豆豉中高效抑菌活性乳酸菌的筛选及其抑菌研究

目的从云南传统发酵豆豉中分离乳酸菌,并从中筛选具有高抑菌活性的菌株,进一步研究其抑菌谱,并初步分析其抑菌机制,为新型生物防腐剂的开发提供理论依据。方法应用传统纯培养技术及spot-on-lawn法从云南传统发酵豆豉中筛选得到具有抑菌作用的乳酸菌40株,并从中筛选得到1株具有高效抑菌活性的植物乳杆菌YM-4-3菌株。通过HPLC和紫外分光对其主要抑菌物质进行分析与抑菌试验。结果 YM-4-3菌株是1株具有新型生物防腐剂应用潜力的乳酸菌菌株。结论初步推测YM-4-3菌株抑菌机制为有机酸主导,细菌素和其他化学抑菌物质协同作用。     

产细菌素乳酸菌的筛选及体外抑菌试验

从健康鸡、兔、仔猪肠道内容物及新鲜粪便中分离到4l株乳酸菌,通过单层琼脂平板扩散实验,筛选出5株有明显抑菌活性代谢产物的乳酸菌,其中4株属于乳杆菌属,l株属于链球菌属。排除酸的干扰后,离心发酵液对指示菌仍有抑菌活性,用胰蛋白酶和本瓜蛋白酶处理后抑菌活性明显降低,用过氧化氢酶作用上清液,抑菌效果不变,说明过氧化氢未起作用,从而得知抑菌物质中有蛋白质类细菌素。将离心发酵液分别调pH值为2．0、3．0、4．0、5．0、6．0、7．0,做抑菌试验,试验结果证明：所分离的5株乳酸菌在pH2．0,3．0,4．0时均有较强的抑菌活性,且MD菌株在pH7．0时抑菌活性亦较强,这进一步排除了酸的作用。每周重复一次,抑菌结果完全一致,但至第5周时,抑菌现象完全消失,说明抑菌物质随时间的延长而失活,起抑菌作用的物质不是有机酸。     

抗多杀性巴氏杆菌植物乳杆菌细菌素的生物学特性研究

目的 针对多杀性巴氏杆菌耐药性不断增强的情况,寻找替抗产品。方法 使用MRS培养基分离酸菜中的乳酸菌菌株,采用16S rRNA基因测序鉴定分离菌株。对分离菌株进行发酵培养,研究其无菌发酵上清液对酶的敏感性、热稳定性、酸碱稳定性和其抑菌谱。结果 分离得到了1株优势乳酸菌YWH-4,经过16S rRNA基因测序鉴定该菌株为植物乳杆菌。植物乳杆菌YWH-4发酵上清液对胃蛋白酶具有高敏感性,推测其发酵上清液中具有抗菌活性物质细菌素。该细菌素具有良好的热稳定性,经100℃处理2 h后仍有较强抑菌活性;具有酸碱稳定性,在pH值3.0～5.0之间保持良好抑菌活性。结论 植物乳杆菌YWH-4所产细菌素对多杀性巴氏杆菌具有良好的抗菌活性。     

1株产细菌素乳酸菌的筛选和鉴定

目的 从植物性材料中筛选产细菌素的乳酸菌。方法 琼脂扩散法。结果 所筛选的产细菌素R260菌株经鉴定为植物乳杆菌。排除有机酸、过氧化氢等干扰因素后,发酵液仍有很强的抑菌作用;用胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶处理后,发酵液抑菌活性急剧下降,因而确定产生的抑菌物质具有蛋白质性质,是一种细菌素。抑菌谱试验测定表明,此菌株的发酵液不仅抑制革兰阳性菌,而且对部分革兰阴性菌也有抑制作用,因此产生的是一类广谱细菌素。结论筛选到了1株产广谱细菌素的乳酸菌。     

