温度对兰州鲇消化酶活性的影响

测定了兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)胃、肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠在不同温度(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、37℃4、2℃、47℃)条件下的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性。结果表明,随温度的升高,各种酶活性的变化均表现为先增高后下降直至不能检出。消化道各部位蛋白酶的最适温度均为42℃;淀粉酶的最适温度除胃和肝胰脏为37℃外,其他部位均为30℃;脂肪酶的最适温度除后肠为30℃外,其他部位均为25℃。消化酶的最适温度高于其生活水域的水温,反映出消化酶作为酶蛋白的耐热性。最适温度下,蛋白酶活性前肠≈中肠>后肠>肝胰脏≈胃;淀粉酶活性前肠>中肠>肝胰脏>胃>后肠;脂肪酶活性中肠>后肠>前肠≈肝胰脏>胃。研究结果还表明,前肠和中肠是兰州鲇消化蛋白的主要部位,中肠是其消化脂肪的主要部位,而前肠是其消化淀粉的主要部位。在消化酶表现出活性的温度范围内,蛋白酶活性明显高于淀粉酶活性。实验还表明脂肪酶具有活性的温度范围较蛋白酶和淀粉酶窄。     

温度和pH对白斑狗鱼消化酶活性的影响

目的:通过改变酶的反应温度和pH,离体分析白斑狗鱼体内淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性变化.方法:分别采用Folin酚法、DNS法和氢氧化钠滴定法测定蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性.结果:在白斑狗鱼肝胰脏、胃二部位,淀粉酶的最适温度均为30℃,肠道淀粉酶的最适温度为40℃;最适pH值分别为4.0、2.0、7.0.肝胰脏、胃二部位脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃,肠道脂肪晦的最适温度为50℃;最适pH值分别为5.0,4.0、5.0.肝胰脏、胃、肠道蛋白酶的最适温度均为50℃;最适pH值分别3.0、3.0、9.0.结论:在各自最适温度下,脂肪酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶比活力均为:肠道＞胃＞肝胰脏.     

温度和pH对洞庭鲇鱼消化酶活性的影响

采用酶学分析方法研究了温度和pH对洞庭鲇鱼蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力的影响。结果表明,在设定的温度和pH范围内,鲇鱼各消化酶的活力均随着温度和pH的升高呈现先升后降的变化趋势。其中,胃蛋白酶的最适温度为40℃,肝胰脏、前肠、中肠和后肠蛋白酶的最适温度为45℃;脂肪酶的最适温度均为35℃;胃淀粉酶的最适温度为35℃,其他部位均为30℃。胃、肝胰脏、前肠、中肠和后肠蛋白酶的适宜pH分别为2.0、8.5、7.5、8.0和8.0;脂肪酶的适宜pH均为7.5;淀粉酶肝胰脏的适宜pH为7.5,其余部位均为7.0。鲇鱼各消化酶活力存在器官特异性。在最适温度下,蛋白酶活力顺序为前肠>肝胰脏>胃>中肠>后肠,脂肪酶的活力顺序均为肝胰脏>胃>前肠>中肠>后肠,淀粉酶的活力顺序为肝胰脏>前肠>中肠>后肠>胃,各部位之间差异显著(P<0.05)。     

温度和pH对橄榄蚶消化酶活性的影响

采用酶学分析方法,测定了温度和pH对橄榄蚶蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶活力的影响。结果表明:温度和pH显著影响橄榄蚶蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的活力;蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的最适温度分别为60℃、40℃和30℃～40℃,最适pH分别为3.6、5.2和6.0。橄榄蚶3种消化酶活性大小为淀粉酶>蛋白酶>纤维素酶。     

牛蛙主要消化酶的分布及pH和温度对消化酶活力的影响

研究了牛蛙消化系统蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的分布情况以及pH和温度对这些消化酶活力的影响.结果表明:在各自生理pH值下,牛蛙消化系统不同部位蛋白酶活力大小顺序依次为胰脏>胃>中肠>食道>前肠>后肠,胃、肠和胰脏蛋白酶的最适pH值分别为2.2、7.4和9.6,最适温度分别为45℃、50℃和45℃.脂肪酶活力大小顺序依次为胰脏>后肠>中肠>前肠>胃>食道,胃、肠和胰脏脂肪酶的最适pH值分别为2.2、7.4和8.0,最适温度均为50℃.淀粉酶活力大小顺序依次为胰脏>中肠>后肠>前肠>胃>食道,胃、肠道和胰脏淀粉酶的最适pH分别为7.0、8.0和9.6,最适温度均为35℃.在牛蛙消化系统未检测到明显纤维素酶活力.     

