山东保存小麦种质资源面粉白度分析

对2068份小麦种质资源进行了面粉白度测定和高白度小麦种质子粒硬度测定。结果表明,山东小麦地方品种、山东小麦育成品种和省外引进小麦品种面粉白度值的分布范围分别为63.9～82.9、63.1～83.8和67.2～84.2。筛选出面粉白度值大于80的小麦种质342份(包括白度值大于83的种质26份),其中地方品种22份,山东育成品种(系)228份,省外引进种质92份。从高白度小麦种质资源中,筛选出子粒硬度指数≥50符合高白度强筋、中强筋或中筋的种质资源18份,对培育中筋以上高白度小麦新品种,以满足人们口味和健康保障具有重要意义。     

玉米自交系子粒中锌和铁含量的配合力分析

选用子粒锌、铁含量有显著差异的7个玉米自交系,按NCⅡ7×7不完全双列杂交设计组配21个杂交组合进行玉米子粒锌和铁含量的配合力分析.结果表明,7个亲本中,锌含量最高的是亲本178(22.00mg/kg),铁含量最高的是亲本鲁原92(28.29mg/kg);21个杂交组合中,锌含量最高的是丹340×178(20.50mg/kg),铁含量最高的是鲁原92×178(29.95mg/kg).自交系178和鲁原92子粒锌和铁含量一般配合力效应值显著高于其他自交系,是比较理想的富集锌和铁的亲本.遗传参数分析表明,子粒锌、铁元素含量以非加性方差为主.2005年和2006年7个自交系锌和铁含量的变异分析表明,不同自交系子粒锌、铁含量在年度间的稳定性不同,其中自交系丹340子粒锌、铁含量较高并稳定性好.     

水稻地方品种铁含量的差异评价

以来自我国12个省的113份水稻地方品种为试验材料,分析了不同省份、不同类型、不同品种糙米铁含量的差异.结果表明,113份水稻地方品种的铁含量变异范围为8.1～19.9mg/kg,平均值为11.5mg/kg,变异系数为15.56%.各省份水稻地方品种的平均铁含量大小顺序为吉林>江西>福建>广东>安徽>四川>云南>广西>江苏>湖北>湖南>贵州.粳米的铁含量显著高于籼米;糯米的铁含量显著高于粘米;紫米的铁含量显著高于普通米和红米.福建省的陆种糯和吉林省的红毛稻铁含量较高,分别为19.9mg/kg和16.5mg/kg.今后应重视吉林省地方品种以及粳稻、糯稻和紫稻地方品种的铁含量分析,积极发掘富铁水稻种质,以提供利用于水稻育种研究.     

金藜麦耐盐性分析及营养评价

对我国沿海地区新收集种质资源金藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)进行了耐盐性及营养品质评价。结果表明:金藜麦在对盐胁迫相对敏感的芽期和苗期表现出相对较高的耐盐性;子粒蛋白质含量为14.2%,蛋白营养价值优于牛奶以及小麦、水稻、玉米、大豆等作物;子粒中富含维生素B、E等以及钙、锰、铁、铜、锌等矿质元素,特别是钙含量高达190.16 mg/100g,是小米钙含量的35倍;且金藜麦子粒含有丰富的必需脂肪酸,如亚油酸(3.58 g/100g)和亚麻酸(0.44 g/100g),天然抗氧化剂维生素E含量为7.66 mg/100g。这些研究结果表明,新收集的金藜麦种质资源具有较高的营养价值和耐盐性,将为我国藜麦研究和种植提供重要的种质资源。     

川西北草原土壤及冷暖季牧草微量元素含量比较

改善土壤的理化环境及提高牧草的营养水平必须了解草地土壤及牧草微量元素的分布与含量。试验从川西北草地的亚高山丘原草甸、亚高山平坝草甸和沼泽平坝草甸采集土样和冷暖季草样。土样采集深度范围是0～10cm,10～20cm,20～30cm。应用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了草样中铜、铁、锰、锌和钴的含量和土样中这些元素的有效态含量,应用氟离子选择电极法测定了土样中的氟离子浓度和草样中的氟含量。土壤pH高低顺序为草甸土>冲积土>泥炭草甸土,pH随土壤深度变深而下降;土壤和牧草的钴含量都处于缺乏状态,分别为0.64mg/kg和0.26mg/kg。牧草铁和锰含量都高于正常水平,铁为414.51～565.06mg/kg,锰为138.68～247.09mg/kg.     

