人工模拟条件下青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖环境条件需求研究

为对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)的自然繁殖需求条件进行定量研究, 实验结合青海湖裸鲤自然产卵场原位生境调查, 通过室内人工模拟构建产卵环境诱发野生亲鱼自然繁殖, 解答可控环境中青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖的环境需求。结果表明, 青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖发生与水温、水深、流速、光照及底质因素密切相关, 其中卵石河床质较细砂等底质环境可显著提升自然交配诱导率及繁殖效果; 在合适的底质条件下, 青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖的适宜条件: 水深为0.15—0.2 m、流速为0.2—0.4 m/s、水温为10.8—14.3℃; 15D﹕9L比例的光周期有利于促进青海湖裸鲤自然繁殖的发生。在人工模拟环境中, 水深≥0.45 m、流速≥0.8 m/s、温度≥17℃或≤6℃、全光照等环境中未观测到自然繁殖活动的发生, 这些被认为是其自然繁殖环境的限制条件。研究阐明了可控环境中青海湖裸鲤野生亲鱼自发产卵繁殖的环境需求, 构建人工模拟产卵环境技术, 为自然产卵场生境调查评估、改进人工繁育模式提供技术支撑和新思路。     

一种斑翅果蝇寄生蜂的交配行为观察及雄虫交配次数对繁殖的影响

【目的】明确一种斑翅果蝇寄生蜂Trichopria drosophilae的交配行为以及雌雄蜂的交配次数对后代的影响。【方法】在室内对斑翅果蝇寄生蜂的交配行为进行观察,记录该蜂在交配行为中所出现的求偶行为、交尾前期行为、交尾行为和交尾完毕的动作及持续时间。测定寄生蜂各交配次数下的雌蜂寿命、后代出蜂总量和后代性比。【结果】寄生蜂的交配过程包括以下几个阶段:求偶,雄蜂逐渐靠近雌虫、追逐雌蜂并震动翅膀,直至爬上雌虫背部整个过程持续(50.47±85.01)s。交尾前期,雄虫头部从雌蜂的两触角中间伸出,并将触角从雌虫触角两侧向中间有规律的触碰雌虫触角,直至雌蜂打开生殖孔,整个过程持续(43.73±13.97)s。交尾,雄蜂将雄性交配器插入雌性生殖孔整个过程持续(36.28±11.03)s。交尾后期,雌虫左右甩动腹部2~3次,主动与雄虫分离整个过程持续(8.95±3.40)s。观察结果显示,雌虫一生只能交配一次,雄蜂一生交配次数在(16.54±1.37)次,最多达到19次(N=10),雄虫的交配次数对与之交配的雌蜂的寿命和后代总量无显著影响。雄蜂的交配次数对雌性后代的性比有显著影响。【结论】该寄生蜂的交配过程主要分为雄虫求偶、交尾前期、交尾、交尾后期等阶段。求偶和交尾前期阶段主要行为是雄虫追逐雌蜂、爬上雌虫背部并用触角摩擦雌虫触角。交尾阶段主要行为是雄蜂交配器插入雌性生殖孔。交尾后期主要行为是雌蜂将雄蜂甩开,是雌虫唯一主动发起的行为。随着雄蜂交配次数增加,雌蜂后代雌/雄性比降低。     

栎黄枯叶蛾羽化及生殖行为研究

栎黄枯叶蛾Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang是近年在沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)林中大面积暴发的一种食叶害虫。通过野外调查和室内饲养观察相结合对该虫的羽化、交配和产卵等行为等进行了研究。结果表明,栎黄枯叶蛾羽化期40 d左右,羽化高峰期为9月上旬,日羽化高峰出现在傍晚17:00—23:00,占全天羽化量的82.46%;雌雄性比为1∶1.41;交配高峰期发生在凌晨3:00—4:00,成虫羽化翌日开始进行交尾,2日龄雌蛾交配率最高,达到45.6%,随后交配率逐步降低。雌蛾一生只交尾1次,雄蛾可进行多次交尾。成虫交配持续时间多为14¹6 h。成虫交配后即可产卵,产卵主要在夜间进行,产卵高峰期在2:00—6:00,占全天产卵量的82.40%。未交配雌蛾和雄蛾的平均寿命为11.05 d和9.85 d;显著高于已交配雌蛾和雄蛾的8.05 d和7.35 d,说明交配可明显缩短雌雄成虫寿命。     