两种高效抑菌乳酸菌素BSN4和BCN4的特性研究

对筛选到具有高效抑菌效果的植物乳杆菌SN4和粪肠球菌CN4产生的乳酸菌素进行进一步生物学特性研究。采用牛津杯法测定细菌素对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果,发酵上清制取乳酸菌素初提液,通过对两株乳酸菌产生的乳酸菌素进行蛋白酶、热和酸碱处理,研究其抑菌效果的稳定性,以及菌株的生长合成曲线和抑菌谱。试验结果表明:两种乳酸菌素对大部分蛋白酶较敏感,胰蛋白酶处理后乳酸菌素BSN4和BCN4分别能保留84%和55%活性;两种乳酸菌素在p H 4~10之间保持80%的抑菌活性(抑菌圈20 mm),在25~100℃处理20 min后能分别保留89.1%和74.4%以上的活性,乳酸菌素BSN4经120℃处理5 min后仍保留69%活性;菌株SN4在发酵10 h就能达到稳定期,并表现出较好地产酸性和抑菌活性。抑菌谱显示乳酸菌素BSN4和BCN4对革兰阴性菌和真菌无明显抑菌效果,但对大部分革兰阳性菌有较好的抑菌活性。结果显示,两种乳酸菌素对大部分革兰阳性菌有较好的抑菌效果,具有较好的环境耐受性,可为乳酸菌素在生产生活中的应用提供参考。     

马尾松毛虫肠道产细菌素细菌的筛选及抑菌特性

【背景】细菌素是一类由细菌产生的抗菌肽活性物质,对多种致病菌有抑制和杀灭作用。昆虫是世界上种类最多、肠道菌群资源最为丰富且多样的动物类群之一。昆虫肠道很可能蕴含着丰富的产细菌素菌种资源。【目的】以马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatu)幼虫为研究材料,对其肠道细菌进行分离、培养和鉴定,获得对典型致病菌有明显抑制作用的产细菌素细菌,推测其抑菌物质,并对产高活性细菌素细菌的抑菌特性进行研究,进一步丰富产细菌素细菌的资源。【方法】采用传统细菌纯培养方法分离细菌,利用牛津杯法检测抑菌物质活性,结合菌落形态特征及16SrRNA基因序列确定产细菌素细菌种类;进一步排除有机酸和过氧化氢的干扰,初步证实抑菌物质有类蛋白性质。【结果】从马尾松毛虫肠道中筛选得到13株产细菌素细菌,隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacte)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)。抑菌实验结果显示:13株产细菌素细菌对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)两种重要病原指示菌有一定程度的抑制效果,尤其是解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)MW-1产生的细菌素经不同温度和酸碱性处理后仍保持较好的抑菌活性,而且经单因素方差分析发现在pH 7.0和37℃时抑菌活性最佳。【结论】马尾松毛虫肠道内存在多种产细菌素细菌且对重要病原菌有抑制作用。菌株MW-1细菌素具有高效的病原菌抑菌能力,所产细菌素对热和酸碱处理稳定性较好,显示了替代抗生素的应用潜力。     

动物乳杆菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌蛋白的特性分析

通过滤纸片法从健康肉猪猪大肠、小肠中分离得到212株抗生物质产生菌, 以杯碟法复筛, 得到1株对溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)等革兰氏阳性菌和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)等革兰氏阴性菌以及部分真菌如禾谷镰刀霉(Fusarium graminearum)均有强烈抑制作用的乳酸菌。经形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列同源性分析等手段鉴定该菌株为动物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus animalis)。排除酸和过氧化氢的干扰后, 该菌株的发酵上清液对指示菌仍有明显抑菌活性; 用蛋白酶处理该菌株的发酵上清液后, 抑菌活性丧失; 发酵液粗提物具有较好的热稳定性(经121°C处理20 min仍有较强抑菌活性)以及较宽的抑菌活性pH值范围(3.5~5.5), 因此初步认为该菌株产生一类具有广谱抑菌活性的类细菌素物质。     

肠球菌E4及其抑菌产物特性的研究

目的获得抑制微生物生长的菌株。方法根据形态学和生理生化学特性进行菌种鉴定;采用牛津杯法测定抑菌谱和抑菌物质的理化特性。结果排除了过氧化氢和有机酸的作用,该菌发酵上清液对苏云金杆菌、枯草杆菌、大肠埃希菌、鸡白痢沙门菌等有抑制作用。根据菌株的生理生化特征,该菌株初步定为肠球菌属,定名为E4（Enterococcus sp．）。所产抑菌物质具有较好的热稳定性,在酸性条件下稳定且活性高。结论分离筛选了1株可产抑菌物质的肠球菌,其产生的抑菌物质具有良好的生物化学特性和广谱的抑菌能力。     