大豆品种资源子粒中磷含量差异研究

以239份大豆品种资源为试材,研究其子粒中全磷和无机磷含量的差异表现,分析大豆子粒中磷含量水平,并筛选高全磷、高无机磷资源材料。研究结果表明,供试239份大豆品种子粒中的全磷、无机磷含量存在极显著差异;其分布范围分别为全磷6．24～9．56g／kg,无机磷0．12～0．37g／kg;平均含量分别为7．78g／kg,0．20g／kg;无机磷与全磷含量的比值为1．39％～4．94％,平均为2．56％。同时,筛选出子粒中高全磷、高无机磷含量的大豆品种各5个,其中品种洋黄豆、高家营黑豆、绿75、郭柳条青、大毛角为高全磷材料;品种8012混-1、黄豆、白露快、平顶黄、黑大粒为高无机磷材料;     

锌对两个品种茄子果实品质的效应

采用土壤盆栽试验和化学分析方法,研究缺锌土壤上增施锌肥对两种茄子(黑紫茄和竹丝茄)产量和品质的影响及品种间差异,为优质蔬菜生产中合理施用微量元素锌提供科学依据。结果表明:在缺锌土壤上种植茄子,施锌量在10-40mg/kg条件下对两个品种茄子均有显著增产效果,以锌肥用量为20mg/kg时增产效果最好,其中黑紫茄增产37.7%,竹丝茄增产82.5%;锌肥用量能够明显影响茄子品质,适当增加锌肥用量,果实中游离氨基酸、硝酸盐含量下降,而可溶性糖、维生素C、黄酮和芦丁及矿质元素锌、铁、钙含量升高。茄子果实中大部分品质成分的平均含量在施锌量为20 mg/kg达到最高,其次为40mg/kg和10 mg/kg。低锌土壤上增施适量锌肥(Zn 20mg/kg土壤)使两种茄子的品质明显改善,施锌过量(>40 mg/kg)茄果品质下降。     

延安新造耕地下不同品种马铃薯微量元素含量分析与评价

为筛选出适宜在延安新造耕地种植的优良马铃薯品种,为后期的筛选工作提供数据支持,采用火焰原子吸收法和石墨炉法对延安新造耕地下12个马铃薯品种中Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo、Co、Cr、Ni共8种微量元素含量进行测定,并采用主成分因子分析方法对各个品种的微量元素含量进行综合分析与评价。结果显示,不同品种间微量元素含量均值顺序为FeCuZnMnNiMoCrCo,其中Fe的含量在24.99～107.06 mg/kg之间;Mn的含量在1.38～8.47 mg/kg之间;Zn的含量在1.71～26.46 mg/kg之间;Cu的含量在2.32～19.96 mg/kg之间;Mo的含量在0.078～0.536 mg/kg之间;Co的含量在0.021～0.075 mg/kg之间;Cr的含量在0.039～0.118 mg/kg之间;Ni的含量在0.302～0.912 mg/kg之间。不同品种间的微量元素之间存在一定的正相关性,各元素的吸收与积累存在着相互促进作用;各品种间‘费乌瑞它’微量元素含量最优,其次是‘克新1号’,‘青薯168’最差。     

