采自黑龙江省的丝膜菌属中国新记录种

在对中国黑龙江省进行的大型真菌调查中,发现丝膜菌属3个中国新记录种——北方毛盖丝膜菌、红褐丝膜菌和亚杂环丝膜菌。文中基于形态分类和分子系统学分析的结果,证实了该3个种在我国的分布,并提供了详细的形态学描述。     

中国丝膜菌属三个新记录种

报道了丝膜菌属Cortinarius Telamonia亚属的3个中国新记录种,其中双环丝膜菌C bivelus产自我国东北和西南地区,亚石榴丝膜菌C.subbalaustinus产自云南省,亚野丝膜菌C subtorvus产自西藏自治区.对这3个种进行了详细的描述,并提供其宏观特征和显微结构图片.     

2000年以来有毒蘑菇研究新进展

误食毒蘑菇而中毒一直被认为是一个对人类健康造成威胁的全球性问题,也是我国食物中毒事件中导致死亡的最主要因素。对2000年以来在有毒蘑菇新种类、新毒素与新症状、有毒蘑菇鉴定及毒素检测新方法、有毒蘑菇中毒机理、毒素基因克隆、中毒治疗以及鹅膏肽类毒素治疗肿瘤等领域取得的新进展进行了综述,并对一些热点研究领域做了展望。     

中国丝膜菌属李玉丝膜菌组一新种：李玉丝膜菌

本研究报道了丝膜菌属的一个新种：李玉丝膜菌,该种采自中国吉林省蒙古栎林中,其主要特征为担子体小型、幼时具蓝紫色调,菌盖强水浸状、具条纹,担孢子近球形。该种在系统发育树中形成一个独立的分支,与斑丝膜菌组形成姐妹关系,但遗传关系较远,属于新组李玉丝膜菌组。本文对新分类单元进行了详细描述,并对其系统发育上相近的物种进行了比较。     

中国丝膜菌属分类研究1. 黏盖亚属

丝膜菌属Cortinarius是真菌界中最大的属,囊括了重要的外生菌根真菌。黏盖亚属Phlegmacium是丝膜菌属中较大的亚属,该亚属的真菌在湿润条件下菌盖表面具有黏性。本研究运用形态分类与分子系统发育分析相结合的方法,对中国丝膜菌属黏盖亚属的馆藏标本开展分类学研究,共发现24个种,其中中国新记录种12个。本研究系统总结了各个物种的相关信息,对中国新记录种进行了详细描述。     

镰刀菌属分类学研究历史与现状

镰刀菌是农作物和经济作物的重要病原菌,其产生的真菌毒素可危及人畜健康。近十几年来欧美的科学家在研究技术上有新的突破,使镰刀菌属种的概念在认识上有迅速的发展,尤其是那些引起谷类作物严重病害,并产生毒素的种类。在我国,从谷类粮食、饲料中检出镰刀菌毒素的现象屡有报道,我们对镰刀菌属种以及产生这些毒素的菌种(菌株)的认识还有待进一步加强。     

中国产丝齿菌属的研究小记

对中国产丝齿菌属Hyphodontia的种类进行了研究,并记录了30个种。其中弯孢产丝齿菌Hyphodontia curvispora是中国的新记录种,热带产丝齿菌Hyphodontia tropica是首次在中国大陆的报道。根据作者的采集标本对这两个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图,同时还给出了中国产丝齿菌属30个种的检索表。     

云南化佛山自然保护区大型真菌多样性及分布特征分析

对云南化佛山自然保护区大型真菌的种类组成和生态分布特征进行了详细的调查和分析.调查结果表明:该保护区内共有233种(含亚种、变种和变型)大型真菌,隶属于子囊菌门和担子菌门16目48科94属,其中,红菇科(Russulaceae)、小菇科(Mycenaceae)、丝膜菌科(Cortinariaceae)、多孔菌科(Polyporaceae)、牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)、陀螺菌科(Gomphaceae)和鹅膏科(Amanitaceae)7个优势科的种数较多,分别含37、22、18、17、16、11和10种.具有重要经济价值的大型真菌中包括药用菌59种、食用菌97种和毒菌35种;根据生态类型划分,有虫生菌1种、木生菌52种、土生菌39种、外生菌根菌141种.该保护区大型真菌的分布与温湿度、林下光照及林龄等生态环境因子的变化有关,具体表现在不同月份、郁闭度和林型条件下,大型真菌的种类组成和数量、优势类群都出现不同的分布特点.6月份木生菌的种数和个体数最多,8月份和9月份外生菌根菌的种数和个体数最多.在郁闭度60％～70％条件下,以多孔菌科和小菇科种类为主;在郁闭度70％～80％的条件下,以红菇科、丝膜菌科和多孔菌科种类为主;在郁闭度80％～90％条件下,以红菇科、丝膜菌科和牛肝菌科种类为主.在中龄林中大型真菌的种数多于幼龄林,其中,红菇科、丝膜菌科、牛肝菌科和陀螺菌科种类在幼龄林和中龄林中均有分布;鹅膏科种类只分布在中龄林中.根据调查结果,对该保护区大型真菌的保护提出了一些建议.     