虎纹蛙消化道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力研究

以酶学分析方法研究了虎纹蛙消化道淀粉酶和脂肪酶的分布以及pH和温度对这两种消化酶活力的影响。结果表明：在各自生理pH值条件下,虎纹蛙消化道不同部位淀粉酶活力大小顺序依次为前肠〉中肠〉后肠〉食道〉胃,胃和肠淀粉酶最适pH值分别为8．6和7．0,最适温度分别为35℃和40℃。脂肪酶活力大小顺序依次为中肠〉后肠〉前肠〉胃〉食道,各部位之间差异显著（P〈0．05）,胃和肠脂肪酶的最适pH值均为9．0,最适温度分别为50℃和55℃。     

草鱼肠道肝胰脏蛋白酶活性初步研究

对不同种类不同蛋白质水平的饲料与草鱼肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶活性之间的关系,对草鱼前、中和后肠蛋白酶活性的差异,以及这些酶的最适酪蛋白浓度和最适pH值进行了测定研究。草鱼肠道和肝胰脏蛋白酶活性在饲料含蛋白质32—40％的范围内随着蛋白质含量的增加而升高。肝胰脏蛋白酶活性要比肠道稍高些。饲草草鱼肝胰脏蛋白酶比活为每毫克酶蛋白每分钟产生332．5微克酪氨酸,肠道蛋白酶比活为260．0微克酪氨酸。草鱼肠道蛋白酶活性以后肠较高,前、中肠次之。在pH4—9范围内,以酪蛋白作为底物,草鱼肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶最大活性分别在pH6．5和pH7．0。在酪蛋白实际浓度为83．33—333．33微克／毫升范围内,肠道和肝胰脏蛋白酶最适酪蛋白浓度分别为166．67微克／毫升和208．33微克／毫升。     

春季树麻雀体内几种消化酶活性研究

应用酶学分析法测定了树麻雀Passer montanus春季的腺胃、肌胃、小肠、大肠、肝脏和胰脏组织中淀粉酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活力.结果表明,不同组织中的消化酶活力差异显著,淀粉酶和蛋白酶以胰脏中活力最高,腺胃次之,纤维素酶均较低;同一组织中不同消化酶的活力差异显著,淀粉酶活性最高,蛋白酶次之,纤维素酶活力最低.这些差异提示消化酶活力大小与器官分化有关,并受食物组成的影响,因此产生了不同的酶活力分布.这是树麻雀长期适应东北地区寒冷环境的生存策略之一.     

黑斑蛙消化系统蛋白酶的活力

用福林 酚试剂法对黑斑蛙 (Rananigromaculata)消化系统蛋白酶的活力进行了分析。结果表明 ,黑斑蛙食道、胃、前肠、后肠、直肠和胰脏蛋白酶的最适pH值分别为 1 5、1 5、7 4、7 4、7 4和 9 6 ,最适温度分别为 55、55、50、50、50和 50℃。在各自最适pH值和最适温度条件下 ,各部位蛋白酶活力由高到低的顺序为 :胰脏 >食道 >胃 >前肠 >后肠 >直肠。文中对黑斑蛙蛋白酶的特性进行了讨论 ,并对蛙的人工养殖提出了几点建议     

草鱼摄食两种蛋白质饲料后消化酶活性变动比较

用鱼粉和黄豆饼粉为主要蛋白源的试验饲料饲养草鱼两周,测定摄食前、后肠组织和肝胰脏蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性的变化以及不同时间前、中、后肠组织蛋白酶活性。结果表明:随摄食后时间的推移,鱼粉组肠组织蛋白酶活性迅速增高,到10h 达最大值,黄豆饼组则在15h 以后。两组肠组织淀粉酶活性均在10h 达到最大值。肝胰脏蛋白酶活性均在摄食后立即下降,到5h 降到最低值,随后缓缓升高,淀粉酶活性变化较平缓。肝胰脏蛋白酶与肠组织蛋白酶活性之间存在一种消长关系。总的看来,鱼粉组的蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性均高于黄豆饼组。前肠组织蛋白酶活性最高,中肠次之,后肠最低。       

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.