我国28种鹅膏菌主要肽类毒素的检测分析

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对产于我国的28种鹅膏菌的主要肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)进行了检测分析,并和采于欧洲(德国)的毒鹅膏。Amanita phalloides作对照,结果表明,3种东亚所特有的鹅膏菌(灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种)和欧洲毒鹅膏所含毒素种类多、含量高,其子实体菌盖部位主要毒素总量分别达到12583．7μg／g、8152．6μg／g、1058．2μg／g、7456．2μg／g干重子实体,这4种鹅膏菌可称之为剧毒鹅膏菌。其它25种鹅膏菌中有10种检测出含有微量鹅膏毒肽,含量在19．5μg／g—151．2μg/g之间。在4种剧毒鹅膏菌中,子实体组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,菌柄的毒素含量次之,菌托中的毒素含量最低;对于灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种,无论在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中,鹅膏毒肽类毒素的含量都高于鬼笔毒肽类毒素,尤其以α-amanitin的相对含量最高;而在欧洲毒鹅膏中,菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鬼笔毒肽为主,尤其以phallacidin的相对含量最高,并且从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽的相对含量依次增加。     

我国28种鹅膏菌主要肽类毒素的检测分析*

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对产于我国的28种鹅膏菌的主要肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)进行了检测分析,并和采于欧洲(德国)的毒鹅膏Amanita phalloides作对照,结果表明,3种东亚所特有的鹅膏菌(灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种)和欧洲毒鹅膏所含毒素种类多、含量高,其子实体菌盖部位主要毒素总量分别达到12583.7μg/g、8152.6μg/g、1058.2μg/g、7456.2μg/g干重子实体,这4种鹅膏菌可称之为剧毒鹅膏菌。其它25种鹅膏菌中有10种检测出含有微量鹅膏毒肽,含量在19.5μg/g-151.2μg/g之间。在4种剧毒鹅膏菌中,子实体组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,菌柄的毒素含量次之,菌托中的毒素含量最低;对于灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种,无论在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中,鹅膏毒肽类毒素的含量都高于鬼笔毒肽类毒素,尤其以α-amanitin的相对含量最高;而在欧洲毒鹅膏中,菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鬼笔毒肽为主,尤其以phallacidin的相对含量最高,并且从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽的相对含量依次增加。     

白鳞粗柄鹅膏菌丝的固态发酵

近年来 ,因鹅膏菌肽类毒素可用于分子生物学、医学、农学等领域而具广阔的开发前景[1] 。但由于鹅膏菌资源有限 ,而人工合成的毒素又不具活性 ,所以目前尚难以开发利用。加之鹅膏菌大多属于外生菌根真菌 ,虽然已在少数种的菌根合成方面取得了一些进展[2～ 4 ] ,但至今该属中绝大部份种仍属于自然界中难培养或未能培养的微生物 ,难以人工、半人工栽培。因此 ,目前国内还没有一种能规模化开发的毒素产品。而现在作为生化试剂的肽类毒素全部来源于欧美的毒鹅膏子实体 ,售价在每克 1 0万美元以上。所以 ,研究如何开发利用我国的鹅膏菌及其毒素具…     

我国鹅膏菌新发现种--致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)的肽类毒素分析

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对在广州发现的鹅膏菌新种——致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)不同组织部位的肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)的含量进行了分析,结果表明,致命鹅膏是一种剧毒蘑菇,其毒素含量相当高,子实体中组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,达8152．6μg／g干重,菌柄的毒素含量次之,为3742．3μg／g干重,菌托中的毒素含量最低,只有1142．5μg／g干重;在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鹅膏毒肽为主,尤其以α-amanitin的相对含量最高,但从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽尤其是Phallacidin的相对含量依次增加。     

我国鹅膏菌新发现种——致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)的肽类毒素分析

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对在广州发现的鹅膏菌新种——致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)不同组织部位的肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)的含量进行了分析,结果表明,致命鹅膏是一种剧毒蘑菇,其毒素含量相当高,子实体中组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,达8152.6μg/g干重,菌柄的毒素含量次之,为3742.3μg/g干重,菌托中的毒素含量最低,只有1142.5μg/g干重;在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鹅膏毒肽为主,尤其以αamanitin的相对含量最高,但从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽尤其是Phallacidin的相对含量依次增加。     

