湖北省双孢蘑菇子实体中重金属铅镉含量及来源分析

双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus子实体中重金属铅、镉含量分析结果表明,铅、镉的背景值含量分别为0.636mg/kg和0.127mg/kg,样品中铅含量的范围为0.087－2.40mg/kg,镉含量的范围为0.038－0.301mg/kg。在两种不同栽培模式下,子实体中铅含量均有显著差异,但镉的含量并无显著差异。相关性分析表明,子实体中铅来源于覆土而与培养料无关,而镉的来源与栽培方式有关,覆土和培养料中的镉含量均影响子实体中的镉含量。     

太行山片麻岩山区造地边坡植被恢复过程中植物多样性与土壤特性的演变

为了探究太行山片麻岩山区造地后坡面植被的演变规律,以太行山片麻岩山区不同治理年限的坡面为研究对象,研究了坡面的植被状况与土壤理化性状。结果表明:随着治理年限的增加,坡面植被覆盖度、地上生物量和植物种类均显著增加,分别由第2年的18.00%、67.52 g/m~2、10种增加到了第7年的92.67%、379.91 g/m~2、19种。随治理年限的增加,坡面土壤的理化性质得到改善,土壤容重由第2年的1.40 g/cm~3降低到了第7年的1.29 g/cm~3,土壤有机质含量由第2年的4.91 g/kg增加到了第7年的7.18 g/kg;土壤总孔隙度、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量分别由第2年的47.15%、0.17 g/kg、16.10 mg/kg、26.58 mg/kg增加到了第6年的51.60%、0.61 g/kg、62.18 mg/kg、57.40 mg/kg,在第7年又分别降低为51.42%、0.50 g/kg、37.80 mg/kg、30.90 mg/kg。坡面植被多样性与土壤多项理化性状表现为显著相关。随着治理年限延长,造地后的坡面土壤的理化性质发生改变,土壤有效养分增多,持水能力增强,植被覆盖度与植物种类均显著增加,植物多样性稳步提高,生态环境得到有效改善。     

磷肥对土壤中镉的植物有效性影响及其机理

为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd＜0.2 mg·kg^-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P₂O₅·kg^-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明： 在0.10 g·kg^-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg^-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8%、9.8%和11.8%,NH₄OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5%、7.1%和7.1%;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9%～50.8%),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效.     

林窗尺度对侧柏人工林土壤微生物生物量碳氮的短期影响

为了明晰林窗尺度对侧柏人工林土壤微生物生物量碳氮的短期影响,以徐州市50年生侧柏人工林为研究对象,探讨了开设林窗2a后3种林窗尺度(半径分别为4m,S林窗;8m,M林窗;12m,L林窗)和位置(林窗内、林缘和林窗外部)对土壤微生物生物量碳氮(MBC,Microbial Biomass Carbon;MBN,Microbial Biomass Nitrogen)的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照样地相比,L林窗显著提高了春季(207.1mg/kg)和夏季(169.5mg/kg)林窗外部的土壤MBN含量;M林窗显著提高了春季林窗内部(2959.3mg/kg)和林缘(3008.8mg/kg)位置土壤MBC含量和林缘位置(207.7mg/kg)土壤MBN含量,且显著提高了夏季林窗内部(144.4mg/kg)土壤MBN含量;S林窗显著降低了春季林窗外部和林缘位置土壤MBC(分别为2159.2mg/kg和1955.1mg/kg)和MBN(分别为153.1mg/kg和131.3mg/kg)含量。(2)土壤MBC含量与土壤全碳和土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量呈极显著(P0.01)正相关,与土壤温度呈极显著负相关(在3—27℃之间);土壤MBN含量与土壤含水量和DOC含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤全碳呈显著正相关;土壤MBC和MBN含量与凋落物量没有显著相关关系。本研究中,相对于S和L林窗,M林窗对土壤微生物生物量的提高作用较为明显,可促进侧柏人工林土壤碳氮循环过程,在徐州侧柏人工林中开设M林窗有利于提高土壤肥力和林木生长。     

