温度和pH对洞庭鲇鱼消化酶活性的影响

采用酶学分析方法研究了温度和pH对洞庭鲇鱼蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力的影响。结果表明,在设定的温度和pH范围内,鲇鱼各消化酶的活力均随着温度和pH的升高呈现先升后降的变化趋势。其中,胃蛋白酶的最适温度为40℃,肝胰脏、前肠、中肠和后肠蛋白酶的最适温度为45℃;脂肪酶的最适温度均为35℃;胃淀粉酶的最适温度为35℃,其他部位均为30℃。胃、肝胰脏、前肠、中肠和后肠蛋白酶的适宜pH分别为2.0、8.5、7.5、8.0和8.0;脂肪酶的适宜pH均为7.5;淀粉酶肝胰脏的适宜pH为7.5,其余部位均为7.0。鲇鱼各消化酶活力存在器官特异性。在最适温度下,蛋白酶活力顺序为前肠>肝胰脏>胃>中肠>后肠,脂肪酶的活力顺序均为肝胰脏>胃>前肠>中肠>后肠,淀粉酶的活力顺序为肝胰脏>前肠>中肠>后肠>胃,各部位之间差异显著(P<0.05)。     

牛蛙主要消化酶的分布及pH和温度对消化酶活力的影响

研究了牛蛙消化系统蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶的分布情况以及pH和温度对这些消化酶活力的影响.结果表明:在各自生理pH值下,牛蛙消化系统不同部位蛋白酶活力大小顺序依次为胰脏>胃>中肠>食道>前肠>后肠,胃、肠和胰脏蛋白酶的最适pH值分别为2.2、7.4和9.6,最适温度分别为45℃、50℃和45℃.脂肪酶活力大小顺序依次为胰脏>后肠>中肠>前肠>胃>食道,胃、肠和胰脏脂肪酶的最适pH值分别为2.2、7.4和8.0,最适温度均为50℃.淀粉酶活力大小顺序依次为胰脏>中肠>后肠>前肠>胃>食道,胃、肠道和胰脏淀粉酶的最适pH分别为7.0、8.0和9.6,最适温度均为35℃.在牛蛙消化系统未检测到明显纤维素酶活力.     

消化酶在条石鲷成鱼体内的分布及pH对消化酶活力的影响

采用酶学分析方法研究了消化酶在条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)成鱼体内不同消化器官中的分布和pH对其消化酶活力的影响。结果表明,(1)蛋白酶活力为胃>后肠>中肠>前肠>肝,淀粉酶活力为前肠>中肠>后肠>胃>肝,脂肪酶活力为前肠>中肠>胃>后肠>肝,表明胃是消化蛋白类物质的主要场所,肠道在各种营养物质的消化中起重要作用,而肝中3种酶活力很低,可能在食物的消化中作用较小。(2)条石鲷胃的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适宜pH值分别为3.2和5.6,胃蛋白酶在强酸性条件下活力较高,而胃淀粉酶在弱酸性条件下活力较高;肝的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH是7.6,在中性条件下活性较高;肠的蛋白酶和淀粉酶的最适pH为6.6,在弱酸性条件下活力较高。     

温度和pH对白斑狗鱼消化酶活性的影响

目的:通过改变酶的反应温度和pH,离体分析白斑狗鱼体内淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性变化.方法:分别采用Folin酚法、DNS法和氢氧化钠滴定法测定蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性.结果:在白斑狗鱼肝胰脏、胃二部位,淀粉酶的最适温度均为30℃,肠道淀粉酶的最适温度为40℃;最适pH值分别为4.0、2.0、7.0.肝胰脏、胃二部位脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃,肠道脂肪晦的最适温度为50℃;最适pH值分别为5.0,4.0、5.0.肝胰脏、胃、肠道蛋白酶的最适温度均为50℃;最适pH值分别3.0、3.0、9.0.结论:在各自最适温度下,脂肪酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶比活力均为:肠道＞胃＞肝胰脏.     

额尔齐斯河野生丁(鐬)蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性的研究

目的:研究温度、pH、金属离子对新疆额尔齐斯河野生丁(鐬)消化道蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性的影响.方法:酶学和生化法.结果:丁(鐬)蛋白酶活性,后肠＞前肠＞中肠＞肝胰脏;淀粉酶活性,后肠＞中肠＞前肠＞肝胰脏.肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适温度分别为35℃、40℃,淀粉酶的最适温度均为40℃.消化道各部位蛋白酶、淀粉酶的体外最适pH为7.5.在试验的离子浓度范围,高浓度Ag 、Cu2 抑制酶活力;高浓度Fe3 、Mg2 、Ca2 促进酶活力;Pb 、Ba2 对消化道酶活力影响依浓度和部位而变.结论:消化酶最适温度均高于所处环境温度,最适pH值变化范围偏碱性;不同浓度金属离子对丁(鐬)消化道各部位蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力高低表现出不同的变化趋势.     

