中可能是起了重要作用。     

不同阴离子对二色补血草盐腺Na＋分泌速率的影响

本文以二色补血草（Limonium bicolor）为实验材料,用Hoagland营养液和200mmol·L—NaCl、NaBr、NaNO3溶液分别处理12h,测定二色补血草盐腺的Na＋分泌速率、叶片Na＋含量和MDA（丙二醛）含量以及质膜透性,并利用非损伤微测技术探索可能与盐腺相关的转运蛋白,以探讨不同阴离子对二色补血草盐腺分泌Na＋的作用及其可能原因。结果表明：在NaCl处理12h时二色补血草叶片Na＋分泌速率达到最大,然后逐渐下降;不同钠盐处理下叶片Na＋分泌速率为NaCl〉NaBr=NaNO3〉Hoagland,而叶片Na＋含量NaBr〉NaCl〉NaNO3〉Hoagland;不同盐处理下叶片质膜透性和MDA含量无显著性差异;利用Na—K—C1共转运体专一性抑制剂bumetanide处理发现Na＋分泌速率显著降低。这些结果表明Na—K—Cl共转运体可能参与盐腺分泌Na＋。     

Co-expression of Pennisetum glaucum vacuolar Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter and Arabidopsis H⁺-pyrophosphatase enhances salt tolerance in transgenic tomato

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant productivity. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), an important and widespread crop in the world, is sensitive to moderate levels of salt in the soil. To generate tomato plants that can adapt to saline soil, AVP1, a vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, and PgNHX1, a vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiporter gene from Pennisetum glaucum, were co-expressed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A sample of transformants was self-pollinated, and progeny were evaluated for salt tolerance in vitro and in vivo. It is reported here that co-expression of AVP1 and PgNHX1 confers enhanced salt tolerance to the transformed tomato compared with the AVP1 and PgNHX1 single gene transgenic plants and the wild-type. These transgenic plants grew well in the presence of 200 mM NaCl while wild-type plants exhibited chlorosis and died within 3 weeks. The transgenic line co-expressing AVP1 and PgNHX1 retained more chlorophyll and accumulated 1.4 times more proline as a response to stress than single gene transformants. Moreover, these transgenic plants accumulated a 1.5 times higher Na(+) content in their leaf tissue than the single gene transformants. The toxic effect of Na(+) accumulation in the cytosol is reduced by its sequestration into the vacuole. The physiological analysis of the transgenic lines clearly demonstrates that co-expression of AVP1 and PgNHX1 improved the osmoregulatory capacity of double transgenic lines by enhanced sequestration of ions into the vacuole by increasing the availability of protons and thus alleviating the toxic effect of Na(+).     

Cloning of an H+-PPase gene from Thellungiella halophila and its heterologous expression to improve tobacco salt tolerance

An H(+)-pyrophosphatase (PPase) gene named TsVP involved in basic biochemical and physiological mechanisms was cloned from Thellungiella halophila. The deduced translation product has similar characteristics to H(+)-PPases from other species, such as Arabidopsis and rice, in terms of bioinformation. The heterologous expression of TsVP in the yeast mutant ena1 suppressed Na(+) hypersensitivity and demonstrated the function of TsVP as an H(+)-PPase. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing TsVP had 60% greater dry weight than wild-type tobacco at 300 mM NaCl and higher viability of mesophyll protoplasts under salt shock stress conditions. TsVP and AVP1, another H(+)-PPase from Arabidopsis, were heterologously expressed separately in both the yeast mutant ena1 and tobacco. The salt tolerance of TsVP or AVP1 yeast transformants and transgenic tobacco were improved to almost the same level. The TsVP transgenic tobacco lines TL3 and TL5 with the highest H(+)-PPase hydrolytic activity were studied further. These transgenic tobacco plants accumulated 25% more solutes than wild-type plants without NaCl stress and 20-32% more Na(+) under salt stress conditions. Although transgenic tobacco lines TL3 and TL5 accumulated more Na(+) in leaf tissues, the malondialdehyde content and cell membrane damage were less than those of the wild type under salt stress conditions. Presumably, compartmentalization of Na(+) in vacuoles reduces its toxic effects on plant cells. This result supports the hypothesis that overexpression of H(+)-PPase causes the accumulation of Na(+) in vacuoles instead of in the cytoplasm and avoids the toxicity of excessive Na(+) in plant cells.     

