2010年浙江省部分地区急性出血性 结膜炎暴发疫情病原学研究

为查明引起2010年浙江省急性出血性结膜炎(AHC)暴发疫情的病因,并对病原进行分子溯源。本研究采用荧光RT-PCR方法直接从患者眼拭子样本中检测肠道病毒(EV)和柯萨奇病毒A24变异株(CA24v)核酸;用Hep-2细胞分离病毒,对阳性分离物提取病毒核酸后进行VP1全基因和3C蛋白酶区(3C)扩增和测序,同源性与进化分析。结果13份眼拭子样本中EV和CA24v核酸均阳性8份,分离到CA24v6株。选取4株病毒测序,获得VP1全长均为915个核苷酸(nt),3C区全长495nt,VP1和3C区均没有nt插入和缺失。2010年浙江4株CA24v分离株之间在3C区和VP1区核苷酸和氨基酸(aa)高度同源,2010年浙江CA24v分离株与原型株EH24/70在3C区的nt和aa同源性分别为85.2%～85.8%和96.2%～96.7%,与2002～2008年浙江、云南和广东CA24v株的同源性分别为93.4%～96.2%和96.7%～99.3%;浙江2010年CA24v株在3C区进化树的GⅣ基因亚型C4分枝上(GⅣ-C4),在VP1基因进化树的人类肠道病毒C组(EV-C)CA24v分枝上。研究表明引起2010年浙江省急性出血性结膜炎暴发流行的病原为CA24v,GⅣ基因亚型,与引起2002～2008年浙江AHC流行的CA24v株(GⅣ)具有密切的亲缘关系,推测CA24v病毒自2002年以来一直在本地低强度循环,2010年又导致了浙江AHC的暴发。     

河北省儿童病毒性脑炎及脑膜炎埃可病毒30型VP1基因特征分析

为了解河北省儿童病毒性脑炎和脑膜炎患者中埃可病毒30型(Echovirus 30,E30)流行株基因特征及进化。本研究对2013～2015年间河北省儿童病毒性脑炎和脑膜炎病例中151份鉴定为肠道病毒阳性的脑脊液标本进行血清型鉴定,扩增E30流行株VP1区全基因序列;并与GenBank下载的325株E30的VP1基因序列进行同源性及亲缘关系分析。共获得18条E30 VP1基因序列。亲缘性分析显示E30可分为A～H 8个基因型;我国E30流行株主要为D、E、G和H基因型;本研究中E30流行株均为H基因型。18条E30 VP1基因核苷酸同源性为93.3%～100%,氨基酸同源性为98.2%～100%,与原型株(Bastianni)核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为80.9%～81.1%和91.4%～92.4%。该研究中18株E30与我国浙江省和山东省的分离株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性最高。2013～2015年间引起河北省儿童病毒性脑炎和脑膜炎的E30流行株为H基因型,可能存在多个传播链。     

引起产科新生儿腹泻暴发的轮状病毒株VP4 VP7编码基因与其毒力关系的探讨

克隆并测定了引起产科新生儿腹泻暴发的P2[6]、G4型轮状病毒(BN株)VP4的VP8片段和VP7编码基因的核苷酸序列,并据此推导出其氨基酸序列。与相应标准株和地方株(包括有毒株和无毒株)比较的结果表明,所测VP8序列与相同型别(P2[6])的标准株M37(无毒株)和ST3(无毒株)、地方株N16(无毒株)和VE7156(有毒株)之间的同源性为92.8％～98.6％,胰酶作用位点各毒株间相同;位于aa49、aa50、aa52、aa53、aa78处的氨基酸在有毒株与无毒株间(包括BN株)不同,但分别保守。VP7基因与同型(G4)标准株ST3(A亚型/无毒株)和VA70(B亚型/有毒株)、意大利地方株PV5249(A亚型/有毒株)和北京地方株CR117(有毒株)、同型猪有毒株Gott之间的同源性为91.4％～97.8％,其中与A亚型的同源性为95.5％～96.3％,而与B亚型的同源性为91.4％,提示VP7为G4A亚型,位于aa38、aa78、aa145、aa238位点的氨基酸在有毒株与无毒株之间不同,但分别保守。分析了虽为P2[6]型却反常地引起新生儿腹泻暴发毒株(BN)的VP8与VP7基因的变异情况,并对轮状病毒毒力与VP4、VP7基因变异的相互关系进行了讨论,为慎重确定轮状病毒疫苗候选毒株提供理论依据。     