养殖污水直灌对稻田土壤氮、磷积累与垂直迁移的影响

尽管国内外对养殖污水处理已提出了一系列的工艺技术,但因经济原因养殖污水直接灌溉农田在我国农村地区仍较为常见.为了解长期畜禽养殖污水直灌对稻田土壤质量的影响,在浙江省绍兴市柯桥区选择了养殖污水直灌不同年限(0、4、7、13年)的稻田,比较研究了养殖污水直接灌溉对稻田土壤不同深度土层中各形态氮和磷含量的影响,探讨了长期养殖污水灌溉对氮、磷在土壤剖面中垂直迁移的影响.结果表明: 长期养殖污水直接灌溉可显著提高稻田土壤中氮和磷的积累,积累量随灌溉年限的增长而增加,其中磷素的增幅高于氮素.养殖污水灌溉4、7和13年后,土壤表层中全P和全N分别比对照增加了43.6%、95.2%、1484%和7.7%、17.0%、28.4%.土壤氮素的变化为NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N>酸解有机氮>非酸解有机氮;土壤有效磷的变化明显大于全磷.长期养殖污水灌溉可促进氮、磷在土壤剖面中的垂直迁移,增加对地下水的污染风险.
     

碱性土壤盐化过程中阴离子对土壤中镉有效态和植物吸收镉的影响

镉是土壤环境中对土壤质量有着极其重要影响的污染物之一,低含量下就能对人体和动物产生危害.镉在土壤中的有效态既决定了它的生物有效性及对环境的危害程度,又是人们对受污染土壤进行治理和修复的基础.作为盐化土壤中的典型组分,无机盐不可避免对镉的有效态及生物有效性等地球化学行为产生明显影响.研究了碱性土壤盐化过程中无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉有效态和植物吸收镉影响.研究方法为:以钠盐为例,实验研究了碱性土壤盐化过程中无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉有效态的影响;通过油菜种植试验,分析了无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉生物有效性的影响.研究结果表明,土壤盐化过程中,土壤溶液中Cl-浓度较低时,土壤中镉的有效态含量随Cl-浓度增加而增大,但当土壤中Cl-/Cd的比值大于100∶1时,土壤中镉的有效态含量达到最大值.土壤溶液中SO42-含量对土壤中镉有效态含量的影响不明显;随着土壤溶液中HCO3-含量的增加,土壤中镉的有效态含量明显减少.由于Cl-、SO42-是土壤溶液中的主要成分,随着盐度的增加,镉的有效态含量增加.油菜种植试验显示,当土壤中Cl-的含量增加时,土壤中镉的有效态含量增加,有利于植物对镉的吸收,因此油菜中镉的含量随土壤中Cl-的含量增加而增加,但当土壤有效态含量超过2 mg/kg后,油菜吸收镉已经达到最大.随着土壤溶液中SO42-浓度的增加,油菜中镉含量基本不变;土壤溶液中HCO3-的含量增加,植物中镉的含量随土壤中HCO3-含量增加而减少.这些特征与土壤镉有效态变化相吻合.通过各种措施控制土壤盐度和调节阴离子类型和含量,有利于降低土壤中镉的有效态含量,减轻镉的活化;农业生产中适当调整无机肥料的种类,可以减少农作物对镉的吸收.     

新疆野生多伞阿魏生境土壤理化性质和土壤微生物

对新疆准尔盆地南缘的野生多伞阿魏(Ferula ferulaeoides(Steud.)Korov)生境的土壤理化性质和土壤微生物进行了研究。结果表明:阿魏土壤的pH值范围在8.50—10.38之间;含水率1.94%—4.33%;速效氮(碱解氮)含量在7.18到38.01mg/kg之间,随土层深度的增加而迅速递减;速效磷的含量在1.65到7.79 mg/kg之间,随土层深度的增加而迅速递减;速效钾含量在140.72到363.78 mg/kg之间;有机质含量在5.47到13.89 g/kg之间。在各样地每克土中土壤微生物的平均数量分别为:细菌为1.75×105,放线菌为1.04×105,真菌为2.65×103。细菌主要生活在0—10 cm的表层,10 cm以下数量变化不大;而放线菌和真菌则主要分布在中间两层,即10—20 cm和20—30 cm。     

解烃细菌处理油田污水的研究

从油田污水中分离到一组可高效降解石油烃的混合菌群F6。室内模拟实验证明,该菌群适于油田含油污水的净化处理。采用粒状活性炭为载体的生物流化床系统处理辽河油田“兴一联”（辽河油田兴隆台第一联合站）污水,可使含油量由45mg/L降至4.1mg/L、CODcr由 470mg/L降至42mg/L。处理后的石油污水达到国家石油污水一级排放标准。     