早晚季水稻精米和米皮硒含量的基因型差异研究

选用福建省生产上推广应用的水稻品种(组合)、特种稻和旱稻共45份种质资源为试验材料,在早、晚季分析不同基因型水稻精米和米皮中硒含量的差异.结果表明:①早、晚季水稻品种精米和米皮中硒含量表现均无明显差异.②水稻品种精米和米皮中硒含量分布遵循正态分布规律,表明水稻精米和米皮中硒含量属数量性状.③不同基因型水稻品种精米和米皮中硒含量差异很大,不同品种具有不同的富硒能力.其中早季精米硒含量最高的品种是罗旱紫谷(0.065mg/kg),最低的是84VE303(0.012mg/kg);晚季精米硒含量最高的品种是罗旱紫谷(0.068mg/kg),最低的是加州红米(0.009mg/kg).④早、晚季种植的精米硒含量达0.04 mg/kg以上的水稻品种有:罗旱紫谷、隆化大红欲、555-99、Ziukdo、矮血糯,其中罗旱紫谷精米中硒含量最高,早晚季平均达0.067 mg/kg.     

江西红米稻种资源主要农艺性状及营养特性分析与评价

对94个江西红米地方品种主要农艺性状及其中33个地方品种营养成分进行分析评价。结果表明,江西红米地方品种具有结实率较高（大于65．0％的品种占84．0％）、千粒重中等（20—30g的品种占93．6％）、易倒伏、抗稻瘟病能力较弱、属保持系类型等特点。脂肪含量较高,有26个品种脂肪含量大于3．0％,其中柳水红脂肪含量4．62％。筛选出多个钙、硒、维生素B1和B2含量较高的材料,其中红米麻壳钙含量81．6mg／kg,红金米硒含量0．09mg／kg,明显高于一般水稻品种。糯子红等6个品种维生素B1含量均大于2．0mg／kg,其中早红维生素B1含量高达17．0mg／kg;红米麻壳等10个品种维生素B2含量均大于0．1mg／kg,其中油红子维生素B2含量达0．6mg／kg。这些优异地方红米种质资源的发掘,可为种质资源的创新与利用提供优异种质。     

Uptake,distribution, and remobilization of iron and zinc among various tissues of wheat–<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops</Emphasis> substitution lines at different growth stages

Biofortification of wheat for higher grain iron and zinc is the most feasible and cost-effective approach for alleviating micronutrient deficiency. The non-progenitor donor Aegilops species had 2–3 times higher grain iron and zinc content than the wheat cultivars, whereas the wheat–Aegilops substitution lines mostly of group 2 and 7 chromosomes had intermediate levels of grain micronutrients. The non-progenitor Aegilops species also had the highest iron content and intermediate-to-highest zinc content in straw, lower leaves, and flag leaves at the pre-anthesis, grain-filling, and maturity growth stages. The micronutrients accumulation status is followed by wheat–Aegilops substitution lines and is the least in wheat cultivars indicating that the donor Aegilops species and their substituted chromosomes possess genes for higher iron and zinc uptake and mobilization. The grain iron content was highly positively correlated with iron content in the plant tissues. Most of the lines had much higher iron and zinc content in all tissues during grain-filling period indicating higher iron and zinc uptake from soil during this stage. Although iron and zinc contents are nearly similar in grains, there was much less zinc content in the plant tissues of all the lines suggesting that the Triticeae species take up less zinc which is mobilized to grains more effectively than iron.     

Development and molecular characterization of wheat--Aegilops kotschyi addition and substitution lines with high grain protein, iron, and zinc