青海湖裸鲤肠道乳酸菌多样性与抑菌活性

【目的】通过生理生化特性,结合16S r RNA基因序列分析研究青海湖裸鲤肠道乳酸菌分离株的多样性,并对这些代表株的抑菌活性进行初步探讨,以期筛选具有高效抑菌活性的鱼源益生菌。【方法】对分离的47株乳酸菌代表株进行p H、温度生长范围、耐盐性等生理生化特征检测,结合16S r RNA基因序列对已分离到的乳酸菌进行基因分型和菌种鉴定,采用牛津杯双层平板法检测乳酸菌代表株的抑菌活性。【结果】鉴定结果显示:23株为Lactobacillus fuchuensis(48.94%),12株为Lactobacillus curvatus(25.53%),3株为Leuconostoc fallax(6.38%),2株为Lactobacillus sakei(4.26%),2株为Weissella ceti(4.26%);2株为Lactococcus cremoris(4.26%),1株为Leuconostoc lactis(2.13%),1株为Weissella minor(2.13%),1株为Enterococcus devriesei(2.13%)。qz1217、qz1196、qz1220所在的A、B、C三组乳酸菌在5-50°C的温度范围内生长良好,qz1196、qz1220所在的B、C组在pH 3.0-10.0的范围内生长良好,几乎所有乳酸菌都具有耐6.5%盐浓度特性。13株乳酸菌菌株对6种病原菌都具有抑制作用。通过排除酸、过氧化氢实验,发现上清液仍然具有抑菌活性。对qz1251发酵液进行蛋白酶处理,抑菌活性消失,确定其抑菌物质属于蛋白类物质,是一种细菌素。【结论】青海湖裸鲤肠道附着乳酸菌的多样性为益生性乳酸菌的筛选提供优质资源及数据参考。     

猪源产细菌素芽孢杆菌的筛选及抑菌特性

【背景】抗生素作为生长促进剂在畜牧业中的滥用,出现了严重的耐药基因富集和扩散问题,发掘新兴的生长促进剂作为饲料添加剂市场潜力巨大,目前益生菌制剂的开发最具潜力。【目的】通过对散养健康育肥猪粪便中芽孢杆菌的分离筛选,获得对典型肠道病原菌具有显著抑菌活性的芽孢杆菌,确定其产生的细菌素特性,以此对芽孢杆菌作为猪养殖业生长促进剂的潜力进行评价。【方法】采用梯度稀释涂平板法分离可培养细菌,利用牛津杯法检测菌株的抑菌活性。通过微生物形态及16S r RNA基因序列分析,确认6株产细菌素菌株的分类地位,并对其抗生素耐药性、细菌素稳定性及生理生化特征进行比较分析。【结果】从116株纯培养物中筛选得到6株对指示病原细菌具有显著抑菌效应的产细菌素芽孢杆菌,其中2株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),3株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),1株为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。菌株B.licheniformis DY7和B.subtilis FX4对致泻、产肠毒素、出血性Escherichia coli均有显著的抑制效果,对头孢噻肟和红霉素高度敏感,其细菌素在p H 3.0-9.0、50-100°C水浴处理后仍具有明显的抑菌活性。【结论】猪源产细菌素芽孢杆菌DY7和FX4具有高效的病原细菌抑菌能力,所产细菌素稳定性较好,具有作为动物生长促进剂的应用潜力。     

Parameters involved in antimicrobial and endotoxin detoxification activities of antimicrobial peptides

Endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] covers more than 90% of the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and it plays a dual role in its pathogenesis: as a protective barrier against antibiotics and as an effector molecule, which is recognized by and activates the innate immune system. The ability of host-defense antimicrobial peptides to bind LPS on intact bacteria and in suspension has been implicated in their antimicrobial and LPS detoxification activities. However, the mechanisms involved and the properties of the peptides that enable them to traverse the LPS barrier or to neutralize LPS endotoxic activity are not yet fully understood. Here we investigated a series of antimicrobial peptides and their analogues with drastically altered sequences and structures, all of which share the same amino acid composition (K 6L 9). The list includes both all- l-amino acid peptides and their diastereomers (composed of both l- and d-amino acids). The peptides were investigated functionally for their antibacterial activity and their ability to block LPS-dependent TNF-alpha secretion by macrophages. Fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect their ability to bind LPS and to affect its oligomeric state. Their secondary structure was characterized in solution, in LPS suspension, and in LPS multibilayers by using CD and FTIR spectroscopy. Our data reveal specific biophysical properties of the peptides that are required to kill bacteria and/or to detoxify LPS. Besides shedding light on the mechanisms of these two important functions, the information gathered should assist in the development of AMPs with potent antimicrobial and LPS detoxification activities.     