长白山鹅膏菌肽类毒素的HPLC分析*

采用HPLC法对长白山地区分布的10种鹅膏菌中的-鹅膏毒肽(-amanitin)、鹅膏毒肽(-amanitin)和鬼笔毒肽(phalloidin)3种毒素的含量进行了测定。结果表明:白鹅膏(A.verna)和鳞柄白鹅膏(A.virsa)中含有-amanitin和-amanitin两种毒素,二者-amanitin的含量分别为 1861.85g/g和2477.02g/g,均高于欧洲产毒鹅膏(A.phalloides)中的含量(1607g/g)而接近灰花纹鹅膏Amanita fuliginea中的量(2633.80g/g)。毒鹅膏A.phalloides中含有3种毒素,并且菌蕾中的含量高于成熟子实体,尤其菌蕾中Phalloidin的含量(1113.35g/g)是灰花纹鹅膏成熟子实体中(432.5g/g)的3倍。     

长白山鹅膏菌肽类毒素的HPLC分析

采用HPLC法对长白山地区分布的10种鹅膏菌中的-鹅膏毒肽(-amanitin)、鹅膏毒肽(-amanitin)和鬼笔毒肽(phalloidin)3种毒素的含量进行了测定。结果表明:白鹅膏(A.verna)和鳞柄白鹅膏(A.virsa)中含有-amanitin和-amanitin两种毒素,二者-amanitin的含量分别为 1861.85g/g和2477.02g/g,均高于欧洲产毒鹅膏(A.phalloides)中的含量(1607g/g)而接近灰花纹鹅膏Amanita fuliginea中的量(2633.80g/g)。毒鹅膏A.phalloides中含有3种毒素,并且菌蕾中的含量高于成熟子实体,尤其菌蕾中Phalloidin的含量(1113.35g/g)是灰花纹鹅膏成熟子实体中(432.5g/g)的3倍。     

a-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定

-鹅膏毒(环)肽和二羟鬼笔毒(环)肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素。由于-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐步增加。为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高。本方法对其它毒菌中的-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值。     

a-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定(英文)

-鹅膏毒(环)肽和二羟鬼笔毒(环)肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素。由于-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐步增加。为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高。本方法对其它毒菌中的-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值。     

α—鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定

α-鹅膏毒（环）肽和二羟鬼笔毒（环）肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素,由于α-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐渐增加,为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高,本方法对其它毒菌中的α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值。     

α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定

α-鹅膏毒(环)肽和二羟鬼笔毒(环)肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素.由于α-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐步增加.为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高.本方法对其它毒菌中的α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值.     

Alloviroidin, the naturally occurring toxic isomer of the cyclopeptide viroidin

A novel toxic cyclopeptide from Amanita suballiacea (Murr.) mushrooms that possesses structural features similar to viroidin is described. This peptide, alloviroidin, is identical with viroidin in mass, affinity for actin, and all amino acids except for one. The single discernible difference between the two peptides exists in the configuration at carbon 4 of the 4,5-dihydroxyleucine residues, as shown by a combination of chemical modification and magnetic resonance experiments. The configuration of this residue in viroidin is similar to that of phalloidin and is 2S,4R, while that in alloviroidin is established to be 2S,4S. This peptide is thus unique in its hydroxylation pattern among both the virotoxins and phallotoxins and may be an intermediate for more highly hydroxylated virotoxins, such as viroisin.     

四种剧毒鹅膏菌肽类毒素的HPLC分离与鉴定

利用反相高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）、紫外吸收光谱、质谱分析了灰花纹鹅膏Ａｍａｎｉｔａｆｕｌｉｇｉｎｅａ,白毒鹅膏Ａ．ｖｅｒｎａ,鳞柄白毒鹅膏Ａ．ｖｉｒｏｓａ,豹斑鹅膏Ａ．ｐａｎｔｈｅｒｉｎａ等四种剧毒鹅膏菌的肽类毒素,结果表明：Ａ．ｆｕｌｉｇｉｎｅａ、Ａ．ｖｅｒｎａ含有九种标样毒素中的七种。Ａ．ｖｉｒｏｓａ含有标样中的五种;Ａ．ｐａｎｔｈｅｒｉｎａ含有标样中的四种毒素。Ａ．ｆｕｌｉｇｉｎｅａ的毒素含量最高,其中最重要的ａ－ａｍａｎｉｔｉｎ含量高达６７８８．２(ｇ／ｇ干子实体,是Ａ．ｖｅｒｎａ的４倍,β－ａｍａｎｉｔｉｎ含量（２６３３．８μｇ／ｇ干子实体）是Ａｖｅｒｎａ的６倍。     

Amatoxins, phallotoxins, phallolysin, and antamanide: the biologically active components of poisonous Amanita mushrooms.