一起无菌性脑膜炎疫情中埃可病毒30型的全基因组分析

对引起一起无菌性脑膜炎的埃可病毒30型（（Echovirus 30,E30）毒株进行全基因组测序,并分析其遗传变异和分子进化特征。提取病毒RNA,荧光RT-PCR确定为肠道病毒,再扩增其VP1区,测序确定为E30,设计针对E30全基因组的引物,RT-PCR扩增和序列测定获得全基因序列。利用DNAMAN 9.0、MEGA X、RDP 5和SimPlot 3.5.1软件分析全基因序列。E30无锡株基因组全长7 425 bp个核苷酸（nt）,5′端和3′端分别为743 nt和97 nt的UTR,二个UTR之间为一个6 585 nt长的开放阅读框,编码一个含2 195个氨基酸（aa）的多聚蛋白。与GenBank中基因组序列比对,最同源的是毒株USA/2017/CA-RGDS-1048 （基因登录号：MN153801）,核苷酸同源性为97.5%,氨基酸同源性为99.1%。VP1基因进化树分析显示,E30无锡株属于h型,并可归类于h型下分的基因簇GroupⅣ。种系进化分析和同源性分析提示E30无锡株可上溯到中国江苏毒株FDJS03毒株。分析还发现E30无锡株在非结构区存在重组,重组序列可能来自E3...     

我国新分离ECHO30病毒VP1序列分析

测定了引起2003年苏北地区无菌性脑膜炎暴发流行的病因病毒FDJS03分离株的VP1基因序列,并与国外同型流行毒株做比较,以了解本流行株的分子生物学特点及遗传变异规律。随机选取FDJS03分离毒株中的4株,用肠道病毒、VP1序列的特异性引物008／011进行RT-PCR,扩增产物经凝胶纯化后测序。将序列输入GenBank,用BLAgr程序进行核苷酸和氨基酸序列比对;选取32株不同地区不同年代的ECHO30分离毒株,在PHYLIP3．573C和TREE-PUZZLE5．0中构建进化树,比较它们完整VP1序列(876nt)的进化关系。核苷酸和氨基酸同源性比较结果证明：4株分离病毒均为ECHO30。进化树分析显示：本次FDJS03分离株与欧美20世纪70、80年代流行株亲缘关系最近,但自成一簇,与国外毒株仍然有地区差别。ECHO30的VP1基因进化有时间效应,但存在地区差异。本次流行的病原可能是单一基因型的ECHO30病毒。     

鸭甲肝病毒3型2012年山东分离株VP1基因的序列分析

为揭示近年来鸭甲肝病毒3型(DHAV-3)中国分离株VP1基因的遗传变异规律,本研究对2012年从山东省分离到的13株DHAV-3的VP1基因分别进行PCR扩增、序列测序与分析。结果显示,13株DHAV-3的VP1基因均由720个核苷酸组成,共编码240个氨基酸,核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别为94.6%～99.9%和95.0%～100%。与GenBank中公布的31株DHAV-3的VP1基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为92.5%～100%和90.8%～100%。系统进化分析显示,DHAV-3可分为两个基因型,其中除疫苗毒B63之外所有中国分离株均属于GⅠ型,越南分离毒株主要属于GⅡ型S1亚型,而韩国分离株组成GⅡ型中的S2亚型,具有明显的地域特征。     