Macin family of antimicrobial proteins combines antimicrobial and nerve repair activities

The tertiary structures of theromacin and neuromacin confirmed the macin protein family as a self-contained family of antimicrobial proteins within the superfamily of scorpion toxin-like proteins. The macins, which also comprise hydramacin-1, are antimicrobially active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Despite high sequence identity, the three proteins showed distinct differences with respect to their biological activity. Neuromacin exhibited a significantly stronger capacity to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus megaterium than theromacin and hydramacin-1. Accordingly, it is the only macin that displays pore-forming activity and that was potently active against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, neuromacin and hydramacin-1 led to an aggregation of bacterial cells that was not observed with theromacin. Analysis of the molecular surface properties of macins allowed confirmation of the barnacle model as the mechanistic model for the aggregation effect. Besides being antimicrobially active, neuromacin and theromacin, in contrast to hydramacin-1, were able to enhance the repair of leech nerves ex vivo. Notably, all three macins enhanced the viability of murine neuroblastoma cells, extending their functional characteristics. As neuromacin appears to be both a functional and structural chimera of hydramacin-1 and theromacin, the putative structural correlate responsible for the nerve repair capacity in leech was located to a cluster of six amino acid residues using the sequence similarity of surface-exposed regions.     

抗菌肽活性及天然抗菌肽的改造

抗菌肽具有抗菌谱广、热稳定性强、分子量小及免疫原性小等特点,其杀菌机制独特,病原菌不易产生耐药性,有望开发成新一代肽类抗生素。本文主要综述了影响抗菌肽生物活性的生化性质,即螺旋度、疏水性、两亲性、正电荷数等,并从结构的角度论述了其对抗菌肽抑菌活性的影响。部分抗菌肽具有空间结构不稳定、溶血活性等缺点,限制了其临床应用。因此,对天然抗菌肽的改造也成为目前抗菌肽的研究热点,本文还综述了天然抗菌肽的改造方法。     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs

The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extract of 13 propolis (EEP) samples from different regions of Serbia against 39 microorganisms (14 resistant or multiresistant to antibiotics), and to determine synergistic activity between antimicrobials and propolis. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples was evaluated by agar diffusion and agar dilution method. The synergistic action of propolis with antimicrobial drugs was assayed by the disc diffusion method on agar containing subinhibitory concentrations of propolis. Obtained results indicate that EEP, irrespectively of microbial resistance to antibiotics, showed significant antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 0.078%–1.25% of EEP) and yeasts (0.16%–1.25%), while Gram-negative bacteria were less susceptible (1.25&%ndash;>5%). Enterococcus faecalis was the most resistant Gram-positive bacterium, Salmonella spp. the most resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans the most resistant yeast. EEP showed synergism with selected antibiotics, and displayed ability to enhance the activities of antifungals. The shown antimicrobial potential of propolis alone or in combination with certain antibiotics and antifungals is of potential medical interest.     

抗菌整理织物的抗菌效力测试

本文对大连印染厂试产的X—Si—4有机硅等抗菌整理布进行了抗菌效力检测,显示对细菌具100％的抑菌率,而且有较强皮肤癣菌和污染性霉菌的效力,同时具耐紫外线照射,耐高温高压,耐洗涤等优良性能。试验均达预期效果,表明方法简易,重复性好,结果可信。本文并从菌种的选择,试验方法的配合使用,抗菌整理布的优良性能测试等诸方面进行了探讨。     

Toxigenicity and antimicrobial susceptibility ofClostridium difficile,a cause of antimicrobial agent-associated colitis

Fourteen of 16 strains ofClostridium difficile, a recently recognized cause of antimicrobial agent-associated ileocolitis in laboratory animals and colitis in man, were found to be toxigenic. The susceptibility of these isolates to a variety of antimicrobial agents provides information that may be of value in assessing the means by whichC. difficile may produce colitis, in developing selective bacteriologic media for diagnosis, and in selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy for colitis.     