三叶虫萤的交配与产卵行为

【目的】研究三叶虫萤Emeia pseudosauteri成虫的交配与产卵行为,丰富三叶虫萤的生物学研究,推动三叶虫萤的人工繁育。【方法】采用室内试验与野外观察相结合、仪器拍摄和人工观察相结合的方法研究三叶虫萤的交配与产卵行为。【结果】本文先描述了三叶虫萤成虫交配前雄雄相遇、雌雌相遇、雌雄相遇分别会发生的情况,然后较为详细地描述了交配的过程。交配姿势有上下体位(或称"∠"型)和尾对尾体位(或称"—"型),后者由前者转换而来。雌雄成虫可以多次交配,雄虫有交配干扰和假交配现象。成虫24 h内均有交配现象,交配高峰出现在20:00-22:00(交配率20.8%)和12:00-14:00(交配率15.1%)。雌虫多数喜将卵产在潮湿的苔藓上,卵常聚集成一丛或成簇排列。雌虫可多次产卵,但初次产卵数量最多(高达67.82%),随后产卵量则随产卵次数增加而减少。雌雄虫多次交配后单只雌虫的第一次产卵量[(45±5)粒]多于单次交配后单只雌虫第一次产卵量[(20±4)粒]。雌虫的产卵次数和产卵量与其体重相关,体重越重则其产卵次数和产卵量越多。【结论】三叶虫萤的交配产卵行为与以往报道的萤火虫交配产卵行为很多相似之处,但也有一些特殊行为或规律。     

蜀柏毒蛾生殖行为及性信息素产生与释放节律

为了探索蜀柏毒蛾Parocneria orienta Chao性信息素产生和释放规律, 为利用性信息素监测和防治蜀柏毒蛾奠定基础, 本研究在野外及室内温度22±1℃、 相对湿度75%~80%、 光周期14L∶10D条件下观察研究了蜀柏毒蛾成虫的羽化、 求偶、 交尾、 产卵行为, 触角电位反应测定处女雌蛾性信息素产生与释放的时辰节律。结果表明： 蜀柏毒蛾羽化行为全天可见, 主要集中在1:00-5:00, 占总羽化量的44.94%, 7:30-11:00进行婚飞和交尾, 交尾高峰期出现在8:30左右, 交配时间少则2 h, 多则8 h, 求偶、 交配均发生在光期。随着日龄的增加, 召唤时间前移并且延长, 1日龄的处女雌蛾交尾时间较短; 雌蛾羽化当天就可交尾, 2日龄雌蛾交尾率最高, 达36.67%。雌蛾分多处产卵, 雌蛾一生最高产卵量达402粒, 最低产卵量为78粒。羽化当天的雌蛾体内性信息素含量较低, 第2天最高, 以后逐日下降; 2日龄蜀柏毒蛾处女雌蛾性信息素的产生量从7:00起逐渐增加, 8:30-9:30时最高, 9:30后逐渐减小。雄蛾对处女雌蛾腺体提取物的触角电位反应在8:30-9:00最强, 说明8:30-9:00是雌蛾产生和释放性信息素的高峰期。蜀柏毒蛾的羽化、 求偶、 交尾及性信息素的产生与释放存在一定的时辰节律, 野外处女雌蛾诱蛾试验证实了性信息素释放与交配行为在时辰节律上的一致性。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊成虫行为学特征及性诱效果的研究

本文在室内条件下研究了刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis rohiniae(Haldemann)成虫羽化、交尾、产卵行为的时间动态节律以及雌蚊性诱效果.结果表明:雌虫5:00-6:00为羽化高峰期,雄虫1:00-2:00为羽化高峰期,雌虫羽化高峰期期迟于雄虫4 h左右.雌蚊羽化后20min左右即外伸产卵器吸引雄蚊交配...     