Over two billion people, depending largely on staple foods, suffer from deficiencies in protein and some micronutrients such as iron and zinc. Among various approaches to overcome protein and micronutrient deficiencies, biofortification through a combination of conventional and molecular breeding methods is the most feasible, cheapest, and sustainable approach. An interspecific cross was made between the wheat cultivar 'Chinese Spring' and Aegilops kotschyi Boiss. accession 396, which has a threefold higher grain iron and zinc concentrations and about 33% higher protein concentration than wheat cultivars. Recurrent backcrossing and selection for the micronutrient content was performed at each generation. Thirteen derivatives with high grain iron and zinc concentrations and contents, ash and ash micronutrients, and protein were analyzed for alien introgression. Morphological markers, high molecular weight glutenin subunit profiles, anchored wheat microsatellite markers, and GISH showed that addition and substitution of homoeologous groups 1, 2, and 7 chromosomes of Ae. kotschyi possess gene(s) for high grain micronutrients. The addition of 1U/1S had high molecular weight glutenin subunits with higher molecular weight than those of wheat, and the addition of 2S in most of the derivatives also enhanced grain protein content by over 20%. Low grain protein content in a derivative with a 2S-wheat translocation, waxy leaves, and absence of the gdm148 marker strongly suggests that the gene for higher grain protein content on chromosome 2S is orthologous to the grain protein QTL on the short arm of group 2 chromosomes.     

新疆冬春麦区小麦地方品种贮藏蛋白遗传多样性研究

采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）对236份新疆小麦地方品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）的组成进行了分析。结果表明：Glu-Ⅰ位点共有19种等位基因,其中Glu-Al位点3种,Glu-Bl位点7种,Glu—D1住点9种;亚基null、7＋8、2＋12在各自的位点上出现频率最高,分别达到91．95％、85．17％、80．93％;亚基组成类型共有21种,主要为null／7＋8／2＋12,频率达70．34％;同时筛选出33份含有1、2^＊、13＋16、14＋15、5＋10、1．5＋10、174-18等优质亚基的材料,可作为优质基因源。利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）对其中的65份地方品种进行醇溶蛋白多样性分析。结果表明：电泳出现64条迁移率不同的谱带,构成65种组合,其中ω区出现的谱带最多,达17条;其次是β和γ区各16条,α区出现的谱带数最少,为15条。从每条谱带在65份材料中出现的频率看,总的变异范围为1．54％～93．85％;α、β、γ和ω4个分区多样性指数（H1）分别为0．498、0．386、0．523和0．348,表明新疆麦区小麦地方品种贮藏蛋白位点存在丰富的遗传多样性。     

The potential of synthetic hexaploid wheats to improve zinc efficiency in modern bread wheat

Synthetic hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum L) derived from crosses between durum wheat [Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] and diploid wheat (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) have been developed as a means of transferring desirable characteristics of Aegilops tauschii Coss. such as disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance into modern bread wheat genotypes. In a growth room experiment using soil culture, we studied a group of 30 synthetic hexaploid wheat accessions together with modern wheat genotypes in order to identify new sources of zinc efficiency for further improvement of zinc efficiency in modern wheat genotypes. There was considerable genetic variation in expression of zinc deficiency symptoms (slight to severe), zinc efficiency (70–100%), shoot Zn concentration (5.8–10.5 and 33–53 mg/kg DW under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively), shoot Zn content (3.8–10.6 and 34.0–64.6 μg/plant, under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively) and Zn utilization (0.096–0.172 and 0.019-0.033 g DW/μg Zn under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively) within synthetic accessions. The presence of synthetic accessions with greater zinc efficiency (100%) than zinc efficient modern wheat genotypes (85%) indicates that the synthetic hexaploids can be used to improve current levels of zinc efficiency in modern wheat genotypes. Synthetic hexaploids may also be a good source of high grain Zn concentration (28–66 mg Zn/kg seed DW).     

Cowpeas in Northern Ghana and the Factors that Predict Caregivers’ Intention to Give Them to Schoolchildren

Background

Cowpeas are important staple legumes among the rural poor in northern Ghana. Our objectives were to assess the iron and zinc content of cowpea landraces and identify factors that predict the intention of mothers/caregivers to give cowpeas to their schoolchildren.