内蒙古东部伞菌和牛肝菌名录(续)

报道采自内蒙古自治区赤峰市及呼伦贝尔市等地的伞菌和牛肝菌4目24科65属201种,其中包括86种食用菌,24种药用菌和23种有毒种类,其他为经济价值尚不明确的种。其中有8种为本地区分布的中国新记录种,即大孢锥盖伞Conocybe macrospora(G.F.Atk.)Hauskn.、卡西米尔丝膜菌Cortinarius casimiri(Velen.)Huijsman、棕黑丝膜菌C.diasemospermus Lamoure、黏膜丝膜菌C.mucosus(Bull.)J.Kickx f.、假变形丝膜菌C.pseudotalus Rob.Henry、美柄丝膜菌C.venustus P.Karst.、春丝膜菌C.vernus H.Lindstr.Melot和黄棕丝盖伞Inocybe fuscidula Velen.,并首次在该地区发现松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake(S.ItoS.Imai)Singer。     

鹅膏菌毒素及其毒理研究进展

鹅膏菌是一类真菌的 称,误食野生蘑菇的中毒事件中,９５％以上由鹅膏菌引起,国外自六十年代起,对其毒理进行了深入的研究,而国仙则只是在九十年代才刚开始这方面的工作。为促进国内鹅膏菌毒素毒理的研究,作者概括了国内外各方面的资料,写就本文。本文概述了鹅膏 多肽毒素的种类、鹅膏菌毒素中毒反应及病理学症状、机体对鹅膏菌毒素的吸收、鹅膏菌毒素的生和毒理以及鹅膏菌毒素在生命科学研究中的应用,为国内这方面的研究提     

Differential inhibitory action of the fungal toxin orellanine on alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes

The inhibitory action of orellanine (3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxy-2,2'-dipyridyl-1,1'-dioxide), a fungal toxin of Cortinarius orellanus Fr. and C. orellanoides R. Hry., on alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes was studied. Orellanine specifically inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity in LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cell cultures and in the colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 without affecting gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Kinetic studies revealed that orellanine acts on renal alkaline phosphatase as a noncompetitive inhibitor, whereas the intestinal and placental isoforms are inhibited competitively.     

The presence of orellanine in spores and basidiocarp from Cortinarius orellanus and Cortinarius rubellus

This is the first report quantifying the orellanine content in basidiospores. The toxin content and tissue distribution of orellanine were determined from Cortinarius orellanus (Fr.) Fr. and Cortinarius rubellus Cooke. Basidiospores, the basidiocarp, divided into cap and stem, and mycorrhiza roots were analyzed to determine the amount of orellanine by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The orellanine contents in spores were 0.31% (C. orellanus) and 0.09% (C. rubellus). In caps, we found the toxin content to be 0.94% (C. orellanus) and 0.78% (C. rubellus), in stems 0.48% (C. orellanus) and 0.42% (C. rubellus) and in mycorrhiza roots from C. rubellus we determined the orellanine contents to 0.03%. In addition, extracts from the different structures of the basidiocarp of C. orellanus and C. rubellus, with an orellanine content corresponding to 25 nmol, inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis.     

Peroxidase-Mediated Oxidation, a Possible Pathway for Activation of the Fungal Nephrotoxin Orellanine and Related Compounds. ESR and Spin-Trapping Studies

Orellanine is the tetrahydroxylated and di-N-oxidized bipyridine toxin extracted from several Cortinarius mushrooms among them C. orellanus. The pathogenic mechanism involved in the C. orellanus-poisoning by orellanine leading to kidney impairment is not yet fully understood until now. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been used to study the activation of orellanine by horseradish peroxidase/H₂O₂ system at physiological pH. Evidence for a one-electron oxidation of the toxin by this enzymatic system to an ortho-semiquinone radical intermediate is presented.