榆木蠹蛾生殖行为及性信息素产生与释放节律

通过室内饲养与野外观察榆木蠹蛾Holcocerus vicarius (Walker)成虫的羽化、交尾、产卵行为,触角电位反应测定处女雌蛾性信息素产生与释放节律,旨在为榆木蠹蛾性信息素的鉴定和合成奠定基础。结果表明：榆木蠹蛾羽化行为全天可见,主要集中在15:00－19:00。成虫羽化当日即可交尾,21:30－0:30进行婚飞和交尾,交尾高峰出现在晚23:00左右,光期未见交尾。随着日龄的增加,召唤时间前移并且延长,2～3日龄处女雌蛾召唤时间早于1日龄雌蛾,交尾时间较短;雌蛾在羽化1 d后达到性成熟,2日龄雌蛾交尾百分率最高,达41.8%。雌蛾将产卵器伸出寻找缝隙处产卵,分多处产卵,雌虫最高产卵量达720粒,最低产卵量为105粒,卵期为12～22 d不等,孵化率为72%～88%。羽化当晚的雌蛾体内性信息素含量较低,第2天最高,以后逐日下降;2日龄榆木蠹蛾处女雌蛾性信息素的产生量从晚17:00起逐渐增加, 21:30－22:00时最高, 22:00后逐渐减小。雄蛾触角电位反应在22:30最强。21:30－23:00是雌蛾产生和释放性信息素的高峰期。榆木蠹蛾的羽化、交尾存在一定的时辰节律,通过处女雌蛾的野外诱集试验证实了性信息素释放与交配行为在时辰节律上的一致性。     

光周期变化对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响

【目的】毛健夜蛾Brithys crini(Fabricius)可为害葱莲Zephyranthes candida等石蒜科绿化植物,前期研究表明不同光周期对其交配和产卵节律行为及交配率和产卵量均有显著影响。本实验期望探明间歇光照等复杂光照条件对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响。【方法】在光照培养箱条件下(光源为白色日光灯,光照强度约为500 lx),观察了间歇光照长度(20,10,5,1和0 min)、暗期位点(D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00)和非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)3种光照条件下毛键夜蛾成虫交配及产卵行为。【结果】间歇光照长度为20,10,5,1和0 min时,成虫交配数分别为0,3,10,14和11对,配对数分别为25,29,31,39和26对;间歇光照长度为20和10 min时,交配数与对照组差异显著;10,5,1和0 min时已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为354.67,322.30,339.57和310.45粒)。暗期位点为D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00时,成虫交配数分别为13,18,15和12对,配对数分别为16,19,17和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为516.15,527.28,495.53和458.50粒);交配起始时间、交配高峰时间和产卵起始时间、产卵高峰因暗期位点不同而异。非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)条件下成虫交配数分别为16,15,14和14对,配对数分别为18,16,14和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异显著(分别为590.56,559.67,497.21和419.29粒)。【结论】这些结果显示毛健夜蛾交配和产卵行为主要发生在暗期,暗期短于40 min时不能发生交配行为,暗期位点和长度对交配和产卵行为有影响。     

甘薯天蛾的交配行为及其影响因素

了解甘薯天蛾的交配行为习性是人工大量繁殖甘薯天蛾的关键之一。在室内条件下,采用行为生态学的研究方法,系统观察了甘薯天蛾的交配行为习性,对不同雌雄性比、空间环境和光照周期下甘薯天蛾的交配行为规律和交配率进行了研究。结果表明：甘薯天蛾在羽化后第2天开始交配,在第2天交配率最高,达到53.9%,随后交配率逐步降低;雌蛾只交配1次。在一天中,成虫交配时间发生在22:00—5:00,高峰期在22:00—24:00和3:00—5:00。雌雄性比、光照周期和空间环境对甘薯天蛾的交配成功率具有明显的影响,在全黑暗和全光照条件下不会发生交配行为,表明其交配行为发生需要一定光照和暗期的刺激;当雌雄性比为1∶1时交配率最高,为54.7%,在其他性比条件下甘薯天蛾的交配率明显降低;在空间规格为1.20 m×0.60 m×0.35 m和2.00 m×2.00 m×2.00 m时能够顺利交配,其交配成功率>62.0%。在人工繁殖甘薯天蛾的生产过程中,建议单对放养,采取适当的交配空间和应用自然光照周期营造条件将取得较好的交配产卵效果。     

柳毒蛾繁殖生物学的初步观察

【目的】为了明确柳毒蛾Leucoma salicis(Linnaeus)交配的日节律高峰,温度和不同交配持续时间处理对成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率等繁殖生物学的影响。【方法】将新羽化的柳毒蛾成虫置于养虫笼中,观察交配的日节律高峰,并统计不同温度和不同交配持续时间处理下的成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率。【结果】成虫在羽化当晚的后半夜凌晨开始交尾,次日晚上开始产卵。成虫交配集中在羽化翌日凌晨3:00—5:00之间,高峰为4:00。产卵高峰都出现在2日龄成虫,但是,25℃下成虫交配持续时间(9.2 h)显著短于28℃(11.8 h)。交配持续时间为30、60和300 min的处理,雌成虫平均寿命显著长于对照(对照9.2 h),雄虫仅60 min的处理显著长于对照。同时,极短的交配持续时间(30 min)显著降低雌虫的产卵量和孵化率。【结论】试验明确了成虫交配的日节律高峰,在适宜的温度范围内(25~28℃),雌雄成虫的寿命、单雌总产卵量无显著差异,交配持续时间明显影响成虫寿命、产卵量和卵孵化率。     