云斑尖塘鳢消化酶活力的研究

本文采用酶学分析方法研究了云斑尖塘鳢在正常摄食状态与饥饿的状态下胃、肠及肝胰脏组织中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性。结果显示,在30℃的条件下,正常摄食组样本在酸性条件下的蛋白酶活力表现为:胃后肠肝胰脏前肠,中性和碱性条件下:后肠肝胰脏前肠及胃;饥饿组样本仅有胃表现出较高的酸性蛋白酶活性,其他器官的蛋白酶活性均很低。在正常和饥饿实验组中肝胰脏的淀粉酶活性均高于其他器官,胃肠的淀粉酶活性均较低。正常摄食组中脂肪酶活力后肠肝胰脏;而在饥饿组中仅有肝胰脏检测到脂肪酶活性。结果表明,云斑尖塘鳢适度饥饿组较正常摄食组消化酶活性大幅降低;其高蛋白酶活力及中等脂肪酶活力与其肉食性相一致;此外云斑尖塘鳢也具备少量的淀粉消化能力。     

野生与养殖许氏平鲉消化酶活力的比较

用生物化学方法测定了野生和养殖许氏平鲉胃、肠和肝胰脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力,并对2组个体的上述消化酶活力分别进行了比较。结果表明:在37℃和最适pH条件下,除肝胰脏淀粉酶和脂肪酶外,养殖许氏平鲉各部位3种消化酶的活力全部高于野生许氏平鲉;野生与养殖许氏平鲉胃、肠3种消化酶活力均差异显著(P0.05),肝胰脏3种消化酶活力差异均不显著(P0.05);野生与养殖许氏平鲉消化酶活力的这种差异可能与野生许氏平鲉在自然环境中无法获得稳定充足的饵料有关。     

虎纹蛙消化道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力研究

以酶学分析方法研究了虎纹蛙消化道淀粉酶和脂肪酶的分布以及pH和温度对这两种消化酶活力的影响。结果表明：在各自生理pH值条件下,虎纹蛙消化道不同部位淀粉酶活力大小顺序依次为前肠〉中肠〉后肠〉食道〉胃,胃和肠淀粉酶最适pH值分别为8．6和7．0,最适温度分别为35℃和40℃。脂肪酶活力大小顺序依次为中肠〉后肠〉前肠〉胃〉食道,各部位之间差异显著（P〈0．05）,胃和肠脂肪酶的最适pH值均为9．0,最适温度分别为50℃和55℃。     

鲇的消化能力与营养价值分析

采用常规方法测定了鲇(Silurusasotus)的消化道指数,其比肠长、比胃重、比肠重、比肝胰脏重和比内脏重分别为0726±0087、0027±0015、0013±0008、0022±0004和0081±0041。体重与体长的回归方程Y=00124X2.8451(r=09940,P<001);鲇的胃、前肠、中肠和后肠中消化液的pH值分别为48～62、66～70、69～75、72～77,且消化道各部分具有较高的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,蛋白酶的活性为前肠>胰脏>胃>中肠>后肠;而淀粉酶的活性则为胰脏>胃>前肠>中肠>后肠;肌肉中粗蛋白的含量1881%,粗脂肪含量152%;必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的4451%,鲜味氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的4598%,综合肌肉的常规营养成分和氨基酸分析的结果,鲇是一种营养价值较高的优质鱼类。     

pH值对中国龙虾消化酶活力的影响

采用酶学分析方法研究了pH对中国龙虾胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力的影响。结果表明,在设定的pH范围内,中国龙虾各消化酶的活力均随着pH的升高呈现先升后降的变化趋势。其中,胃、肠、肝胰腺内胃蛋白酶最适pH均为2.2,类胰蛋白酶最适pH分别为8.8-9.2、8.4、8.8,淀粉酶最适pH分别为7.0、7.0、7.4,纤维素酶最适pH分别为4.2、4.2-4.6、5.4,脂肪酶最适pH分别为7.2-7.6、7.2、6.8-7.2。同时测得中国龙虾胃、肠、肝胰腺内的生理pH分别为5.33、6.93、6.60。中国龙虾的消化酶活力存在器官特异性。在最适pH下,胃蛋白酶活力顺序为胃>肠>肝胰腺,类胰蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶的活力顺序均为肝胰腺>肠>胃,淀粉酶的活力顺序为肠>肝胰腺>胃。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.