土壤砷污染对蔬菜砷含量及食用安全性的影响

对湖南郴州砷污染区的土壤和蔬菜砷含量进行了研究 ,结果表明该地区土壤含砷量为 19.5～ 2 37.2 mg/ kg、平均为 6 3.9mg/ kg、中值为 4 7.8mg/ kg,比全国平均土壤含砷量 (9.2 m g/ kg)高 2～ 2 5倍 ;蔬菜可食部分砷含量范围为 0 .0 4～ 2 .6 4 m g/ kg、平均为 0 .74 mg/ kg、中值为 0 .5 4 mg/ kg,5 4 %的蔬菜可食部分含砷量超过了《蔬菜卫生标准》规定的最大允许量 (MPC≥ 0 .5mg/ kg) ;菠菜 ,茼蒿和生菜可食部分超标比较严重 ,最大砷含量超出 MPC 5倍左右。     

西番莲对镉、铅的吸收累积特性

以紫果西番莲和黄果西番莲为试材进行盆栽试验,研究镉、铅处理后西番莲体内镉、铅含量变化。结果表明,镉、铅在西番莲体内分布的一般规律是枝蔓> 叶> 果。不同品种西番莲的镉含量未见显著差异,而铅含量则呈显著差异。西番莲枝蔓和叶对镉、铅的吸收量分别随着各自处理浓度的增加而增加;统计显示,西番莲枝蔓和叶的镉、铅含量与各自土壤的添加量呈极显著正相关。值得注意的是,西番莲对镉有较强的吸收能力(枝蔓和叶对土壤镉的富集系数均大于1),而对铅的吸收能力较差。在本试验中,铅处理浓度为1 000 mg/kg时,西番莲果实可食部分铅的含量也低于无公害果品标准,说明西番莲作为果树生产时,即使在铅含量较高的污染土上种植,也是安全的;但要特别注意镉的污染风险。     

露地栽培向设施栽培转变对菜田土壤重金属含量及形态的影响

为了研究露地栽培向设施大棚栽培转变对土壤重金属含量的影响,对武汉市郊区露地和设施塑料大棚两种栽培条件下菜田土壤重金属Cd、Cr和Pb各形态含量及分布特征进行了研究。结果显示,露地和大棚栽培条件下土壤重金属元素Cr和Pb各种形态含量之间没有明显差异,但Cd各种形态含量间有显著差异;从露地到大棚,土壤中Cd酸可提取态含量从露地的0.62 mg/kg上升到大棚的1.19 mg/kg,其次是Cd残渣态、有机结合态、氧化态和碳酸盐结合态;Cd总含量从露地的0.79 mg/kg升高到大棚的1.58 mg/kg,显著超过土壤环境质量标准中的Cd含量标准值(0.3 mg/kg),达到严重污染水平。Cd碳酸盐结合态和氧化态占总量的比例有所降低,而酸可提取态占总量的比例有所升高。说明从露地到设施大棚栽培,促使了土壤中部分Cd碳酸盐结合态和氧化结合态向酸可提取态转变,提高了土壤中Cd的生物有效性。因此,在设施大棚栽培快速发展的情况下,要加强重金属Cd对土壤污染的治理,减少重金属Cd对蔬菜的毒害。     

土壤水分变化对玉米苗期吸收积累镉的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验研究不同土壤水分含量对玉米苗期吸收积累 Cd的影响。试验结果表明 ,玉米生物量及其吸收 Cd量在玉米不同的生长时期差异较大。2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部和地下部生物量均随着田间持水量 (35 %～ 85 % )的增加而提高 ;而 16 d收获时 ,玉米生物量在田间持水量为 35 %和 85 %时比在其它水分时低许多。 16 d和 2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部 Cd含量在田间持水量 5 5 %时分别达到最大值 ,5 5 .4 1mg/ kg和 39.33mg/ kg;而在田间持水量 85 %时分别达最小值 ,2 7.97mg/ kg和 2 3.5 2 m g/kg。在玉米根系的影响下 ,土壤溶液 Cd含量基本上随着玉米的不断生长而降低。田间持水量为 6 5 %时的土壤溶液 Cd含量比田间持水量为 75 %和 85 %时大。玉米总吸 Cd量与水分蒸腾量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系     

分级分筛式异位重金属污染土壤淋洗技术

本研究采用去离子水作淋洗剂,开发一种分级分筛式异位重金属污染土壤淋洗技术,研究显示,土壤中粒径大于25μm颗粒占比接近80%,重金属Pb、Cu、Ni、Cd和Cr含量分别为125.85 mg/kg、85.93 mg/kg、63.29 mg/kg、1.31 mg/kg和108.39 mg/kg,基本符合土壤环境质量二级标准,可用于农田回用土;土壤中粒径小于25μm颗粒占比低于20%,其对应重金属含量超出土壤环境质量三级标准,可用作制砖原料。     