NaCl胁迫对醋栗番茄、樱桃番茄和番茄幼苗生长、叶片气体交换和离子平衡的影响

以醋栗番茄( Solanum pimpinellifolium Linn.)、樱桃番茄品种‘秦皇贵妃红’( S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme‘Qinhuangguifeihong’)和番茄品种‘浙粉202’(S. lycopersicum‘Zhefen 202’)幼苗为材料,研究了0(对照)、100、200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫对其生长、叶片气体交换参数和离子平衡的影响。结果表明：在100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗单株总干质量的降幅较大,醋栗番茄的降幅较小。 NaCl胁迫明显增加醋栗番茄幼苗的根冠比,但不同胁迫条件下‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗的根冠比差异不显著。与对照相比,在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,醋栗番茄幼苗叶片的净光合速率( Pn)、胞间CO2浓度( Ci)和蒸腾速率( Tr)的降幅明显低于‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’,而醋栗番茄幼苗叶片气孔导度(Gs)的降幅明显高于后二者;在200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,三者叶片Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr值的降幅接近。在100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,醋栗番茄、‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗叶片的水分利用效率和气孔限制值均较各自对照显著升高,其中‘秦皇贵妃红’的增幅最大。在100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,醋栗番茄、‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗根、茎和叶中Na+含量均较各自对照显著升高,而K+含量和K+/Na+比总体上较各自对照显著降低。与对照相比,经不同浓度NaCl处理后醋栗番茄幼苗根、茎和叶的Na+含量增幅以及K+含量降幅在供试3种植物中均最小,而其不同部位的K+/ Na+比总体上较高。上述研究结果表明：醋栗番茄的耐盐性较强,‘秦皇贵妃红’次之,‘浙粉202’较弱。 NaCl胁迫显著抑制‘秦皇贵妃红’和‘浙粉202’幼苗根的生长,但显著促进醋栗番茄幼苗根的生长,使其维持较强的耐盐性,且NaCl胁迫下醋栗番茄对Na+的吸收和运输减少,以维持体内的离子平衡及较强的光合作用。     

NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬开花及Na＋、K＋含量的影响

为探讨盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）开花与盐的关系, 研究了1 （对照）、200和400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬不同分枝和单株开花数目、叶片和茎及花器官中的Na＋、K＋含量及Na＋/K＋比的影响。结果表明： 与对照相比, 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下盐地碱蓬分枝及单株开花数目增加最显著, 单株开花数目增加了69.90%, 花器官中的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了1.41倍和1.77倍, 而一级叶片的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了3.96倍和4.96倍, 茎中Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了7.00倍和12.39倍。400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下, 单株开花数目增加了19.00%, 花器官中的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了2.09倍和3.21倍, 而一级叶片的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了4.28倍和6.50倍, 茎中Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了7.65和15.40倍。这些结果表明, NaCl处理下真盐生植物盐地碱蓬可能通过把Na＋区域化到茎叶而动员其中的K＋到花器官中维持花器官中合适的Na＋/K＋比而促进开花。     

Overexpression of wheat Na+/H+ antiporter TNHX1 and H+-pyrophosphatase TVP1 improve salt- and drought-stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana plants