The orellanine ortho-semiquinone generated by the peroxidase/H₂O₂ system abstracts hydrogen from glutathione, generating the glutathionyl radical which is spin-trapped by 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and subsequently detected by ESR spectroscopy. Similarly, the ortho-semiquinone abstracts hydrogen from ascorbic acid to generate the ascorbyl radical which is detected by direct ESR. The peroxidatic oxidation of orellanine to semiquinone followed by its reduction by glutathione or ascorbic acid does not induce dioxygen uptake. The relationship between chemical structure and HRP oxidation of orellanine-related molecules, namely orelline and DHBPO₂ (the parent molecule lacking of hydroxyl groups in 3 and 3' position) has been investigated in absence or in presence of reducing agents. None of the orellanine-related compounds can be oxidized by the HRP/H₂O₂ system, showing that both catecholic moieties and aminoxide groups are necessary for observing the formation of the ortho-semiquinone form of orellanine. As shown for the (photo)chemical oxidation of orellanine, the mechanism of toxicity could be correlated with a depletion of glutathione and ascorbate levels which are implicated in the defence against oxidative damage.     

Problems in application of the terms ‘blastic’ and ‘thallic’ to modes of conidiogenesis in some onygenalean fungi

A woman suffering from acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis was admitted to the hospital ten days after deliberate intoxication by ingestion of Cortinarius orellanus. Orellanine, the main toxin responsible for orellanine poisoning, was detected in biological fluids and renal biopsies. It was assayed by direct spectrofluorimetry on two-dimensional thin-layer chromatograms after specific photodecomposition into orelline. The orellanine concentration was 6.12 mg/l in the plasma (10 days after ingestion). Orellanine levels in renal biopsies were 7 g per 25 mm³ of the first biopsy (13 days after ingestion) and 24 g per 8 mm³ of the second biopsy (6 months later).Taken in part from the doctorate thesis of S. Rapior.     

The fungal nephrotoxin orellanine simultaneously increases oxidative stress and down-regulates cellular defenses

Confusion of various nephrotoxic Cortinarius species with edible mushrooms occurs every year throughout Europe and North America. The toxin, orellanine (OR), accumulates selectively in renal tubular epithelium with ensuing renal failure after several days as the only clinical manifestation. This study was performed to clarify the mechanisms behind the kidney damage. Sprague-Dawley rats, 100 g bw, received various doses of purified OR ip (0-5 mg/kg bw). One week later, renal function (GFR) was determined (51Cr-EDTA), ascorbyl radicals in venous blood were analyzed using electron spin resonance, and oxidative protein damage was evaluated immunohistochemically. One OR-treated group (3.5 mg/kg) simultaneously received superoxide dismutase (SOD) targeted to tubular epithelium (HC-SOD; 10 mg/kg ip daily for 5 days). RT-PCR was used for analysis of mRNA expression of genes related to oxidative stress. OR caused a dose-dependent decrease in GFR, paralleled by increased levels of ascorbyl radicals and oxidative protein damage. Antioxidant treatment with HC-SOD decreased renal function even more and also increased tissue damage and mortality. Renal mRNA levels for key components in the antioxidative defense were strongly decreased, whereas those for several cytokines were increased. The data strongly suggest that OR nephrotoxicity in vivo is mediated by oxidative stress, including a virtual shutdown of important antioxidative enzymes. We interpret the unexpected effect of HC-SOD in terms of unbalanced SOD and catalase levels in the presence of OR, leading to massive generation of *OH and cell death.     

中国木兰科11属40种植物的核形态研究

为了探讨木兰科属间系统学关系和一些种的分类学地位,对中国木兰科11属40种进行了核形态研究。所研究的20种木莲属植物都为二倍体,表明木莲属植物主要是在二倍体水平上进化的,不同的种类具有各自的遗传组成,细微的染色体结构变异可能导致种间形态发生了明显的变化。木兰属的染色体数目具多样性,表明属内存在着不同倍性水平上的进化,说明木兰属分布广泛、形态复杂多样有其细胞学基础。细胞学证据支持木莲属应为独立的属,不宜于归并到木兰属。已观察的含笑属都为二倍体,而木兰属玉兰亚属的大多数种类为多倍体。我们认为维持现有的含笑属的分类地位和范围是恰当的,不支持将含笑属和玉兰亚属合并为一属。拟单性木兰属都是多倍体。木兰科植物形态特征重叠,性状呈网状进化,细胞学证据在探讨一些大属属下种的分类地位时具有一定价值,但论及整个科的分类系统和属间亲缘关系时,作用比较微弱。本文在细胞学基础上,结合形态和地理分布,重点对木莲属一些种类的分类地位进行了讨论。     