貂、狐、貉源犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定与序列分析（英文）

采用能稳定表达犬信号淋巴细胞活性分子（SLAM）的Vero-DST细胞从发病貉、狐狸和水貂病料,分离获得5株病毒,经电镜形态观察、RT-PCR检测、理化特性测定和人工感染发病试验鉴定,均为犬瘟热病毒（CDV）,分别命名为HT-P（貉源）、THD1（貉源）、HD（貂源）、LN（貂源）和HB（狐源）。5个分离毒株TCID50为10-5.2～-7.3/ml;除鸡、鹅红细胞呈微弱阳性外,其余均未见血凝作用;对乳鼠的LD50分别为2×10-3.8～-4.8/ml,对实验兔无致病性,对貉有明显致病性作用。5株CDV H和N基因序列分析结果为5个分离株之间H基因nt序列同源性均达到97.5%以上,HT-P（貉源,山东青岛）与THD1（貉源,山东潍坊）的aa同源性为100%,二者与其他分离株间aa序列同源性为87.9%～99.1%;与chn等疫苗株基因nt序列和推导aa序列同源性普遍较低,分别为90.5～91.8和89.%～91.8%。5个分离株之间N基因nt序列同源性均≥94.5%,HT-P与THD1同源性最高（99.8%）,分离株之间aa序列除HT-P、THD1与HD（貂源,山东青岛）同源性较高（99.0%以上）外,其他．分离株之间同源性低。与chn等疫苗株nt序列同源性较低（90．9～93．5％）。此外,HD和LN（貂源,辽宁大连）发病区域相距较远,但具有较高的同源性,但与HB（狐源,河北沦州）具有相对较低的nt同源性,提示野毒株在易感动物上可能存在种属差异。分离毒株与疫苗株之间H和N蛋白基因差异,可能与CD免疫失败有关。     

禽流感病毒分离株NS基因同源性及等位基因类型分析

目的　克隆测定国内具有代表性的禽流感病毒 (AIV)的非结构 (NS)蛋白基因核苷酸序列 ,分析其同源性和等位基因类型 ,为进一步探索禽流感NS蛋白抗体监测方法奠定基础。方法　经RT PCR扩增了国内 3株H9N2、2株H5N1、2株H7N2亚型AIV分离株的NS蛋白基因 ,并把扩增的基因片段克隆到pGEM T载体中测序 ,将测序结果与GenBank中的核苷酸序列进行同源性比较 ,绘制基因进化树。结果　经测序获得了各AIV分离株NS基因的完整编码序列。同源性分析表明 ,3株H9亚型AIV的NS基因之间的同源性为 96 %～ 98% ;两株H5亚型AIVNS基因同源性为 91 6 % ;两株H7亚型AIV的NS基因同源性为 98 9%。H5和H9亚型分离株的NS基因之间的同源性均高于 90 % ;而H7N2亚型分离株与其它两种亚型分离株的NS基因同源性约为 6 0 %～ 70 %。在AIVNS基因系统发育进化树中 ,H5、H9亚型分离株都处于等位基因A群内 ;3株H9亚型分离株的进化关系较近 ,与香港、广东的部分H5N1病毒株起源相同 ,而 2株H5病毒的NS基因则处于不同分枝内 ;2株H7亚型分离株的NS基因都处于等位基因B群内 ,进化关系较近。结论　这 7株国内AIV分离株的NS基因之间的同源性差异较大 ,约为 6 0 %～ 99% ,且包括A、B两种类型的等位基因     

浙江地区呼吸道合胞病毒G基因分子特征分析

收集2004年冬季浙江省儿童医院呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽吸引物,进行呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)分离,对分离株用特异性RT-PCR鉴定;对鉴定阳性的RSV毒株进行G蛋白全基因序列测定,并与RSV国际标准株及各地参考株的G蛋白基因序列进行同源性比较并构建基因进化树。结果表明,在4株RSV浙江分离株中,3株G蛋白基因ORF全长897bp,另1株为894bp;各分离株之间的核苷酸与氨基酸同源性分别为98.05%、97.06%;与A型RSV标准株的核酸同源性为95.69%,与B型RSV标准株的同源性为78.79%;其3’端基因高变区核苷酸序列与RSVGA2亚型的同源性最高。提示2004年冬季浙江省RSV流行株属于RSVGA2亚型。     