Mobility and Distribution of Zinc,Cadmium and Lead in Calcareous Soils Receiving Spiked Sewage Sludge

Leaching column experiments were conducted to determine the degree of mobility and the distribution of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) because of an application of spiked sewage sludge in calcareous soils. A total of 20 leaching columns were set up for four calcareous soils. Each column was leached with one of these inflows: sewage sludge (only for two soils), spiked sewage sludge, or artificial well water (control). The columns were irrigated with spiked sewage sludge containing 8.5 mg Zn l^?1, 8.5 mg Cd l^?1, and 170 mg Pb l^?1 and then allowed to equilibrate for 30 days. At the end of leaching experiments, soil samples from each column were divided into 18 layers, each being 1 cm down to 6 cm and 2 cm below that, and analyzed for total and extractable Zn, Cd and Pb. The fractionation of the heavy metals in the top three layers of the surface soil samples was investigated by the sequential extraction method. Spiked sewage sludge had little effect on metal mobility. In all soils, the surface soil layers (0-1 cm) of the columns receiving spiked sewage sludge had significantly higher concentrations of total Zn, Cd and Pb than control soils. Concentration of the heavy metals declined significantly with depth. The mobility of Zn was usually greater than Cd and Pb. The proportion of exchangeable heavy metals in soils receiving spiked sewage sludge was significantly higher than that found in the control columns. Sequential extraction results showed that in native soils the major proportion of Zn and Pb was associated with residual (RES) and organic matter (OM) fractions and major proportion of Cd was associated with carbonate (CARB) fraction, whereas after leaching with spiked sewage sludge, the major proportion of Zn and Pb was associated with Fe-oxcide (FEO), RES, and CARB fractions and major proportion of Cd was associated with CARB, RES and exchangeable (EXCH) fractions. Based on relative percent, Cd in the EXCH fraction was higher than Zn and Pb in soils leached with spiked sewage sludge.     

Effectivity of host-Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiosis in soils receiving sewage water containing heavy metals

Disposal of sewage water in cultivated soils often containing considerable amount of potentially toxic metals such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr can be beneficial or harmful to plant growth, rhizobial survival, nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Soil samples from 14 such locations were collected. Symbiotic effectivity of host-Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiosis in these soils was assessed. The total metal contents of Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni in all the 14 samples collected from farmer's fields receiving sewage water ranged between 1.3 and 6.7, 55.8-353.2, 356.0-1028.0 and 90.0-199.7 mg kg(-1) of soil, respectively. In Rohtak 1 soil, levels of Cd, Cu and Zn were highest while Ni was highest in Sonipat 2 soil. The content of available Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni in these soils ranged from 1.0-29.3; 6.2-47.0; 2.4-13.5, respectively, and was 2-9 percent of their total metal contents. All the N2 fixing parameters in pea and Egyptian clover were adversely affected by the presence of heavy metals. Available Cd and Cu contents significantly affected the N contents of pea and Egyptian clover plants, whereas Ni contents were negatively correlated with the plant biomass of pea and Egyptian clover.     

山东省部分水岸带土壤重金属含量及污染评价

为了解山东省水岸带土壤重金属的含量特征和污染状况,于2010年9月—10月采集了39个水岸带土壤样品,分析了土壤中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量以及土壤的pH值、粒度和有机质,采用单因子指数法、综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对水岸带土壤重金属污染进行了评价,并利用相关分析和聚类分析对其来源进行了初步的解析。结果表明：水岸带土壤的pH值为5.67—8.66,主要呈碱性;有机质的平均含量为9.39 g/kg,土壤粒度主要以砂粒和粉粒为主,其平均体积百分比分别为50.33%和38.48%,平均粒径为89.69 μm;Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的平均含量为53.03 mg/kg、10.33 mg/kg、24.96 mg/kg、18.38 mg/kg、56.13 mg/kg、0.142 mg/kg、22.48 mg/kg和0.020 mg/kg。各水岸带土壤重金属的含量均符合《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618-1995）二级标准。以山东省土壤元素背景值为评价标准,水岸带土壤重金属总体表现为轻度污染和轻微生态风险,其中Cd和Hg是主要的污染因子,其对潜在生态危害指数的平均贡献率分别为46.8% 和33.6%。洙赵新河、廖河、门楼水库和东平湖水岸带土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害明显高于其他水源地。源解析的结果表明：水岸带土壤重金属的含量受自然源和人为源的双重影响,人为源主要包括地表径流、工业废气、垃圾和交通运输等。     