This review gives a comprehensive account of the molecular toxicology of the bicyclic peptides obtained from the poisonous mushrooms of the genus Amanita. The discussion of the biochemical events will be preceded by a consideration of the chemistry of the toxic peptides. The structural features essential for biological activities of both the amatoxins and the phallotoxins will be discussed, also including the most important analytical data. Similar consideration will be given to antamanide, a cyclic peptide, which counteracts phalloidin. In addition, the phallolysins, three cytolytic proteins from Amanita phalloides will be discussed. The report on the biological activity of the amatoxins will deal with the sensitivity of the different RNA-polymerases towards the toxins and with their action on various cell types. Consideration will also be given to systems in which alpha-amanitin was used and can be used as a molecular tool; in the past, many investigators used the inhibitor in molecular biology, genetics, and even in physiological research. As for the phallotoxins, discussion of the affinity of these toxins for actin is provied. Further discussion attempts to understand the course of intoxication by filling in the gap between the first molecular event, formation of microfilaments, and the various lesions in hepatocytes during the intoxication.     

The most widely recognized mushroom: chemistry of the genus Amanita

Many review papers have been published on mushrooms of the genus Amanita, as these are well known to both scientific and lay audiences, probably due to the toxic and/or hallucinogenic properties of some species. This article aims to supplement the content of previous reviews by categorizing all of the natural products isolated from any species in the genus Amanita. These compounds are subdivided into six major structural types, and references are provided for all species that have been examined chemically.     

From the body to the wallet: conceptualizing Akan witchcraft at home and abroad

This article focuses on the way that Akan witchcraft invokes imagery of new forms of modernity, especially a feature of the post-colonial monetary economy, the credit card. Credit card spending encodes relations within a technological monetary network, and it affects personal relations at home and abroad. The article is based on fieldwork carried out in 1990-1 at anti-witchcraft shrines in the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana. It looks at young entrepreneurs who work in the large commercial cities, and who visit shrines in the Dormaa-Ahenkro district in order to buy protection from witchcraft. These young businessmen distinguish between two types of witchcraft and explain how a witch at home, as opposed to a witch abroad, does not have the business acumen or technological knowledge to harm their finances.     

8个毒蘑菇菌株培养特性及生理学习性

通过对8个毒蘑菇菌株的培养特性及生理学习性的研究,描述了其培养特性,确定其生长所需最适温度、最适碳源、最适氮源以及最适pH值。8菌株为:鳞柄白鹅膏(Amanita virosa)、细鳞环柄菇(Lepiota clypelo-laria)、绒白乳菇(Lactarius vellereus)、鹅膏菌(Amanitasp.)、厚环鹅膏(Amanita pachycolea)、珊瑚菌(Ramariaephemeroderma)、白霜杯伞(Clitocybe dealbata)、冠状环柄菇(Lepiota cristata)。     

Analogs of viroidin. Synthesis of four virotoxin-like F-actin binding heptapeptides with one less hydroxyl group in the dihydroxy-proline ring

The vitroxins, toxic cyclic heptapeptides from Amanita virosa fungi, contain a 3,4-dihydroxy-L-proline, an imino acid scarcely accessible in greater amounts. Therefore in the syntheses of the analogs described this imino acid was replaced by 4-cis-hydroxy-L-proline, a component of the analogously toxic phallotoxins. The following syntheses are described: 1a = cyclo (L-alanyl-D-threonyl-D-seryl-L-4-cis-hydroxy-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-2- methylthio-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl), 1b = 1a but with 2-methylsulfonyl-L-tryptophan in position 6, 2a = cyclic (L-valyl-D-threonyl-D-seryl-4-cis-hydroxy-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-2- methylthio-L-tryptophyl-hydroxyl-L-leucyl), and 2b = 2a, but with 2-methylsulfonyl-L-tryptophan in position 6. In a test for binding strength to rabbit muscle F-actin 2b and 2a exhibited about 40% of that of demethylphalloin. Analogs 1a and 2b have not been tested.     

A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an Example

A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom, Amanita muscaria , as an Example. Mushroom field guides teach identification skills as well as provide information on the edible or toxic qualities of each species of wild mushroom. As such they function as modern-day village elders for an increasingly urban, nature-ignorant population. This paper identifies underlying cultural bias in the determination of mushroom edibility in English-language field guides, using the iconic mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an example. We explore a selection of ethnographic and medical texts that report the use of A. muscaria as a food, and we accept parboiling as a safe method of detoxifying it for the dinner table. Mushroom field guides, however, almost universally label the mushroom as poisonous. We discuss the cultural underpinnings and literary form of mushroom field guides and demonstrate that they work within a mostly closed intellectual system that ironically shares many of the same limitations of cultural bias found in traditional folk cultures, but with the pretense of being modern and scientific. An erratum to this article can be found at