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the wheat vacuolarNa⁺/H⁺ antiporter TNHX1 and H⁺-PPase TVP1 are much more resistantto high concentrations of NaCl and to water deprivation thanthe wild-type strains. These transgenic plants grow well inthe presence of 200 mM NaCl and also under a water-deprivationregime, while wild-type plants exhibit chlorosis and growthinhibition. Leaf area decreased much more in wild-type thanin transgenic plants subjected to salt or drought stress. Theleaf water potential was less negative for wild-type than fortransgenic plants. This could be due to an enhanced osmoticadjustment in the transgenic plants. Moreover, these transgenicplants accumulate more Na⁺ and K⁺ in their leaf tissue thanthe wild-type plants. The toxic effect of Na⁺ accumulation inthe cytosol is reduced by its sequestration into the vacuole.The rate of water loss under drought or salt stress was higherin wild-type than transgenic plants. Increased vacuolar soluteaccumulation and water retention could confer the phenotypeof salt and drought tolerance of the transgenic plants. Overexpressionof the isolated genes from wheat in Arabidopsis thaliana plantsis worthwhile to elucidate the contribution of these proteinsto the tolerance mechanism to salt and drought. Adopting a similarstrategy could be one way of developing transgenic staple cropswith improved tolerance to these important abiotic stresses. Key words: H⁺-pyrophosphatase, Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter, salt and drought tolerance, sodium sequestration, transgenic Arabidopsis plants     

Expression of an Arabidopsis vacuolar H+‐pyrophosphatase gene (AVP1) in cotton improves drought‐ and salt tolerance and increases fibre yield in the field conditions

The Arabidopsis gene AVP1 encodes a vacuolar pyrophosphatase that functions as a proton pump on the vacuolar membrane. Overexpression of AVP1 in Arabidopsis, tomato and rice enhances plant performance under salt and drought stress conditions, because up‐regulation of the type I H⁺‐PPase from Arabidopsis may result in a higher proton electrochemical gradient, which facilitates enhanced sequestering of ions and sugars into the vacuole, reducing water potential and resulting in increased drought‐ and salt tolerance when compared to wild‐type plants. Furthermore, overexpression of AVP1 stimulates auxin transport in the root system and leads to larger root systems, which helps transgenic plants absorb water more efficiently under drought conditions. Using the same approach, AVP1‐expressing cotton plants were created and tested for their performance under high‐salt and reduced irrigation conditions. The AVP1‐expressing cotton plants showed more vigorous growth than wild‐type plants in the presence of 200 mm NaCl under hydroponic growth conditions. The soil‐grown AVP1‐expressing cotton plants also displayed significantly improved tolerance to both drought and salt stresses in greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, the fibre yield of AVP1‐expressing cotton plants is at least 20% higher than that of wild‐type plants under dry‐land conditions in the field. This research indicates that AVP1 has the potential to be used for improving crop’s drought‐ and salt tolerance in areas where water and salinity are limiting factors for agricultural productivity.     

盐处理下ZxSOS1调控旱生植物霸王Na~＋、K~＋转运蛋白基因的表达

本研究以多浆旱生植物霸王（Zygophyllum xanthoxylum）野生型（WT）及质膜Na＋/H＋逆向转运蛋白基因ZxSOS1-RNAi（RNA干扰）株系（L9）为材料,采用实时荧光定量PCR的方法分析了ZxSOS1被干扰后,霸王各组织中参与Na＋、K＋转运的重要通道或转运蛋白编码基因表达丰度的变化。结果显示,50 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下,随处理时间延长,WT和L9根和茎中ZxSOS1和ZxSKOR、叶中ZxSOS1、ZxNHX和ZxVP1的表达丰度逐渐增加;ZxHKT1;1和ZxAKT1在WT根中的表达丰度呈增加趋势,而在L9根中则呈降低趋势;盐处理48 h后,L9株系中上述各基因的表达丰度均显著低于WT。由此从基因表达水平解析了ZxSOS1-RNAi株系叶和茎中Na＋的分配比例显著下降、根中显著增加,而K＋在其叶和根中的分配比例下降、茎中显著增加的调控机制。可见,ZxSOS1可通过调节各组织中参与Na＋、K＋转运的重要通道或转运蛋白编码基因的表达以调控霸王体内Na＋、K＋转运、空间分配和稳态平衡,进而调节植株的生长。