Methods and Findings

We performed biochemical analysis on 14 landraces of cowpeas and assessed the opinion of 120 caregiver-child pairs on constructs based on the combined model of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Health Belief Model. We used correlations and multiple regressions to measure simple associations between constructs and identify predictive constructs. Cowpea landraces contained iron and zinc in the range of 4.9–8.2 mg/100 g d.w and 2.7–4.1 mg/100 g d.w respectively. The landraces also contained high amounts of phytate (477–1110 mg/100 g d.w) and polyphenol (327–1055 mg/100 g d.w). Intention of mothers was strongly associated (r_s = 0.72, P<0.001) with and predicted (β = 0.63, P<0.001) behaviour. The constructs, barriers (β = –0.42, P = 0.001) and attitudes towards behaviour (β = 0.25, P<0.028), significantly predicted intention albeit the predictive ability of the model was weak.

Conclusions

We conclude that some cowpea landraces from northern Ghana have appreciable amounts of iron and zinc but probably with poor bioavailability. Attitudes towards giving cowpeas and perception of barriers are important predictors of caregivers’ intention to give cowpeas to their schoolchildren. Finally our results suggest that increasing knowledge on nutritional benefits of cowpeas may increase health values caregivers hold for their children in support of giving cowpeas to schoolchildren.     

Effect of Increasing Levels of Zinc Fortificant on the Iron Absorption of Bread Co-Fortified with Iron and Zinc Consumed with a Black Tea

Iron (Fe) and zinc’s (Zn) interaction at the absorptive level can have an effect on the success of co-fortification of wheat flour with both minerals on iron deficiency prevention. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of increasing levels of zinc fortificant on the iron absorption of bread co-fortified with iron and zinc consumed with a black tea. Twelve women aged 33–42 years participated in the study. They received on four different days 200 mL of black tea and 100 g of bread made with wheat flour (70 % extraction) fortified with either 30 mg Fe/kg alone, as ferrous sulfate (A), or with the same Fe-fortified flour, but with graded levels of Zn, as zinc sulfate: 30 mg/kg (B), 60 mg/kg (C), or 90 mg/kg (D). Fe radioisotopes (⁵⁹Fe and ⁵⁵Fe) of high specific activity were used as tracers, and Fe absorption iron was measured by the incorporation of radioactive Fe into erythrocytes. The geometric mean and range of ±1 SD of Fe absorption were as follows: A?=?6.5 % (2.2–19.3 %), B?=?4.6 % (1.0–21.0 %), C?=?2.1 % (0.9–4.9 %), and D?=?2.2 % (0.7–6.6 %), respectively; ANOVA for repeated measures F?=?10.9, p?<?0.001 (Scheffè’s post hoc test: A vs. C, A vs. D, B vs. C, and B vs. D; p?<?0.05). We can conclude that Fe absorption of bread made from low-extraction flour fortified with 30 mg/kg of Fe, as ferrous sulfate, and co-fortified with zinc, as zinc sulfate consumed with black tea is significantly decreased at a zinc fortification level of ≥60 mg/kg flour.     

Substitutions of 2S and 7U chromosomes of Aegilops kotschyi in wheat enhance grain iron and zinc concentration

Biofortification through genetic manipulation is the best approach for improving micronutrient content of the staple food crops to alleviate hidden hunger, namely, the deficiency of Fe and Zn affecting more than two billion people worldwide. An interspecific hybridization was made between T. aestivum line Chinese Spring (CS) and Aegilops kotschyi accession 3790 selected for high grain iron and zinc concentration. The CS × Ae. kotschyi F₁ hybrid with low chromosome pairing was highly male and female sterile. This was backcrossed with wheat cultivars to get seed set. The selfed BC₁F₁ and BC₂F₁ plants with high grain iron and zinc concentration were selected in subsequent generations. The selected derivatives showed 60–136% enhanced grain iron and zinc concentration and 50–120% increased iron and zinc content per seed as compared to the recipient wheat cultivars. Thirteen cytologically stable, fertile and agronomically superior plants with high grain iron and zinc concentrations were selected for molecular characterization. The application of anchored wheat SSR markers, transferable to Ae. kotschyi, to the high grain iron and zinc containing derivatives indicated introgression of group 2 and group 7 chromosomes of Ae. kotschyi. GISH and FISH analysis of some derivatives confirmed the substitution of chromosomes 2S and 7U for their homoeologues of the A genome, suggesting that some of the genes controlling high grain micronutrient content in the Ae. kotschyi accession are on these chromosomes.     