Relatively large males lower reproductive success in female zebrafish

Females can adjust their reproductive effort in relation to their partner’s perceived fitness value. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), large males are typically preferred mating partners. However, females have been observed to reduce their reproductive output with exceptionally large males but it remains unknown whether it is due to sexual harassment or aggressive behavior to establish and maintain dominance. Here, we study the association between relative male size, sexual harassment and dominance behavior, female stress status (stress behaviors and whole-body cortisol concentration), and reproductive success during a 4 day spawning trial. We found female cortisol to correlate negatively with female body size and positively with female dominance behavior. However, male and female behavior as well as female cortisol level were not related to relative male size. Females mating with relatively large males produced more and most of their eggs during the first spawning day, while females with smaller males produced few eggs during the first day but then increased egg production. Despite females produced more eggs when mating with relatively larger males, their eggs had substantially lower fertilization rates compared to females mating with relatively smaller males. Hence, overall, the reproductive fitness was lowest when females mated with a relatively large male. These findings could help to explain the maintenance of male size variation under natural conditions.     

Scatter-spawning of the catfish,Silurus asotus

Reproductive behaviour of the catfish,Silurus asotus was studied in temporary waters around paddy fields. Spawning occurred nocturnally during the first week from the initiation of irrigation. In reproductive activities, a male first energetically pursued a female with its head near to the female’s belly (chasing) and then began to cling to the female’s body from the side, bending its tail or head (clinging). Finally the male enfolded the female’s body, with its anus near to the female’s (enfolding). In some cases, 2–4 males pursued a single female and two males enfolded a female at the same time. Although no aggressive behaviour was evident between males, it was always the largest male that could most frequently approach and enfold the female. The mating pair moved a long distance in a ditch, paddy field and/or creek, performing reproductive activities. It is thought that the spawning site and period of spawning of the fish enable the larvae to avoid the danger of predation and to efficiently feed, firstly on plankton and later on larvae of other fishes which become abundant during the irrigation period. Although some eggs and larvae may die due to the drying out or high water temperatures of such unstable temporary waters, scattering eggs may reduce the incidence of the annihilation of the young.     

中华蛸繁殖行为

为了解中华峭(Octopus sinensis)繁殖行为特征,通过肉眼观察及水下摄像对其行为进行研究.结果 表明,中华蛸在繁殖期有运动、捕食、求偶、交配、产卵和护卵行为.中华蛸运动依靠漏斗喷水的反作用力进行游泳和爬行;以突然袭击的方式捕食日本蟳(Charybdis japonica),繁殖后期不再进食;中华蛸具明显的求...     

Reproductive behaviour of the filefishRudarius ercodes: male spawning parades and female choice

Synopsis The reproductive behaviour ofRudarius ercodes is described from undersea observations in Aburatsubo Bay, Japan. Reproductive behaviour can be separated into four parts: (1) Prespawning Search = searching for spawning sites by females and searching for gravid females by males, (2) Spawning Parade = males follow a gravid female in a line, competing with each other to reach the head of the queue, (3) Spawning = the female takes the spawning position, males rush to the side of the female, and mating occurs between one female and several anterior males of the spawning parade, (4) Parental Care = females attach adhesive eggs to seaweed with the mouth and guard them until embryos hatch. There is no male parental care. The reproductive season ranges from May to October and spawning occurs early in the morning every day. Females begin feeding early in the morning, but males feed little at this time.R. ercodes shows neither territorial behaviour nor fixed-pair spawning. One male might spawn several times in one morning. One female spawns at most once every 5 days. The mating system of this species is promiscuous. The probable function of the spawning parade as a style allowing female choice is discussed.     