貂、狐、貉源犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定与序列分析

采用能稳定表达犬信号淋巴细胞活性分子(SLAM)的Vero-DST细胞从发病貉、狐狸和水貂病料,分离获得5株病毒,经电镜形态观察、RT-PCR检测、理化特性测定和人工感染发病试验鉴定,均为犬瘟热病毒(CDV),分别命名为HT-P(貉源)、THDI(貉源)、HD(貂源)、LN(貂源)和HB(狐源).5个分离毒株TCID50为10-5.2-7.3/ml;除鸡、鹅红细胞呈微弱阳性外,其余均未见血凝作用;对乳鼠的LD50 分别为2×10-308～4.8/ml,对实验兔无致病性,对貉有明显致病性作用.5株CDVH和N基因序列分析结果为5个分离株之间H基因nt序列同源性均达到97.5%以上,HT-P(貉源,山东青岛)与THDI(貉源,山东潍坊)的aa同源性为100%,二者与其他分离株间aa序列同源性为87.9%～99.1%;与chn等疫苗株基因nt序列和推导aa序列同源性普遍较低,分别为90.5～91.8和89.%～91.8%.5个分离株之间N基因nt序列同源性均≥94.5%,HT-P与THD1同源性最高(99.8%),分离株之间aa序列除HT-P、THD1与HD(貂源,山东青岛)同源性较高(99.0%以上)外,其他分离株之间同源性低.与chn等疫苗株nt序列同源性较低(90.9～93.5%).此外,HD和LN(貂源,辽宁大连)发病区域相距较远,但具有较高的同源性,但与HB(狐源,河北沦州)具有相对较低的nt同源性,提示野毒株在易感动物上可能存在种属差异.分离毒株与疫苗株之间H和N蛋白基因差异.可能与CD免疫失败有关.     

一起传染病暴发中肠道病毒血清型鉴定和ECHO30基因特征分析

2003年5～9月,山东省泰安市发生了由肠道病毒(Enterovirus,EV)感染所致的传染病暴发,临床症状以手足口病(HFMD)为主,同时有心肌炎和无菌性脑膜炎等中枢神经系统症状患者也占较大比例。131份病人(粪便、咽拭子、脑脊液)标本中共分离到EV62株,其中ECHO1939株,EV716株,ECHO304株,其它肠道病毒13株。4株ECHO30病毒中的2株分离自2个患者的粪便标本,但用WHO肠道组合血清中和试验未能定出型别。另外2株分离自同一患者的粪便和脑脊液标本。病原学分析表明,ECHO30是引起该患者无菌性脑膜炎的病原。抗E—CHO30标准株的血清中和这4株病毒的滴度低于标准株5～20倍。VP1区全基因序列测定和同源性比较分析表明,4株ECHO30分离株病毒核苷酸同源性在98．0％～98．5％,氨基酸同源性在98．9％～99．3％,提示这4株病毒来源于同一传播链,2003年5～9月ECHO30在该地区可能有局部流行。系统进化树分析表明,ECHO30病毒可以划分为6个基因型,其中基因型1～5为GenBank中已发表的ECHO30分离株,山东分离株与其它5个基因型成员核苷酸差异分别在9．4％～24．4％,在进化树上形成了较独立的分支,是一个新基因型,将其划分为第6基因型。     

The VP7 genes of two G9 rotaviruses isolated in 1980 from diarrheal stool samples collected in Washington, DC, are unique molecularly and serotypically

In a retrospective study of archival diarrheal stool samples collected from 1974 to 1991 at Children's Hospital National Medical Center, Washington, DC, we detected three genotype G9P[8] viruses in specimens collected in 1980, which represented the earliest human G9 viruses ever isolated. The VP7 genes of two culture-adapted 1980 G9 viruses were phylogenetically related closely to the lineage 2 G9 virus VP7 gene. Unexpectedly, however, the VP7s of the 1980 G9 viruses were more closely related serotypically to lineage 3 VP7s than to lineage 2 VP7, which may be supported by amino acid sequence analyses of the VP7 proteins.     