Heavy Metal Concentration in Sediments of the Nhue River and its Water-Irrigated Farmland Soil in the Suburbs of Hanoi,Vietnam

The heavy metal pollution of sediment in the Nhue River, which receives wastewater from the To Lich and Kim Nguu River system, was investigated together with the effects of use of this water for irrigation of the surrounding farmland. Eighty soil samples and 40 sediment samples were collected from six locations in the Nhue River and two locations in the To Lich River for chemical and physical analyses. The results showed that the sediments in the Nhue River are heavily polluted by metals (71–420 mg/kg for Cu, 77–433 mg/kg for Pb, 150–350 mg/kg for Zn, 0.7–8.7 mg/kg for Cd, 80– 583 mg/kg for Cr, and 32–70 mg/kg for Ni). There were positive correlations between heavy metal concentration and both clay and organic matter contents in the sediment samples. The concentrations of all metals in soil samples were much higher than the background levels in the farmland, Cd, Cu, and Pb, exceeding Vietnamese standards for agricultural grounds.     

湖南柿竹园矿区土壤重金属含量及植物吸收特征

矿区重金属污染十分严重,寻找和发现适合当地气候与土壤条件的重金属耐性植物是矿区植被恢复和污染土壤修复的前提。对我国湖南柿竹园有色金属矿区调查发现,该地区选矿厂的重金属污染问题普遍比尾砂库严重。选矿厂土壤砷、镉、铅、锌严重超标,尾砂库周围也受到不同程度的重金属污染。土壤重金属胁迫效应影响着植物物种分布,选矿厂物种分布较少,相比之下尾砂库的植物多样性较为丰富。柿竹园矿区植物对重金属的吸收表现为富集型(如蜈蚣草Pteris Vittata L .和苎麻Boehmerianivea (L .) Gaud.)、根部囤积型(如攀倒甑Patrinia villosa和木贼Equisetum hyemale)和规避型(如蔓出卷柏Selaginelladavidii Franch和芒草Miscanthus sinensis Andlerss)等3种类型。     

Seasonal variations in the body composition and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Nile tilapia collected from drainage canals in Al-Ahsa,Saudi Arabia

The body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from drainage canals in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia and the concentration of four heavy metals; zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co) and lead (Pb) in both fish muscles and the water collected from this environment were assessed across the four seasons. The body composition was found to change with the seasons, with the best body composition being recorded in autumn and winter, where higher levels of protein (17.24, 17.65%), and fat (0.58, 0.71%) and lower water content (80.15, 79.86%) respectively were noted. The concentration of heavy metals in both fish muscles and the water body also varied significantly with the seasons. In the fish muscles, the highest content of Zn (0.409 mg/kg dry weight) and Cd (4.140 mg/kg dry weight) was recorded in winter, however, the highest concentration of Co (0.318 mg/kg dry weight) and Pb (1.96 mg/kg dry weight) was observed in spring and summer respectively. On the other hand, the water samples collected in autumn showed the maximum concentration of Cd (1.385 mg/L), Co (0.762 mg/L) and Pb (0.18 mg/L) however, the maximum concentration of Zn (0.0041 mg/L) was recorded in winter. With the exception of Cd, the accumulation of the studied heavy metals in fish muscles was within the safe limits for seafood recommended by various organizations.     

Heavy Metals Bioremediation of Soil

Historical emissions of old nonferrous factories lead to large geographical areas of metals-contaminated sites. At least 50 sites in Europe are contaminated with metals like Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb. Several methods, based on granular differentiation, were developed to reduce the metals content. However, the obtained cleaned soil is just sand. Methods based on chemical leaching or extraction or on electrochemistry do release a soil without any salts and with an increased bioavailability of the remaining metals content. In this review a method is presented for the treatment of sandy soil contaminated with heavy metals. The system is based on the metal solubilization on biocyrstallization capacity of Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34. The bacterium can solubilize the metals (or increase their bioavailability) via the production of siderophores and adsorb the metals in their biomass on metal-induced outer membrane proteins and by bioprecipitation. After the addition of CH34 to a soil slurry, the metals move toward the biomass. As the bacterium tends to float quite easily, the biomass is separated from the water via a flocculation process. The Cd concentration in sandy soils could be reduced from 21 mg Cd/kg to 3.3 mg Cd/kg. At the same time, Zn was reduced from 1070 mg Zn/kg to 172 mg Zn/kg. The lead concentration went down from 459 mg Pb/kg to 74 mg Pb/kg. With the aid of biosensors, a complete decrease in bioavailability of the metals was measured.