Novel histone-derived antimicrobial peptides use different antimicrobial mechanisms

The increase in multidrug resistant bacteria has sparked an interest in the development of novel antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides that operate by crossing the cell membrane may also have the potential to deliver drugs to intracellular targets. Buforin 2 (BF2) is an antimicrobial peptide that shares sequence identity with a fragment of histone subunit H2A and whose bactericidal mechanism depends on membrane translocation and DNA binding. Previously, novel histone-derived antimicrobial peptides (HDAPs) were designed based on properties of BF2, and DesHDAP1 and DesHDAP3 showed significant antibacterial activity. In this study, their DNA binding, permeabilization, and translocation abilities were assessed independently and compared to antibacterial activity to determine whether they share a mechanism with BF2. To investigate the importance of proline in determining the peptides' mechanisms of action, proline to alanine mutants of the novel peptides were generated. DesHDAP1, which shows significant similarities to BF2 in terms of secondary structure, translocates effectively across lipid vesicle and bacterial membranes, while the DesHDAP1 proline mutant shows reduced translocation abilities and antimicrobial potency. In contrast, both DesHDAP3 and its proline mutant translocate poorly, though the DesHDAP3 proline mutant is more potent. Our findings suggest that a proline hinge can promote membrane translocation in some peptides, but that the extent of its effect on permeabilization depends on the peptide's amphipathic properties. Our results also highlight the different antimicrobial mechanisms exhibited by histone-derived peptides and suggest that histones may serve as a source of novel antimicrobial peptides with varied properties.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of guanylsulfonamides

A series of guanylsulfonamides, 2-amino-9-[2-substituted-4-(4-substituted piperidin-1-sulfonyl)phenyl]-1,9-dihydropurin-6-ones, was synthesized by adopting reductive aminoformylation of 2-amino-5-nitro-6-[4-(piperidin-1-sulfonyl)phenylamino]-3H-pyrimidin- 4-one and subsequent intramolecular ring condensation as key steps. All the guanylsulfonamides were assayed for their in vitro antibacterial activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis, and their antifungal activities against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. Of the guanylsulfonamides, 13e and 13f displayed better antibacterial activities than that of Norfloxacin against the bacterial strains S. aureus and S. faecalis except 13f against S. faecalis, which exhibited the activity similar to that of Norfloxacin. Against the fungal strains A. flavus and A. niger, 13g and 13h showed similar activities to that of Griseoflavin-16 except 13h against A. niger, which displayed a profound drop in the activity compared to that of Griseoflavin-16. The remarkable inhibition of the growth of the bacterial and fungal strains makes these substances promising microbial agents.     

Plant defense and antimicrobial peptides

Plants are constantly exposed to a large array of pathogenic organisms and the survival in these conditions demands quick defense responses which include the synthesis of defense peptides and proteins with antimicrobial properties. The main groups of antimicrobial peptides found in plants are thionins, defensins and lipid transfer proteins. They constitute interesting candidates to engineer disease resistance in plants.     

Influence of the N- and C-terminal regions of leu-lys rich antimicrobial peptide on antimicrobial activity

P5 (KWKKLLKKPLLKKLLKKL-NH(2)) is an antibacterial 18-mer Leu-Lys rich peptide from CA (1-8)-MA (1-12) hybrid peptide (CA-MA). Here we show that decreasing the net hydrophobicity and charge of CA-MA by deleting Leu- or Lys- of the N- or C-terminal regions of P5 (P10 or P11). The antimicrobial activity of the peptides was measured by their growth inhibitory effect upon S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, E. coli, T. beigelii and C. albicans. Antimicrobial activity required a full length C-terminus. Confocal microscopy showed that P11 was located in the plasma membrane. In this study, P11, K(3)K(4)L(5)L(6)-deleted peptide, acted independent on the ionic environment. Furthermore, P11 causes significant morphological alterations of the fungal surfaces as shown by scanning electron microscopy.