Distribution of human rotaviruses, especially G9 strains, in Japan from 1996 to 2000

A 4-year (1996-2000) survey of rotavirus infection involving 2,218 diarrheal fecal specimens of children collected from five regions of Japan was conducted. A total of 642 (28.9%) specimens were found to be rotavirus positive. A changed prevalence pattern of rotavirus G serotype was found with an increase of G9 and G2 and a decrease of G1, although G1 remained the prevailing serotype. Serotype G9 was unexpectedly determined to be the prevailing serotype in Sapporo (62.5%) and Tokyo (52.9%) in 1998-1999, and in Saga (78.4%) in 1999-2000. G9 strains isolated from 1998-1999 belonged to the P[8]-NSP4-Wa-group with long RNA pattern, while, G9 strains isolated from 1999-2000 belonged to three groups, the P[8]-NSP4-Wa-group with long RNA pattern, the P[4]-NSP4-KUN-group with short RNA pattern and a mixed-type group (P[4]/P[8]-NSP4-KUN/Wa-group with long RNA pattern). Both sequence and immunological analysis of VP7 revealed that the G9 strains from 1999-2000 were much more closely related to the G9 strains isolated worldwide in the 1990s, including G9 strains found in Thailand in 1997. However, the G9 strains from 1998-1999 were distinct from these and more closely related to the G9 prototype strains F45, AU32 and WI61 discovered in Japan and the US in the 1980s. Thus the G9 strains isolated in 1998-1999 had progenitors common to the G9 prototype strains, while the strains isolated in 1999-2000 did not directly evolve from them but were related to global G9 strains that have emerged in recent years. These data supported our previous report that G9 rotavirus might exist as two or more subtypes with diverse RNA patterns, P-genotype and NSP4 genogroup combinations (Y.M. Zhou et al., J. Med. Virol. 65: 619-628, 2001) and suggested that G9 rotavirus prevalent in Japan during two successive years belonged to different subtypes. The nucleotide sequences presented in this paper were submitted to DDBJ, EMBL and GenBank nucleotide sequence databases. The accession numbers are: 00-Ad2863VP7 (AB091746), 00-OS2986VP7 (AB091747), 00-SG2509VP7 (AB091748), 00-SG2518VP7 (AB091749), 00-SG2541 (AB091750), 00-SG2864 (AB091751), 00-SP2737VP7 (AB091752), 99-SP1542VP7 (AB091753), 99-SP1904VP7 (AB091754), 99-TK2082VP7 (AB091755) and 99-TK2091VP7 (AB091756).     

Circulation of enteroviruses in Cyprus assessed by molecular analysis of clinical specimens and sewage isolates

Aims: To study the circulation of non‐polio enteroviruses in the Cypriot population and assess the clinical relevance of different serotypes by the analysis of clinical specimens and environmental samples. Methods and Results: Sewage samples were collected on a monthly basis for 2 years from all five districts of Cyprus. Enteroviruses were isolated using the VIRADEN method and typed by partial VP1 region sequencing. In addition, all enterovirus‐positive clinical samples received during this 2‐year period were typed, and a phylogenetic comparison of clinical and sewage samples based on the partial VP1 sequences was made. A significant difference between the most common serotypes found in sewage and clinical samples was observed. While Coxsackieviruses B constituted the most frequent serotypes in sewages, Echoviruses 30 and 18 prevailed in clinical samples. Conclusions: The phylogenetic analysis revealed that certain enterovirus strains circulate in the population over long period of time, while others are observed only sporadically and disappear quickly. For some serotypes, it was observed that several strains were cocirculating in the population but only some of them being detected also in clinical specimens. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study, for the first time, compares enteroviruses isolated from environmental samples and clinical specimens on a molecular level, which allowed for strain identification and discrimination. A more comprehensive molecular analysis of these strains will help identify factors, which determine different degrees of pathogenicity.     

Complete genome sequences of novel canine noroviruses in Hong Kong

We report the complete genome sequences of two novel isolates of norovirus isolated from the fecal swab specimens of dogs in Hong Kong. The complete viral genome is approximately 7.6 kb in length and consists of 3 overlapping open reading frames encoding the ORF1 polyprotein, VP1, and VP2, respectively. Analysis of the VP1 sequence suggested that these noroviruses are divergent from known noroviruses and may represent a novel phylogenetic clade within the genus.     