嵩草属植物硅酸体系统的研究

对国产狭义嵩草属 (K obresia,Cyperaceae) 3个组 2 7种植物进行了硅酸体系统分析研究 ,同时结合近缘的苔草属 (Carex) 2个组的植物硅酸体特征 ,深入探讨了植物硅酸体系统分析研究在莎草科苔草族 (Cariceae)中的系统分类学意义。认为 :(1 )嵩草属及其临近类群在属间、种间及种下水平的系统分类学比较研究都可以借助植物硅酸体系统研究的证据。 (2 )穗状嵩草组 (sect. Elyna)的硅酸体系统特征具有较高的一致性 ,除矮嵩草 (K.humilis)及其近缘种同其他穗状嵩草组的种类有所不同 ,它很可能有一个不同于穗状嵩草组其他类群的嵩草组(sect. K obresia)的亲缘。 (3 )从植物硅酸体系统特征的研究来看 ,拟苔草组 (sect. H emicarex)的一些种接近于穗状嵩草组 ,如高山嵩草 (K . pygmeae) ;而另一些种接近于嵩草组 ,如禾叶嵩草 (K . graminifolia) ;也有一些种类的硅酸体系统特征更接近苔草属 ,说明这个组很可能是多源的 ,即本组的单一花穗和果囊形态特征由不同类群的复合花序种类趋同演化而出。(4 )嵩草组的硅酸体系统特征具有较高的一致性 ,说明嵩草属原始类群在硅酸体系统特征方面与外部形态特征演化的某些相关性。     

污网蝽属记述及一新种描述(半翅目,网蝽科)

补充头刺、后胸臭腺和生殖节等特征后重新定义了东洋区特有属-污网蝽属,并确认该属单质.记述中国污网蝽属昆虫3种,其中狄氏污网蝽Ildefonsus distanti为新种,窄污网蝽Ildefonsus nexus Drake et Ruhoff为中国新纪录种.文中给出了污网蝽属名录及种类检索表.新种的模式标本保存于南开大学昆虫标本室.     

中国白蛉亚科数值分类研究（双翅目: 毛蠓科）

【目的】 对中国白蛉亚科（Phlebotominae）昆虫进行数值分类研究, 探索其在系统发育过程中的亲缘关系。【方法】 选取中国白蛉40个蛉种作为分类单元以及白蛉的68项形态特征为分类指标, 进行系统聚类分析。【结果】 聚类分析结果与传统属级及白蛉属Phlebotomus的亚属级分类一致。司蛉属Sergentomyia的亚属分类与传统分类有一些区别, 聚类分析将司蛉属分为8类, 其中尼克组nicnic group与司蛉亚属subgenus Sergentomyia和传统分类一致; 泉州司蛉S. quanzhouensis和唐氏司蛉S. tangi聚入帕蛉亚属subgenus Parrotomyia; 尹氏司蛉S. yini聚入新蛉亚属subgenus Neophlebotomus, 应氏司蛉S. iyengari、马来司蛉S. malayensis、吐鲁番司蛉S. turfanensis、兰州司蛉S. lanzhouensis和南京司蛉S. nankingensis聚为一类; 歌乐山司蛉S. koloshanensis、方亮司蛉S. fanglianensis和云南司蛉S. yunnanensis与尼克组nicnic group聚成一类, 此类群和此属中其他蛉种系统发育关系距离远。【结论】 中国白蛉亚科昆虫的聚类分析结果与传统分类基本一致, 验证了传统分类系统的可靠性, 并揭示了传统分类中一些蛉种不确定分类问题。司蛉属聚类分析结果与传统分类有差别, 提示有个别蛉种需重新考虑其分类地位。     

中国大广口蝇属分类研究(双翅目,广口蝇科)

以保存于英国自然历史博物馆和中国科学院动物研究所的标本为材料,对中国大广口蝇属Xenaspis Osten Sacken(双翅目:广口蝇科)进行了分类研究,确认目前中国已知下列4种:黄足大广口蝇X.flavipes Enderlein、台湾大广口蝇X.formosae Hendel、斑翅大广口蝇 X.maculipennis sp.nov.,硕大广口蝇X.pictipennis Walker.除详细记述其中的1新种外,还提供中国已知种类的分种检索表及其有关特征图.