Identification of quantitative trait locus of zinc and phosphorus density in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for human beings. However, Zn malnutrition has become a major problem throughout the world. Wheat is the most important food crop in the world, therefore, developing Zn-enriched wheat varieties provides an effective approach to reduce Zn malnutrition in human beings. The aim of this study was to understand the genetic control of grain Zn density in wheat and hence, to provide genetic basis for breeding wheat with high grain Zn density using molecular approach. A doubled haploid (DH) population developed from a cross between winter wheat varieties Hanxuan10 and Lumai 14 was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Zn concentration and content in wheat grains. In addition, phosphorus (P) concentration and content in wheat grain were also investigated to examine possible interactions between these two nutrients. The wheat grains used in this study were harvested from the plants grown under normal condition in a field trial. We found the grain Zn concentrations of the DH population varied from 25.9 to 50.5 mg/kg and the Zn content varied from 0.90 to 2.21 μg/seed. The grain P concentrations of the DH population varied from 0.258 to 0.429 mg/kg, and the P contents varied from 0.083 to 0.186 mg/seed. A significant positive correlation was observed between Zn and P density in this experiment. The results showed that both grain Zn and P densities were controlled by polygenes. Four and seven QTLs for Zn concentration and Zn content were detected, respectively. All the four QTLs for Zn concentration co-located with the QTLs for Zn content, suggesting a possibility to improve both grain Zn concentration and content simultaneously. Four and six QTLs for P concentration and P content were detected, respectively. The two QTLs for grain Zn concentration on chromosomes 4A and 4D co-located with the QTLs for P concentration. The four QTLs for grain Zn content on chromosome 2D, 3A and 4A co-located with the QTLs for P contents, reflecting the positive correlations between the grain Zn and P density, and providing possibility of improving grain micro- and macronutrient density simultaneously in wheat. In order to improve human health, the effect of P–Zn relation in grain on the Zn bioavailability should also be considered in the future work.     

Determination of Trace Elements in Anti-influenza Virus Mushrooms

We have determined the trace element composition of anti-influenza virus mushrooms using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The elements present in greater concentration in Ganoderma lucidum samples are selenium, iron, and zinc, with selenium being the element with the highest concentration of all, at 416 ± 38.5 mg/kg; in Cordyceps militaris samples are iron, selenium, and zinc, with iron being the element with the highest concentration of all, at 291 ± 20.9 mg/kg; in Kuehneromyces mutabilis samples are selenium, iron, and manganese, with selenium being the element with the highest concentration of all, at 203 ± 9.8 mg/kg; in Inonotus hispidus samples are zinc, selenium, and iron, with zinc being the element with the highest concentration of all, at 194 ± 16.9mg/kg; in the Collybia maculata samples are iron, selenium, and zinc, with iron being the element with the highest concentration of all, at 274 ± 22.2 mg/kg, respectively. The average metal concentrations in mushrooms decreases in the order: selenium > iron > zinc > chromium > manganese > copper > magnesium > lead. After the mice were administered (orally) with mushroom extracts for 8 weeks and inoculated intranasally with viral suspension, element levels in serum were also measured. Highly significantly increased values of Se, Zn, and Mg in the serum of mice supplemented with anti-influenza virus mushrooms were a characteristic finding. Se, Zn, and Mg present in mushrooms may play a direct or indirect role in their anti-influenza virus nature. They may provide prophylactic protection against influenza infection via stimulation of host innate immune response.