肠道病毒71型安徽、河南株的分离与VP1序列进化分析

旨在研究手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型分离株的病毒基因型特征。采集手足口病患者的粪便标本,进行病毒分离和逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)特异性扩增进行鉴定,同时选取其中9株EV71分离株,对其抗原决定簇部位VP1区进行核酸序列测定,并参考EV71 A、B、C各基因型的参考株和以往中国EV71的分离株进行同源分析和构建系统发生树。结果显示,所分析的9株病毒株均为C4亚型,3株安徽株H7、H8和H9的VP1序列相似度很高(≥98.8%,其中H7、H9的相似度为100.0%),4株河南株H3、H4、H5和H6相似度较高(≥98.4%,H3、H4和H5≥99.6%,其中H3、H4的相似度为100.0%),它们同河南株H1、H5的相似度也较高(≥97.2%),河南株H2虽然与其他河南株具有较高的序列相似度,但进化分析表明,其与安徽株同源性较高。结果表明,安徽株H7、H8和H9株变异速率明显加快,这可能导致了手足口病在安徽省的率先爆发与大流行,河南株H2最初可能由安徽传入河南。     

Characteristics of an Environmentally Monitored Prolonged Type 2 Vaccine Derived Poliovirus Shedding Episode that Stopped without Intervention

Vaccine derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 2 strains strongly divergent from the corresponding vaccine strain, Sabin 2, were repeatedly isolated from sewage in Slovakia over a period of 22 months in 2003–2005. Cell cultures of stool specimens from known immune deficient patients and from an identified putative source population of 500 people failed to identify the potential excretor(s) of the virus. The occurrence of VDPV in sewage stopped without any intervention. No paralytic cases were reported in Slovakia during the episode. According to a GenBank search and similarity plotting-analysis, the closest known relative of the first isolate PV2/03/SVK/E783 through all main sections of the genome was the type 2 poliovirus Sabin strain, with nucleotide identities in 5′UTR, P1, P2, P3, and 3′UTR parts of the genome of 88.6, 85.9, 87.3, 88.5, and 94.0 percent, respectively. Phenotypic properties of selected Slovakian aVDPV strains resembled those of VDPV strains isolated from immune deficient individuals with prolonged PV infection (iVDPV), including antigenic changes and moderate neurovirulence in the transgenic mouse model. One hundred and two unique VP1 coding sequences were determined from VDPV strains isolated from 34 sewage specimens. Nucleotide differences from Sabin 2 in the VP1 coding region ranged from 12.5 to 15.6 percent, and reached a maximum of 9.6 percent between the VDPV strains under study. Most of the nucleotide substitutions were synonymous but as many as 93 amino acid positions out of 301 in VP1 showed substitutions. We conclude that (1) individuals with prolonged poliovirus infection are not as rare as suggested by the studies on immune deficient patients known to the health care systems and (2) genetic divergence of VDPV strains may remain extensive during years long replication in humans.     

Complete Genome Sequences of Novel Rat Noroviruses in Hong Kong

We report two genome sequences of novel noroviruses isolated from fecal swab specimens of brown rats in Hong Kong. The complete genome is approximately 7.5 kb in length and consists of 3 overlapping open reading frames encoding ORF1 polyprotein, VP1, and VP2, respectively. Sequence analysis suggested that these noroviruses should be classified in genogroup V, but they are distinct from other known rodent noroviruses and represent a novel cluster within the genogroup.     

中国五省市甲型肝炎病毒基因分型的研究

为了解甲型肝炎（甲肝）病毒（ＨＡＶ）在中国几个城市的基因型分布,选择浙江杭州、江苏启东、安徽铜陵、云南昆明和上海市等的甲肝病人粪便标本或血清标本,以逆转录－套式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｎＰＣＲ）扩增合成ＨＡＶ ＶＰ１／２Ａ交接区基因区,并进行直接核苷酸序列分析和差异比较。结果表明,从这些城市甲肝病人分离到的１７株ＨＡＶ株均属基因Ⅰ型,为ＩＡ和ＩＢ亚型;所有ＨＡＶ株间核苷酸差异均小于１５％,但约５０％Ｈ