柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因克隆及表达分析

LEA蛋白是一种与植物抗逆相关的胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白。该研究从已构建的柠条锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制削减杂交文库中筛选到1条LEA蛋白编码基因的部分序列,用RACE技术扩增得到该基因cDNA全长并对其进行了克隆。测序表明该基因cDNA长870bp,其中开放阅读框长510bp,编码169个氨基酸,推测蛋白分子量为17.03kD,等电点为9.3,是一种亲水蛋白。序列比对和系统进化分析表明,该基因属于LEA4基因家族成员,命名为CkLEA4。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,CkLEA4基因在干旱、ABA和NaCl处理下均受到不同程度的诱导,说明CkLEA4基因可能与柠条锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫有关。     

柠条锦鸡儿F3H基因克隆及功能分析

柠条锦鸡儿为豆科灌木,对各种环境胁迫具有较强的适应能力,类黄酮是天然的抗氧化剂,花青素属类黄酮化合物,逆境胁迫会影响植物体内花青素的合成,而黄烷酮3-羟化酶(F3H)是花青素生物合成所必需的一种关键酶。该研究成功分离克隆了柠条锦鸡儿的F3H基因,命名为CkF3H。CkF3H基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为1095 bp,编码364个氨基酸,推测的蛋白质分子量为41.3 kDa,理论等电点为5.9。生物信息学分析发现,CkF3H基因序列与其它植物F3H有较高的一致性,推测CkF3H蛋白与其它植物F3H蛋白具有相似的功能。利用染色体步移法克隆得到CkF3H起始密码子ATG上游468 bp的启动子序列,PlantCARE软件分析表明,该序列具有启动子的基本元件CAAT-box和TATA-box以及多种与逆境胁迫相关的顺式调控元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,CkF3H在柠条的根、茎和叶中均有表达,没有组织特异性;CkF3H的表达受低温、高盐、干旱和高温胁迫的诱导,并且在低温胁迫下,CkF3H的表达还受到光周期的影响。综上所述,研究结果表明CkF3H基因在柠条锦鸡儿适应低温、高盐、干旱和高温胁迫的过程中发挥作用。     

柠条锦鸡儿CkGR基因克隆及功能分析

通过RACE技术从柠条锦鸡儿中克隆得到一个新的GR基因,全长2 122 bp,包括5'非翻译区(5'-UTR)57 bp,3'非翻译区(3'-UTR)415 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1 650 bp,编码550个氨基酸,推测的蛋白质分子量为59.2k Da,理论等电点为8.2,命名为Ck GR。Ck GR与鹰嘴豆Ca GR的同源性较高,为90.1%。利用染色体步移法克隆得到Ck GR起始密码子ATG上游648 bp的启动子序列,Plant CARE软件分析表明,该序列具有启动子的基本元件CAAT-box和TATA-box以及多种与逆境胁迫相关的顺式调控元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,Ck GR在柠条锦鸡儿的根、茎和叶中均有表达,没有组织特异性;Ck GR的表达受低温、高盐和干旱胁迫的诱导,表明Ck GR在柠条锦鸡儿适应低温、高盐和干旱胁迫的过程中发挥作用。     

三种锦鸡儿属植物过氧化氢酶基因的克隆及表达特性分析

为研究过氧化氢酶基因在锦鸡儿属植物抵御干旱胁迫中发挥的作用,采用兼并PCR (degenerate polymerase chain reaction, Deg-PCR)和末端克隆(rapid amplify cDNA ends, RACE)技术分离了柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskiikom)、小叶锦鸡儿(C. microphylla)和中间锦鸡儿(C. davazamcii)的过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)基因cDNA序列,并对它们在干旱胁迫条件下的表达特性进行了比较分析。这3种锦鸡儿属植物CAT cDNA均为1 755 bp,含有1个1 479 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)、85个碱基的5'非编码区和201个碱基的3'非编码区,编码492个氨基酸的蛋白质。序列比较分析发现,该3条序列仅在322 bp处有一个碱基的差异(CkCAT为T碱基, CmCAT和CdCAT为C碱基),但它们编码相同的氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,CkCAT、CmCAT和CiCAT的与其他植物的CAT蛋白具有较高的同源性,在进化上与豇豆和大豆的CAT亲缘关系较近。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,在干旱胁迫条件下CkCAT、CmCAT和CdCAT的表达量明显升高,显示CAT在锦鸡儿属植物抵御干旱逆境中发挥重要作用。     

转CkLEA4基因拟南芥种子萌发期的抗逆性分析

该研究在实验室前期研究的基础上,将受脱水、盐胁迫和ABA诱导的柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因转入野生型拟南芥,并利用实时荧光定量PCR从8株纯合体中筛选出3个表达量不同的株系,比较野生型和转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子在不同胁迫处理下的萌发率,以探讨CkLEA4基因在植物抵抗逆境胁迫中的功能。结果发现:(1)在不同浓度NaCl、甘露醇及ABA处理下,转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子的萌发率均高于野生型,随着NaCl、甘露醇及ABA浓度增加,各株系萌发率均降低,但野生型的萌发率下降幅度均高于3个过表达株系,并且在200mmol/L NaCl和400mmol/L甘露醇处理下,过表达株系子叶绿化率均显著高于野生型。(2)在低浓度ABA处理下,CkLEA4过表达植株子叶的绿化率也高于野生型。研究表明,柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因提高了拟南芥种子萌发阶段对盐、ABA及渗透胁迫的耐受性。     

