鲫属鱼类DNA条码及种与亚种划分

鲫属(Carassius)鱼类由于表型变异大,分布范围广,分类一直不完善。该属常被分为三个种:黑鲫(C.carassius)、白鲫(C.cuvieri)和鲫(C.auratus)。鲫又可分为多个亚种(包括金鱼),其中银鲫(C.auratus gibelio)亚种有时被视作一个独立的种。该文研究了线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I(COI)基因5’端651bp的片段在这些种和亚种(共计128尾标本)中的变异。结果表明,C.carassius、C.cuvieri和C.auratus均为有效种,同时欧亚大陆的与日本列岛的C.auratus有明显分化;而C.auratusgibelio和C.auratusauratus有一些共享的单倍型,C.auratus gibelio应被视为C.auratus的一个亚种,而不是一个有效物种。由于C.auratus auratus和C.auratus gibelio等类群中同时存在二倍体和三倍体,因此,倍性不宜作为种或亚种的划分标准。     

三种鲫鱼品系同工酶比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳技术,对彭泽鲫、银鲫D系以及野鲫三种鲫鱼品系的心、肝和肾脏组织的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、苹果酸酶(ME)、酯酶(EST)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶表型进行了比较研究.结果表明彭泽鲫乳酸脱氢酶同工酶比银鲫D系在肝组织多出二条酶带(LDH7'和LDH8');超氧化物歧化酶在心和肾组织中分别多出一条酶带(SOD12'),表明彭泽鲫和银鲫已在生化水平产生明显的分化,推测它们可能起源于不同的地区,由不同的祖先,独立演化而形成.此外,彭泽鲫和银鲫D系的同工酶电泳图谱都包含野鲫的基本酶带,而彭泽鲫和野鲫的酯酶同工酶电泳图谱尤为相似,推测彭泽鲫和银鲫可能起源于野鲫,而彭泽鲫和野鲫的关系较近,银鲫和野鲫的关系较远.     

寄生于鲫的锚首虫一新种

文章报道了寄生于鲫(Carassius auratus)鳃部的锚首虫一新种, 鲫锚首虫(Ancyrocephalus carassii sp. nov.)。该虫几丁质结构与寄生于鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)的河鲈锚首虫(A. mogurndae)在整体上很相似, 尺寸略大, 但鲫锚首虫的背联结棒上有两个突起, 背中央大钩基部较后者更粗壮, 且在近钩顶处有一明显的小凹。这是首次在鲫上发现锚首虫科(Ancyrocephalidae)单殖吸虫的寄生。     

滇池高背鲫和方正银鲫酯酶和乳酸脱氢酶的比较研究

本研究以方正银鲫酯酶(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)普通鲫(Carassius auratus)和滇池高背鲫(Carassius sp.)的各种组织器官为材料, 进行酯酶(Esterase)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶电泳图谱的分析比较.结果表明:9种不同组织中酯酶同工酶谱带各不相同,有明显的组织特异性.滇池高背鲫的酯酶谱图有3种表型.正方银鲫和滇池高悲鲫同一组织的LDH同工酶谱也有明显差异. 等电聚焦凝胶电泳(T=7.5%,C=5%)的结果又表明这二种鱼的肝脏, 脑, 卵的酯酶同工酶谱及电泳扫描图有差异. 这些结果揭示滇池高背鲫与方正银鲫至少在生化水平上已有明显的分化, 很可能起源于不同的地区,由不同的祖先,独立演化而形成. 滇池高背鲫与云南普通鲫的LDH酶谱较为接近,这说明滇池高背鲫最可能起源于云南本地的普通鲫.     

我国牛羊双腔类吸虫的继续研究:Ⅲ.三种双腔吸虫后蚴在异常昆虫宿主蚂蚁体内的发育

内蒙科尔沁草原的中华双腔吸虫(Dicrocoelium chinensis Tang et Tang,1978)其第二中间宿主是黑玉蚂蚁(Formica gagates),而山东滨州地区的矛形双腔吸虫(D.lanceatum Rud.,1803)和枝双腔吸虫(D.dendriticum Rud.,1819)的蚂蚁宿主是中华蚂蚁(Formica sinica)。作者用中华双腔吸虫的黏球感染山东的中华蚂蚁,同时用矛形双腔和枝双腔的黏球分别感染内蒙的黑玉蚂蚁。本文报道此试验中不同蚂蚁种类和各虫种后蚴间所产生的不同反应情况,及矛形双腔和枝双腔在后蚴各发育期的形态差异。     

洞庭湖外睾吸虫新种及其生活史

本文报告洞庭湖区鲶鱼肠道寄生的洞庭湖外睾吸虫Exorchis dongtinghuensis sp.nov(新种)及其全程生活史,其第一中间宿主为湖北钉螺Oncomelania hupensis;第二中间宿主为鲤鱼、鲫鱼和金鱼;终宿主为鲶鱼Parasilurus asotus。作者对各期宿主作了人工感染试验和现场自然感染调查。对其发育过程作了观察比较。     

不同品种金鱼和鲫鱼的分子系统发育关系研究

为探讨不同品种金鱼的系统进化关系,利用PCR技术扩增了金鱼的7个代表品种红龙睛(Red dragongoldfish)、红帽子(Red cap goldfish)、虎头(Tiger head goldfish)、琉金(Gold plating goldfish)、墨龙睛(Black dragongoldfish)、水泡眼(Water vesicle goldfish)、珍珠(Genuine pearl goldfish)的线粒体DNA上细胞色素b的部分核苷酸序列,长度为597 bp.结合GenBank中红鲫、野鲫、日本白鲫、银鲫、鲤鱼的序列进行比较分析,结果显示,这7个金鱼品种之间的同源性都很高,在99.5%～100%之间;7种金鱼和红鲫的同源性也很高,为99.5%～99.8%,与野鲫的同源性在96.8%～97.2%,与日本白鲫、银鲫的同源性为93.1%～94.3%,与鲤鱼的同源性相对较低,为88.3%～88.6%.利用DNAstar软件构建了不同品种金鱼和鲫鱼的分子系统树,从分子水平进一步证实了金鱼起源于野鲫.     

鱼类的天然雌核发育

1.孤雌生殖,雌核发育和杂合发育单性型种群在脊椎动物中是罕见的。尽管如此,到目前为止几乎已在各类脊椎动物中发现了单性型种群。该种群通常涉及3种繁殖方式,即孤雌生殖(parthenogenesis)、雌核发育(gynogenesis)和杂合发育(hybridogenesis)。     

大剑口吸虫虫体形态的补充描述

大剑口吸虫(Xiphidiotrema magnum Chin et Gu,1981)最初发现于我国贵州省的水麝鼩(Chimmarogale platycephala himalayica Gray)体内。1990年8月作者在四川省雅安市严桥区一只灰麝鼩(Crocidura attenuta Milne-Edwards)的小肠内检获5条大剑口吸虫,对此虫体的食道、肠管、排泄囊等作了补充描述。量度单位为mm,括号内为平均值。     

斯氏狸殖吸虫神经系统的研究

斯氏狸殖吸虫(Pagumogonimus skrj abini Chen,1963)是人兽共患寄生虫之一,对人体健康危害很大。研究斯氏狸殖吸虫的神经结构,既可了解该吸虫的生理、生化及杀虫药物作用机制,又可为研究其它吸虫的神经解剖学提供借鉴。为此,我们应用乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)定位技术对斯氏狸殖吸虫的神经系统进行了研究。 斯氏狸殖吸虫经无菌生理盐水37℃培养24小时,用4℃ 10％福尔马林蔗糖液固定1—2小时,自来     

广西金钟山鸟类保护区鸟类多样性初步研究

本文共记录到金钟山鸟类274种,分别隶属于18目57科,其中陆生鸟类251种,水鸟23种;以留鸟为主,共157种;候鸟、旅鸟分别为104种、13种;东洋种为优势类群,共有171种,古北种和广布种分别为4种、27种。这些鸟类中有国家重点保护鸟类39种,中国特有种鸟类3种,列入世界自然保护联盟红皮书名录中的鸟类5种,列入中国濒危动物红皮书名录中的鸟类20种,列入CITES附录中的鸟类34种。本文还对金钟山鸟类保护区的5种不同生境类型的鸟类种类组成作了比较,结果表明灌丛＋农田的鸟种多样性指数最高,为3．04;水域的鸟种多样性指数最低,为2．14。     

新疆蝗总科区系研究

新疆现有蝗虫１５７种,它们分别隶属于８科６２属。在１５７种蝗虫中,古北种占绝对优势,有１２０种,其次为特有种,有３５种,广布种甚少,仅２种。在古北种中,中亚种最多,其次为泛古北种,而欧洲西伯利亚种、地中海种和东北种均很少。在８个科中,泛古北种在网翅蝗科中占优势,中亚种在班翅蝗科中占优势,斑腿蝗科在蝗总科中是相当大的一个科,在我国也占有很大优势,但在新疆其属种数量却很少。     

离体草鱼肠道对亮氨酸和酪氨酸的吸收与利用

采用同位素示踪和肠道离体灌流方法,研究了草鱼离体肠道对亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)的吸收转运与利用。实验结果表明:当Leu浓度从1.0mmol/L增加到5.0mmol/L、10mmol/L时,肠道吸收转运的速度表现出“高浓度抑制”效应,运输到肠道外的比例为83%、66%和35%;合成肠道蛋白质的比例为2%、5%和13%;肠道组织内游离形式的比例为9%、28%和49%;其他形式的比例为6%、1%和3%。Tyr浓度从0.5mmol/L增加到1.5mmol/L、2.5mmol/L时,肠道对Tyr的吸收转运速度也随之增加,运输到肠道外的比例为52%、55%和55%;合成肠道蛋白质的比例为17%、15%和16%:肠道组织内游离形式的比例为7%、10%和16%;其他形式的比例为24%、20%和13%。肠道在吸收转运Leu和Tyr的同时,也利用它们合成蛋白质的和其他方面,Leu的吸收利用受灌流试验氨基酸浓度影响较大、而Tyr受影响较小;随着肠道内灌流的试验氨基酸浓度增加,吸收转运到肠道外的比例下降、留存于肠道内的比例增加,肠道合成的蛋白质绝对量也增加。       

浙江天台山七子花等6种阔叶树光合生态特性

 对分布在浙江天台山的七子花(Heptacodium miconioides)等6种主要阔叶树的光合生理生态特性进行了研究,结果表明：1)夏季6种植物光合日进程均为“双峰”型,有明显的光合“午休”现象。日均净光合速率月变化呈“单峰”型,8月是一年的高峰期。日均和5～11月平均净光合速率最高的是东南石栎(Lithocarpus harlandii),最低的是天台阔叶槭(Acer amplum var. tientaiense）,七子花处于中下水平。2)相对常绿树种而言,七子花的光补偿点较高,光饱和点较低,对光     

Endemism in the Flora of China—Studies on the Endemic Genera

China, under highly varied ecological conditions resulted from wide latitudinal and altitudinal ranges and from the adequate precipitation, has developed a very rich flora of great diversity. As far as flowering plants are concerned, there are 2980 genera, 214 of which, belonging to 64 families, are endemic. Among these endemic genera, there are 9 genera of taxads and conifers, 19 genera of monocots and others of dicots. Of the approximately 129 herbaceous endemic genera in the Chinese flora as a whole, about 22 (17%) are annual and 107 (83%) are biennial or perennial. In the present paper the ecological distribution, the nature of endemic genera and the centers of endemism are discussed. 1. Three types of endemic genera are distinguished, neoendemics, palaeoendemics and active epibiotics, The endemic genera in the flora of China are, for the most part, considered to be very old ones, and most of them are of temperate nature. 2. the degree of endemism in our 22 floristic regions is shown in Figure 1. The areas richest in endemic genera in the Chinese flora as a whole are the 13, 16 and 17 regions. The poorest are the 2, 4, 9 and 10 regions, and no one in the 1 and 3 regions These results on floristic richness are of general applicability. As shown in table 1, the difference in the degree of endemism among the seven Chinese floristic subkingdoms are most pronounced. 101 endemic genera are known to occur in one subkingdom, 72 to occur in two subkingdoms, and 3 to occur in four subkingdoms, only one genus widely distributed in five subkingdoms. However, there is no genus occurring in seven subkingdoms. The difference in the degree of endemism in each subkingdom reveals that the distribution of endemic genera is not well-distributed in the Chinese flora as a whole. Analysis of the vertical distribution of the 200 endemic genera of the Chinese flora bears out that there is no evident increase in endemism as a whole with altitude. 3. Three centers of endemism are found (Fig. 2). These are as follows: a). Eastern Sichuan-western Hubei center. b). Southeastern Yunnan-western Guangxi center. c). Western Sichuan-northwestern Yunnan center. The degree of endemism andcharacters of endemic genera in each center are discussed.     

浙江磐安种子植物区系的特征分析

磐安约有野生种子植物 1 44科 ,62 7属 ,1 2 98种 (包括种以下分类单位 )。其中世界成分的属 67个 ,占总属数的 1 0 .69% ,热带属 2 2 7个 ,占 36.2 0 % ,温带属 32 1个 ,占 5 1 .2 0 % ,中国特有属 1 2个 ,占 1 .91 %。磐安气候温暖湿润 ,植物种类丰富 ,古老、孑遗、珍稀植物多 ,单种属和少种属占有较大比重 ;优势科、优势属明显 ,优势科 34个 ,共含有 393属 ,776种 ,分别占总属数总种属的 62 .7% ,70 .3% ,优势属 1 0个 ,共含有 1 44种 ,分别占总属数总种数的 1 .6% ,1 1 .1 % ,其中樟科、壳斗科等是该区系的表征科 ;植物分布类型多样 ,地理成分复杂 ,温带成分和热带成分占优势 ,是亚热带分布的北缘 ,与世界各地有广泛的联系     

中国罗汉松属叶角质层微形态结构及其分类意义

利用扫描电镜对罗汉松属8种2变种植物叶角质层内外表面进行了细致观察。发现罗汉松属植物叶角质层结构具有许多相似特征,表皮细胞较为规则,长方形或多边形,边缘波状弯曲;气孔器排列成带状,长轴均与叶脉一致,气孔器具较为明显的气孔塞和伏罗林环,气孔器保卫细胞极延伸明显,通常具有2~4个副卫细胞、不具极副卫细胞。但罗汉松属叶角质层结构也具有明显的种间差异,镰叶罗汉松和洛杉矶罗汉松同其它种类差异最大,这两种植物叶两面均具气孔器,角质层内表面垂周壁直,角质层凸缘不明显;贺氏罗汉松最为显著的特征是近轴面和远轴面表皮细胞的垂周壁角质层厚且凸缘均极其发达;小叶罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞排列较为规则,多数为方形,长轴与叶脉垂直,垂周壁之间的角质层突起较为显著,延伸到皮下层;兰屿罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞排列较不规则,多边形,细胞的角端比较钝,没有棱角;大理罗汉松气孔带间隔较小,有时两条气孔带挤在一起,使副卫细胞紧连,近轴面表皮细胞较短,方形或长方形,垂周壁之间的角质层较不发达;海南罗汉松角质层气孔带间隔较宽,气孔器形状为阔椭圆形,近轴面表皮细胞均为细长方形;变种短叶罗汉松和狭叶罗汉松与罗汉松也具有明显差异,短叶罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞排列不规则,垂周壁深波状弯曲,凸缘极为明显,但原种罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞排列较为规则,垂周壁浅波状弯曲,凸缘不明显,而狭叶罗汉松近轴面表皮细胞方形或长方形,比罗汉松的表皮细胞短,垂周壁直或略弯曲,角质层极厚。这些角质层微形态特征差异可以作为罗汉松属内种类分类鉴定的依据。     

Wood, bark and stem anatomy of New World species of Gnetum

Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for 11 collections of six species. The wide range of character states for the species is presented in the form of a key to emphasize their potential systematic correlations. Distinctive among these are phcllem characteristics. Fibre-tracheids are newly reported for lianoid Gnetum species. Cells previously thought to be like companion cells in secondary phloem are shown to be uniseriate rays, counterparts to uniseriate xylem rays. Laticifers are abundant in most of the species, and are newly described for secondary tissues of Gnetum. Presence of tyloses in laticifers of two species is apparently a new report for vascular plants. Tori are present in two New World Gnetum species, adding to the report in African species. Perforation plates are simple except near or in primary xylem, where they are simple or foraminate. Torus presence and foraminate perforation plate presence are features more reminiscent of Ephedra and other gymnosperms than of angiosperms. The bark of Gnetum is also very similar to that of Ephedra.     

东北地区蒙古栎群落区系成分

根据吴征镒、王荷生区系分析方法, 分析了东北地区蒙古栎群落中２６１ 种维管植物的区系成分, 其中温带成分占４７－４７ ％ , 东亚成分占４２－０２ ％ , 中国特有成分占１０－５１ ％ （ 世界分布不统计在内） 。并分析了种所在属的分布区类型, 温带分布属占９０－３％ 。还分别分析了蒙古栎群落的乔木层、灌木层、草本层以及层间植物的区系成分。     

Wood and bark anatomy of Gnetutn gnemon L.

Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for seven collections representing two varieties (unlike in habit) of Gnetum gnemon. Tracheids are present, but abundant and intermixed with them are septate fibre-tracheids rich in starch. Axial parenchyma has been reported only once previously for the species. Axial parenchyma is in strands of 4–10 cells, is rich in starch, is primarily vasicentric (paratracheal) in distribution, less commonly diffuse. About equally common are simple and compound perforation plates; the latter are composed of from two to about ten bordered foraminate perforations, the shape of which may be altered by crowding or coalescence, but is clearly still foraminate. Lateral walls of vessels bear pits that are vestured around pit cavities, not facing the pit membrane. Rays are composed mostly of procumbent cells; the tangential walls bear bordered pits. Crystals, present in ray cells and (rarely) axial parenchyma vary widely in size. Crystalliferous sclereids with layered walls, starch-rich parenchyma, and gelatinous secondary phloem fibres are the main components of bark. Early stages in origin of successive vascular cambia in bark are newly described. When representative conditions are derived from study of large numbers of slides, the classical view that Gnetum vessels are unlike those of angiosperms is supported. Features of Gnetum gnemon wood are discussed in the light of ecology and conductive physiology.