雪峰虫草寄主巨疖蝙蛾的生殖行为节律

巨疖蝙蛾Endoclita davidi Poujade是雪峰虫草菌Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis的重要寄主昆虫,对其生殖生物学的研究,可以为该虫的规模化人工饲养与雪峰虫草的培育提供依据.采用人工饲养结合室内红外摄影,研究分析巨疖蝙蛾的求偶、交尾和产卵行为节律.巨疖蝙蛾在羽化当天的暗期即可求偶、交尾和产卵.求偶行为通常在进入暗期的5 min内开始,并主要发生在进入暗期的15 min内(P＜0.05);随后的交尾行为主要发生在进入暗期的10～ 25 min内;产卵行为也主要发生在暗期.巨疖蝙蛾有多次交尾和产卵的习性,其中,2日龄的求偶率、交尾率及日产卵量均最大,分别达87.33％、61.09％和979粒/雌,且随日龄增加而逐渐降低.卵散产,总产卵量平均达4250粒/雌.提示巨疖蝙蛾羽化时即已性成熟,其生殖行为均发生在暗期,进入暗期可能是触发其生殖行为的重要影响因素.     

Reproductive behavior,egg trading,and correlates of male mating success in the simultaneous hermaphrodite,Serranus tabacarius

Synopsis Serranus tabacarius (Serranidae), the tobaccofish, is a simultaneous hermaphrodite which belongs to a group of seabasses that exhibit a wide variety of social and mating systems. The reproductive behavior of tobaccofish is similar to other hermaphroditic seabasses, with individuals assuming sex-specific spawning behaviors that allow for the assignment of male and female roles in a mating sequence. Virtually all matings involved pairs of individuals, although streaking, an alternative male mating tactic, was observed once. Pairs engage in egg trading, where individuals divide their daily clutch into a series of sequentially released parcels and take turns releasing eggs for their partner to fertilize. Individuals mate over a late afternoon spawning period with a number of partners sequentially. Larger individuals have both more total matings and more spawning partners. Egg trading is not symmetrical, the number of male and female matings for an individual in a spawning sequence is often unequal. Overall, the ratio of male to female matings increases with individual size. Large individuals are socially dominant, chase conspecifics during the reproductive period, and are more likely to end a spawning bout with a partner immediately after mating in the male role. In addition, larger individuals are less likely to reciprocate female matings by a partner, either by only mating once (as a male) in a spawning bout or by mating consecutively as a male within a series of matings. Although larger individuals show this relative specialization in the male role, they maintain their simultaneous hermaphroditism and obtain a substantial percentage of their mating success through female function. Egg trading appears to reduce the opportunity for large individuals to specialize as pure males, and thus interacts with the environmental potential for polygamy in shaping the mating system and sex allocation pattern in this species.     

Mating behavior ofXylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) V. Female mounting behavior

Female mounting behavior was observed in the grape borerXylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) under laboratory conditions. This behavior was directed towards either females (i.e., female homosexual mounting) or males. The female homosexual mounting was strongly elicited in females which had previously been allowed to fly. The frequency of this behavior was not related to the experience of mating. The investigation of the daily temporal pattern in female homosexual mounting activity indicated that the behavior most frequently occurred between 12∶00 and 16∶00, i.e., when females were searching for the pheromone-releasing males. Oviposition was also observed during this time interval. A detailed analysis revealed female mounting behaviors which are characteristic of male mounting behaviors, such as chasing conspecifics and synchronism of licking and abdominal bending. On the other hand, the frequency of male homosexual mounting was lower than that of females. Taken together with cases of other species previously reported, the expression of mounting behavior in females may be related to the evolution of the reproductive system, in which females approach their mates.     

人工环境下棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)繁殖期的行为谱及活动节律

2007年4月,利用红外线摄像设备记录人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为活动,采用扫描取样法和目标动物取样法对录像资料进行分析,对人工环境下棘胸蛙的个体行为和活动节律进行了研究。结果表明：人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为主要包括静止行为（休息、对视）;社会行为（打斗、追逐）;运动行为（游泳、呜叫、跳跃）;捕食行为;繁殖行为（求偶呜唱、侵占、驱赶、撕咬,摔跤、抱对、错抱、拒绝行为、产卵）等。日变化规律变化表明：棘胸蛙的静止行为占了多数,其余多数行为集中在夜间,在凌晨03：00～05：00间出现一个最高峰,与此不同的是棘胸蛙的打斗行为在白天06：00～07：00、08：00～09：00、11：00～12：00多次出现高峰,而在夜间17：00～24：00打斗行为时间分配很少。呜叫行为在06：00—07：00,13：oo～14：00出现两个高峰,而在夜间17：00～01：00鸣叫行为时间分配很少。棘胸蛙的繁殖行为也主要发生在夜间,在凌晨02：30—04：30为高峰,其间抱对行为占到67％,其次为摔跤17％,撕咬15％,而其余所占很少。在行为描述的基础上,对棘胸蛙的有关行为机制进行了探讨。