中间锦鸡儿CiMYB31基因克隆及表达分析

MYB类转录因子是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物的初生与次生代谢、细胞命运、生长发育及在生物与非生物胁迫应答中具有重要的作用。本研究以中间锦鸡儿为实验材料利用PCR技术分别以cDNA与gDNA为模板对CiMYB31基因进行了克隆。研究测序表明:CiMYB31基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为969 bp,编码323个氨基酸,其基因组DNA序列长度为1 724 bp,包含3个外显子与2个内含子。生物信息学分析显示:CiMYB31所编码蛋白的N端包含2个MYB结构域(14~64 aa和67~115 aa),属于R2R3-MYB类蛋白。预测该蛋白分子量为36.32 k D,等电点为5.6,蛋白整体上是亲水性的。利用染色体步移技术克隆CiMYB31基因启动子序列,得到902 bp ATG上游序列。分析显示启动子序列中包含一些非生物胁迫相关的顺式作用元件,如干旱响应元件(MBS)与低温响应元件(LTR)。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对CiMYB31基因的表达进行分析,发现该基因受到低温的诱导。上述研究表明CiMYB31基因可能在中间锦鸡儿对非生物胁迫的响应过程中起作用。     

中间锦鸡儿DHN1基因克隆及表达分析

脱水素(DHNs, dehydrins)是LEA II亚家族蛋白,在种子发育后期大量积累,并受不同逆境胁迫处理诱导表达。在中间锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制性削减杂交文库中筛选到了一段 DHN1 序列,利用RACE技术克隆获得基因全长序列。序列比对分析表明, CiDHN1 具有开放阅读框891bp,起始密码子为ATG,终止密码子为TAG,编码297个氨基酸,含有5个Y片段和一个K片段,与CiDHN1相似性最高的为山茱萸科主教红端木(Cornus sericea),相似性为39%。系统进化分析显示CiDHN1单独聚为一支,推测该蛋白为新的功能未知蛋白。亚细胞定位结果表明CiDHN1定位在细胞质、质膜和细胞核。荧光定量PCR结果显示 CiDHN1 的表达受冷、脱水和NaCl等非生物胁迫的诱导。 CiDHN1 过量表达拟南芥后,其中表达量最强的株系对200 mmol/L的NaCl处理较为敏感。CiDHN1在中间锦鸡儿抵抗逆境胁迫中的功能有待于进一步研究。     

茶树CsLEA5基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以茶树‘龙井长叶’为材料,克隆获得了茶树胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白基因CsLEA5的cDNA序列,该序列全长515 bp,包含一个375 bp的开放阅读框,编码124个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为13.5 kD,理论等电点为5.92。蛋白序列分析结果显示,CsLEA5为高亲水性和稳定性蛋白,且含有一个典型的LEA_3保守结构域,属于LEA蛋白中LEA_3亚家族成员。CsLEA5基因启动子区域包含多种与逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件,如乙烯响应元件（ERE）、胁迫响应元件（STRE）、创伤响应元件（WUN motif）及MYB、MYC转录因子识别位点等。qRT PCR分析显示,CsLEA5基因表达具有明显的组织特异性,在叶片中的表达量最高,其次是嫩茎,而在其他组织器官中的表达量较低,且CsLEA5基因表达受低温和干旱胁迫的诱导。研究表明,CsLEA5基因可能在茶树响应低温和干旱胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。该研究对了解茶树抗逆分子机制,筛选抗性候选基因资源提供了重要理论依据。     

烟草NtCBL1基因的克隆、表达载体构建及表达分析

CBL是一类Ca²⁺感受蛋白,在植物适应或抵制逆境胁迫的过程中发挥重要的作用。从烟草品种K326中克隆到了一个CBL1的同源基因,该序列包含了一个642 bp的开放阅读框,编码一个由213个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白,预测分子量为24.5 kDa,等电点为5.03。同源性分析结果显示,该基因与林烟草CBL1、甜辣椒CBL1等具有较高的同源性,故命名为NtCBL1。生物信息学分析表明,NtCBL1具有CBL家族保守的EF-hand钙结合结构域。组织表达分析发现该基因在成熟期的根、茎、叶、花中均有表达,在根中的表达量最高。逆境胁迫实验表明,该基因表达受低钾、高盐、干旱、ABA和低温诱导调控,参与烟草生物与非生物逆境胁迫的响应。并成功构建了NtCBL1-pBI121过表达载体。研究结果为解析NtCBL1在响应逆境胁迫的功能奠定一定理论基础。     

异源表达CkLEA1基因增强了拟南芥对非生物胁迫的耐受性

植物在生长过程中会受到各种非生物胁迫的伤害,导致生长发育和产量受到严重影响,胚胎晚期丰富蛋白（late embryogenesis abundant proteins,LEA蛋白）在植物抵抗非生物胁迫过程中起着重要的保护作用。在前期的研究基础上,将受多种胁迫诱导的柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1（GenBank登录号KC309408）基因转入野生型拟南芥,通过实时荧光定量PCR从7株T₃代纯合体中筛选出3个转基因株系做进一步研究。种子萌发率实验发现,在200 mmol/L NaCl和400 mmol/L甘露醇处理下,转基因株系萌发率均高于野生型拟南芥。干旱处理2周大的幼苗后,转基因株系明显比野生型更抗旱,存活率高于野生型,并且失水率低于野生型。同时,转基因株系积累了较少的丙二醛（MDA）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量也高于野生型。这些结果表明,柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1基因在种子萌发阶段提高了拟南芥对盐和渗透胁迫的耐受性,并且提高了转基因拟南芥幼苗生长阶段对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV