青海湖裸鲤自然产卵场的生境特征及无人机遥测判别——以泉吉河为例

自然产卵场是维持物种延续最关键的栖息地,青海湖裸鲤（Gymnocypris przewalskii）的自然繁殖栖息地状况和生境特征尚缺乏详细的定量研究。以青海湖入湖河流泉吉河为例,在平水期采用现场调查和无人机遥测的方法对青海湖裸鲤的自然产卵场分布及生境状况进行调查,确定其产卵场生境特征参数,建立基于无人机遥测识别产卵场的方法并进行复核验证。结果表明：泉吉河河道形态可分为弯曲型、分汊型和顺直型等三种典型河型,青海湖裸鲤自然产卵场主要分布在弯曲型和分汊型河道中,分汊型河道几乎100%都有产卵场分布,弯曲型河道有70%为产卵场;产卵场河道平均长度（135.13±61.13） m,平均宽度（30.01±17.51） m,平均曲折度1.09±0.07;平均面积（4586.6±4201.61） m²;产卵场常位于缓水浅滩处,平均水深（0.19±0.10） m （范围：0.03-0.44m）,平均流速（0.24±0.20） m/s （范围：0.01-0.81m/s）,河床质为含有沙粒的卵石（粒径：163-256mm）底质。河道形态、沙洲分布、水深特征等特征参数可作为无人机遥测识别产卵场的判断条件,并实现验证成功。研究结果可为开展整个流域的青海湖裸鲤自然产卵场现状评估及保护对策制定提供技术支撑。     

人工模拟产卵环境中青海湖裸鲤的繁殖行为

研究通过人工产卵环境模拟, 成功诱导青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)自然产卵受精, 通过标志跟踪和视频监控等方法对青海湖裸鲤的繁殖行为进行了研究。结果表明, 青海湖裸鲤的繁殖过程包含了追逐、伴游、潜尾、溅戏和交尾等典型行为。其中溅戏行为(单尾雌鱼或雄鱼背鳍露出水面并用尾部拍击水面)首次被观察确认, 常被误认为是交配行为。追逐、伴游、潜尾和溅戏等繁殖行为平均频次分别为: 5.7、14.7、9.3和3.5 次/d。通过采用不同性比重复配对实验发现, 在观测到的34次交配行为中, 32次(94.1%)均为1雌和1雄配对交配。研究还发现性成熟的雌性青海湖裸鲤为一次产卵类型, 短时间内多次交尾排卵, 雌雄交配(排卵授精)行为约每天3—9次, 每次排卵耗时约4—9s, 每次平均排卵量131粒(范围15—376), 每尾雌鱼可连续交配产卵3—7d。观测到34次的交配行为中, 31次(91.1%)均发生在夜间(23: 00—次日2: 00), 3次(8.9%)发生在白天(早晨6:00—7:00)。研究首次基于人工模拟产卵环境观察描述了青海湖裸鲤的繁殖行为特征, 可为青海湖裸鲤人工产卵场构建、自然繁殖监测和产卵场保护提供科学依据。     

金沙江下游圆口铜鱼生境适宜度曲线的构建

金沙江下游的水电梯级开发对长江上游重要特有鱼类圆口铜鱼的自然栖息生境造成了严重影响, 开展生境恢复是保护其资源的重要手段之一。为获得圆口铜鱼的生境恢复目标, 构建圆口铜鱼不同生活史阶段对关键环境因子的适宜度曲线具有重要意义。基于2012-2014 年5-7 月在金沙江下游宜宾、巧家和皎平渡断面的早期资源采样结果, 以及2016 年5-7 月在金沙江下游攀枝花至金阳干流江段的野外个体采集和栖息地生境调查结构, 分别构建了圆口铜鱼亲鱼和幼鱼群体对水温、水深、流速和底质类型的适宜度曲线, 结果显示: 圆口铜鱼亲鱼的最适繁殖水温范围为20-25.2℃, 最适栖息水深为1.2-11.5 m, 最适栖息流速为0.2-1.3 m/s, 最适栖息底质类型为小型卵石、大型卵石和巨石,而圆口铜鱼幼鱼栖息的最适水温范围为19.8-25.4℃, 最适水深为0.4-3.95 m, 最适流速为0.1-0.7 m/s, 最适底质类型为细小砾石、中型砾石、大型砾石、小型卵石和大型卵石。上述结果不仅能够为水电工程影响下关键鱼类生境质量评价提供基础数据支撑, 而且能够为鱼类生境保护和修复政策制定提供科学依据。     

试验条件下岩原鲤幼鱼栖息地适宜性模型及最小栖息面积估算

在室内微生境模拟条件下,应用试验生态学方法,分别评估了岩原鲤幼鱼对底质、光照、水深3种生境因子的适宜性指数(HSI),建立了其栖息地适宜性模型,并初步估算了岩原鲤幼鱼的最小栖息面积.结果表明:岩原鲤幼鱼对底质、光照、水深3种生境因子的适宜栖息范围分别为砾石直径10～15 cm、光照强度0.2～1.8 lx、水深范围0～15 cm(离底距离);其适宜性指数表达式分别为SIS=1.7338e-0.997x(R2=0.89,P＜0.01,SIS为底质适宜性指数,x为砾石直径)、SIL=3.0121e-1.339x(R2=0.93,P＜0.01,SIL为光照适宜性指数,x为光强)、SIW=2.4055 e-1.245x(R2＝0.97,P＜0.01,SIW为水深适宜性指数,x为水深).算术平均法最适用于岩原鲤幼鱼的栖息地适宜性模型估计,最适模型为HSI=(SIS+SIL+SIW)/3.共发现7组岩原鲤幼鱼建立并维持着相对稳定的栖息地范围,其栖息地面积范围为628～2015 cm2,平均值为1114 cm2.     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟产卵场的水文状况及其与繁殖活动的关系

国家一级保护动物中华鲟为江海溯河产卵的洄游性鱼类,1981年即葛洲坝截流前,其产卵场分布在金沙江下游和长江上游的约600km江段。葛洲坝水电工程阻断了其产卵洄游通道,调查发现自1982年以来,中华鲟在葛洲坝下游江段的狭小范围成功产卵。对中华鲟繁殖季节葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场的水温、流速、流量、含沙量和水位等水文数据进行了分析,并对其与中华鲟产卵的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,葛洲坝截流后,宜昌中华鲟产卵场江段10～11月份的月平均流速及11月份的月平均含沙量发生明显变化（P〈0．001）,而月平均水位、流量及水温的变化不明显。多年观察结果显示,中华鲟产卵时,5种水文因子的参数均有一定的变动范围。1983～2004年期问,37次中华鲟产卵时的日平均水温范围为16．10～20．60℃,平均为18．63℃;日平均水位范围为40．69～47．32m（黄海高程）,平均为43．91m;日平均流量范围为7170～26000m^3／s,平均为13908m^3／s;1983～2000年31次中华鲟产卵时的日平均含沙量范围为0．10～1．32kg／m。,平均为0．46kg／m。;日平均流速为0．81～1．98m／s,平均为1．30m／s。分析得到较适宜中华鲟产卵的水温是18．0～20．0℃,流量是14100m^3／s,水位是42．0～45．0m,含沙量是0．2～0．3kg／m^3,底层流速是1．0～1．7m／s。水温是中华鲟产卵的必备条件,水温适宜的情况下,水位、流速和含沙量出现逐渐从高位下降的趋势、而且各水文要素值均达到其适宜范围时,中华鲟即产卵繁殖。三峡工程运行后,下游江段水温的变化可能会对中华鲟的性腺发育和产卵繁殖产生不利影响,而江水含沙量下降对其产卵繁殖较有利。     

青海湖不同支流中青海湖裸鲤的AFLP遗传多样性分析

为研究青海湖不同支流中青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)群体间的遗传差异,我们对采自于不同支流中的群体进行了扩增片段长度多态性分析(AFLP)。应用10对多态性引物在6个青海湖裸鲤群体中共扩增位点348个,其中多态性位点184个,多态性条带占总扩增条带的比例为52.9%;筛选得到79个特异位点,构建了AFLP指纹图谱,根据谱带特征可以将不同支流中的青海湖裸鲤准确区分。遗传聚类分析对比结果表明:当遗传相似系数为0.87时,将六条河流的裸鲤归为为四支,沙柳河、甘子河、黑马河各归一支,哈尔盖河、泉吉河、布哈河为同一支。研究结果为青海湖裸鲤遗传多样性检测和亲本选育提供了技术参数,对青海湖裸鲤资源保护和人工增殖放流工作中野生亲鱼的选择策略具有指导意义。     

宽口光唇鱼胚胎发育的研究

在涪江下游宽口光唇鱼的产卵时间为4—5月,自然产卵水温为17℃—23℃。产卵场位于底质为卵石和砾石的浅水滩,分散产卵,卵弱粘性,金黄色,沉性,卵径1.55—2.11mm,卵膜外径2.27-2.55mm。在水温19.5—21.2℃条件下,胚胎从受精到孵化出膜共历时56h30min,初孵仔鱼全长6.0-6.2mm,肛后长/全长=24.14％,卵黄囊前部为膨大的球形,后部为均匀的棒状。     

点带石斑鱼的亲鱼培育、产卵受精和胚胎发育

在水泥池人工养殖条件下,对人工诱导性逆转的“功能性雄性”、天然雄性及天然雌性点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)亲鱼进行强化培育,自然产卵受精。2002年繁殖季节,共获3cm以上的点带石斑鱼苗145万尾。亲鱼培育、产卵受精和胚胎发育的程序：(1)经过强化培育的亲鱼,自然产卵受精,受精率平均81％,最高97％;(2)成熟的“人工变性雄鱼”的精子头部呈球型,精子头径约3．7—6．1gm,尾长12．4～44．5μm;在水温26℃、盐度3％、pH7．9条件下,精子游动时间最长超过58min,精液中90％精子在31min停止游动,与天然雄亲鱼的精子无异,可作为生产雄亲鱼的来源;(3)在东山岛,产卵期由4月初持续到11月中旬,产卵高潮集中在4月底至5月底、9月底至10月初。在24h内,自然产卵通常从16：30持续到次日1：30;(4)产卵适宜水温为23．5—28．6℃,最适产卵水温为25．5—26．5℃;(5)水温26℃时,受精卵在盐度2．82％～2．96％,的海水中呈悬浮状态,盐度2．82％以下时下沉,盐度2．96％以上时上浮;(6)在水温24．9—27．6℃、盐度3％—3．3％、pH7．6—8．2的情况下,胚胎发育时间为21h。     

南方鲇的繁殖生物学研究：繁殖时间,产卵条件和产卵行为

南方鲇的雌鱼３－４龄性达成熟,雄鱼２—３龄性达成熟;在此期间,同龄组中已成熟个体的体长、体重、肥满度和成熟系数的平均值均大于未成熟个体。繁殖期为３月中旬至５月中旬,其间,嘉陵江平均水温为１５—２４℃。雌鱼的性腺在６－８月由Ⅵ期退化至Ⅱ期,９至１１月经Ⅲ期发育至Ⅵ期,１２月至来年２月以Ⅳ期性腺状况越冬。雌、雄鱼成熟系数周年曲线均为单峰型,该种鱼为单批产卵类型。产卵场为流水卵石浅滩,水深０．４－１．５ｍ,流速每秒０．７ｍ左右。产卵前雌雄亲鱼有相互激烈追逐、咬斗的发情行为．     

长江刀鲚亲鱼强化培育及自然产卵规律研究

试验研究了人工饲养条件下长江刀鲚亲鱼培育的水温及主要水化学指标、饵料投喂策略及经强化培育后刀鲚自然产卵的规律。结果表明,刀鲚亲鱼培育池周年水温变化范围为5-34℃,刀鲚常年摄食,采用“鲮鱼苗+细足米虾”的系列活饵进行饲育期、越冬期、促熟期分阶段的投喂策略,雌性亲鱼强化培育后成熟系数可达16.5%,发育较佳,总体成活率为97.6%。5-6月是刀鲚产卵的高峰期,产卵时间集中在20:00-20:30,受精率为80%-92%,试验期间收集刀鲚受精卵56.9万粒。刀鲚的产卵与水温关系密切,最适产卵水温为20-28℃。     

Assessment of the Feasibility of Preventing Reproduction of Lake Charr, Salvelinus Namaycush, in Shallow Areas of Reservoirs Affected by Drawdowns

Lake charr, Salvelinus namaycush, spawn almost exclusively in lakes, in the fall. Spawning sites in inland lakes are generally located close to the shore in areas with coarse-textured substrate, and in depths of less than 2m. Because of the type of water management system applied in reservoirs where water levels are lowered during the winter, eggs deposited during the fall around the shallow shoreline of reservoirs can be exposed. The depth of spawning sites relative to drawdowns may be a limiting factor for lake charr survival in reservoirs. In 1995 and 1996, we evaluated the ability to induce lake charr reproduction in deeper water, below the range of fluctuating water levels by the sequential construction of artificial reefs and limiting access to natural spawning habitat. The creation of artificial deeper water spawning areas, adjacent to natural sites, produced a partial transfer of reproduction. However when natural spawning sites were covered with tarpaulins almost all the eggs were laid in the artificial deeper water spawning areas. Complete or partial transfer of reproduction activities to sites below the depth not affected by water level fluctuations is therefore a potential way of alleviating the effects of hydroelectric reservoir management.     

厚颌鲂人工繁殖初报及胚胎发育观察

从长江支流泸州龙溪河收集野生厚颌鲂,直接或经驯养后进行人工繁殖,并对胚胎发育过程进行了描述,旨在为厚颌鲂资源的增殖与开发提供参考。3次未催产的人工授精实验1次成功,受精率120%;16次催产试验共注射了32尾雌鱼,平均催产率625%;12次有效催产的平均受精率621%,孵化率447%。每千克鱼注射3mgPG+3ugLRHA2,可以获得较好的催产效果。胚胎发育过程可分为18个时期,温度对发育进程具有显著的影响。       

Artificial Spawning Habitats Improve Egg Production of a Declining Diadromous Fish,Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842)

Anthropogenic impacts from urbanization, deforestation, and agriculture have degraded the riparian margins of waterways worldwide. In New Zealand, such impacts have caused changes in native vegetation, enhanced invasion by exotic grasses, and altered river bank morphology. One consequence has been a great reduction in obligate spawning habitat of a diadromous fish, Galaxias maculatus. Juvenile G. maculatus comprise a culturally important fishery that has been considerably reduced over recent decades. Rehabilitation of riparian vegetation needed for spawning is relatively straightforward, but slow. We hypothesized that artificial spawning habitats could accelerate restoration of fish egg production by creating an environment that would support at least the same density and survival of eggs as non‐impacted vegetation. We tested three artificial devices (straw bales, straw tubes, and moss tubes) in degraded and intact sites. Eggs were laid in all of these with numbers and survival usually exceeding that in riparian grasses. Where habitat was degraded, artificial spawning habitats yielded up to 10,000 eggs compared to none in nearby natural spawning habitat. The ground‐level environment of artificial habitat was similar to that of intact vegetation in buffering ambient temperature and humidity fluctuations. Crucial properties of the artificial habitats were (1) shelter to provide shade and hold moisture; (2) accessibility to allow adult fish to deposit and fertilize eggs; and (3) robustness to provide reliable surfaces and protection for the eggs during their development. We show that artificial spawning habitats are a viable short‐term alternative to rehabilitating spawning habitat while legacy effects abate and riparian vegetation recovers.     

Characterization of Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) Spawning Habitat in the Lower Missouri River

Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefish) globally have declined throughout their range due to river fragmentation, habitat loss, overfishing, and degradation of water quality. In North America, pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) populations have experienced poor to no recruitment, or substantial levels of hybridization with the closely related shovelnose sturgeon (S. platorynchus). The Lower Missouri River is the only portion of the species’ range where successful reproduction and recruitment of genetically pure pallid sturgeon have been documented. This paper documents spawning habitat and behavior on the Lower Missouri River, which comprises over 1,300 km of unfragmented river habitat. The objective of this study was to determine spawning locations and describe habitat characteristics and environmental conditions (depth, water velocity, substrate, discharge, temperature, and turbidity) on the Lower Missouri River. We measured habitat characteristics for spawning events of ten telemetry-tagged female pallid sturgeon from 2008–2013 that occurred in discrete reaches distributed over hundreds of kilometers. These results show pallid sturgeon select deep and fast areas in or near the navigation channel along outside revetted banks for spawning. These habitats are deeper and faster than nearby river habitats within the surrounding river reach. Spawning patches have a mean depth of 6.6 m and a mean depth-averaged water-column velocity of 1.4 m per second. Substrates in spawning patches consist of coarse bank revetment, gravel, sand, and bedrock. Results indicate habitat used by pallid sturgeon for spawning is more common and widespread in the present-day channelized Lower Missouri River relative to the sparse and disperse coarse substrates available prior to channelization. Understanding the spawning habitats currently utilized on the Lower Missouri River and if they are functioning properly is important for improving habitat remediation measures aimed at increasing reproductive success. Recovery efforts for pallid sturgeon on the Missouri River, if successful, can provide guidance to sturgeon recovery on other river systems; particularly large, regulated, and channelized rivers.     

广西鲮鱼的生物学及其养殖

本文对鲮鱼的食性、年龄、生长和繁殖进行了研究,并对渔业生产提出了建议。鲮鱼以浮游植物为主要食料。在水温14.6—29.4℃时食欲旺盛。当水中溶氧量0.24—0.65毫克/升时,绝大部分个体停止摄食,而溶氧量在0.99毫克/升以上时,摄食强度很大。见到的最大个体:雌鱼体长595毫米,体重4,100克,10龄;雄鱼体长580毫米,体重3,850克,9龄。鲮鱼能在大王滩水库中自然繁殖。鲮鱼人工繁殖季节以5月初至6月中旬较适宜;催产时水温以22—29℃为好,注射催产剂的效应时间一般为4.5—6小时。见到的性成熟最小个体:郁江鲮鱼雌体长273毫米,体重525克,雄体长275毫米,体重415克;池养鲮鱼雌体长247毫米,体重366克,雄体长235毫米,体重291克。根据群众经验,一般池塘中鲮鱼每亩放养1,000尾,鲮与鲢的放养比例以3∶1较好,以鲮鱼为主体的池塘则每亩放养1,500—2,000尾较好。       

Resident spawning of Japanese smelt,Hypomesus nipponensis,along gravel shorelines in Lake Nojiri,Central Japan

In Lake Nojiri, the Japanese smelt, Hypomesus nipponensis McAllister, 1963, population has been thought to be maintained by artificial spawning, and stocking efforts as natural spawning in in-flowing streams is unlikely due to the lack of inflowing stream habitat. In this study, novel resident Japanese smelt spawning was observed along the lakeshore in shallow areas with clean gravel and flow. Spawning occurred at night during early March to mid-April and eggs, confirmed on gravel substrate, progressed to the eyed state in 5–6 weeks. Although natural spawning was observed, the ratio of eggs that progressed to the eyed stage was minimal, possibly due to thick algae cover in areas with low flow velocity. Therefore, resident Japanese smelt spawning along the lake shoreline is physically possible and potentially contributes to the overall population in Lake Nojiri, but in-lake spawning alone presumably is not a biologically viable method for population sustainability due to low survival rates and egg density at present. Environmental improvements such as construction of fish ladders to suitable in-flowing spawning habitat, introduction of clean gravel to shorelines, and water level management adjusted to the smelt spawning run would contribute to higher recruitment by natural smelt reproduction, and consequently enhance the smelt production in Lake Nojiri.

     

Suitability Modeling of Lake Sturgeon Habitat in Five Northern Lake Michigan Tributaries: Implications for Population Rehabilitation

The availability of lotic spawning, staging, and nursery habitats is considered a major factor limiting the recovery of Lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ) in Lake Michigan. Despite efforts to better understand the population biology and habitat use of remnant Lake sturgeon stocks, little information exists on the quantity, quality, and spatial distribution of habitats for riverine life stages. We applied georeferenced habitat information on substrate, water depth, and stream gradient to a Lake sturgeon habitat suitability index in a geographic information system to produce spatially explicit models of life stage–specific habitat characteristics in the Menominee River, Michigan–Wisconsin; the Peshtigo, Oconto, and lower Fox rivers, Wisconsin; and the Manistique River, Michigan. High-quality Lake sturgeon spawning habitat associated with coarse substrates (≥2.1 mm) and moderate- to high-stream gradients (≥0.6 m/km) comprised 1–6% of the available habitat in each system. Staging habitat characterized by water depths greater that 2 m located near potential spawning habitat comprised an additional 17–41%. However, access to a majority of these habitat types (range 30–100%) by Lake sturgeon from Lake Michigan is currently impeded by dams. High-quality juvenile Lake sturgeon habitat associated with finer substrates, lower stream gradients, and a broad range of water depths (i.e., 0.5–8 m) was relatively ubiquitous throughout each system and comprised 69–100% of the available habitat. Our study suggests that efforts to rehabilitate Lake sturgeon populations should consider providing fish passage and creating supplemental spawning habitat to increase reproductive and recruitment potential.     

长江干流和汉江的鳡鱼繁殖习性及其胚胎发育

本文报道了1961—1966年、1976—1978年和1981年在长江干流和汉江对鳡鱼的繁殖习性、产卵场的分布、产卵场的环境条件、促使产卵的外界因素和产卵规模等方面的调查研究结果。比较系统地研究了鳡鱼鱼卵、鱼苗的胚胎发育,描述了各个发育阶段的形态特征。与长江中其他产漂流性卵鱼类(特别是青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙)的胚胎相比较,鳡鱼具有许多明显的特点。