基于PCR-LDR平台的近交系小鼠遗传质量快速检测方法

目的建立基于PCR-LDR平台的近交系小鼠SNP快速分型方法,用于检测实验小鼠的遗传质量与品系纯度。方法利用可移植性极高的PCR-LDR技术,以常见近交系小鼠为研究对象,选取了21条染色体上的45个SNP位点,分别设计引物和探针,经过筛选和验证,建立了多重PCR-LDR(polymerase chain reaction and ligase detection reaction,PCR-LDR)分型方案。结果四组多重PCR-LDR可实现45个SNP位点的基因分型,其中43个、44个与45个SNP在样本中的检出率分别为100%、90.9%与36.4%。所有样本经分型确定为纯合体,并得到了常见近交系小鼠SNP位点信息。结论实现了常见近交系小鼠快速、高通量的基因分型,可用于遗传质量检测和品系鉴定。     

双色荧光杂交芯片在近交系小鼠遗传监测中的应用

应用一种新的高通量SNP检测方法-双色荧光杂交芯片技术进行近交系小鼠遗传监测。应用双色荧光杂交芯片技术对4个品系近交系小鼠的多个基因组DNA 样本进行SNP分型,整合6个SNP位点的芯片杂交信息,对样本所属品系进行判断。研究结果表明SNP检测方法-双色荧光杂交芯片技术能够对选定的6个SNP位点进行高准确率分型;双色荧光杂交芯片技术是一种高通量SNP检测的良好工具,适合于对少量近交系品系来源的大样本量小鼠进行遗传污染监测和品系鉴定,并具有扩大应用的潜力。     

双色荧光杂交芯片在近交系小鼠遗传监测中的应用

应用一种新的高通量SNP检测方法-双色荧光杂交芯片技术进行近交系小鼠遗传监测。应用双色荧光杂交芯片技术对4个品系近交系小鼠的多个基因组DNA样本进行SNP分型,整合6个SNP位点的芯片杂交信息,对样本所属品系进行判断。研究结果表明SNP检测方法-双色荧光杂交芯片技术能够对选定的6个SNP位点进行高准确率分型;双色荧光杂交芯片技术是一种高通量SNP检测的良好工具,适合于对少量近交系品系来源的大样本量小鼠进行遗传污染监测和品系鉴定,并具有扩大应用的潜力。     

单核苷酸多态性分析在近交系大鼠遗传检测中的应用

目的研究SNP在近交系大鼠遗传检测中的应用。方法 选取大鼠20号染色体MHC所在P12区上的9个SNP位点,应用新建立的高保真酶特异性检测SNP基因分型技术对五种常用近交系大鼠(BN、F344、WKY、LEW、SHR)和两种新培育近交系大鼠(MIJ和HFJ)进行SNP多态性分析。结果五种常用近交系的SNP检测结果与Rat Genome Database网站提供的基因型数据一致,并检测确立了新品系的SNP基因型。同时绘制出七种近交系大鼠在该9个SNP位点的遗传扩增图谱。结论运用所筛选的9个SNP位点进行大鼠多态性分析,能够快速、可靠地对BN、F344、WKY、LEW、SHR及MIJ、HFJ进行遗传监测。     

小鼠冷冻胚胎和精子SNP遗传鉴定方法的建立

目的建立小鼠冷冻胚胎和精子SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)分型方法,用于冷冻胚胎和精子快速遗传鉴定方案。方法以中科院上海实验动物中心(国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心上海分中心)提供的小鼠冷冻胚胎和精子为样本,采用全基因组扩增技术和PCR-LDR分型技术建立小鼠冷冻物SNP遗传鉴定方法。结果全基因组扩增技术能大幅度增加冷冻胚胎样本的DNA总量;PCR-LDR分型方法适用于小鼠全基因组45个SNPs的分型;分型确定C57BL/6,BALB/c,FVB/NJ等胚胎和精子各10种近交系,SNP位点信息与测序结果一致;小鼠冷冻胚胎个数与SNPs检出个数成正比,当胚胎数达到12以上时SNP检出率100%。结论实现近交系小鼠冷冻胚胎和精子快速SNP基因分型及遗传质量鉴定。     

辽宁省6种常用近交系小鼠10个微卫星位点的遗传质量检测报告

目的利用微卫星技术对辽宁省6种近交系小鼠进行遗传质量分析。方法根据Mouse Genome Database和相关文献选取10个多态信息丰富的位点和引物,进行PCR扩增和PAGE电泳,对小鼠的遗传多态性进行研究。结果不同品系小鼠同一位点的扩增结果表现出多态性,同一品系同一位点表现单态性,所有小鼠的10个位点都处于纯合状态;遗传距离分析表明,C57BL/10与C57BL/6J小鼠之间的遗传距离最近,为0.1021,遗传距离最远的是BALB/c与C57BL/10、C57BL/6J,分别为0.1635和0.1614。结论运用所筛选的10个微卫星位点可以对近交系小鼠进行遗传质量检测,说明该方法具备可行性。     

高保真酶特异性检测大鼠SNP基因型新方法

目的应用高保真酶（Pfu）和3’末端修饰引物在单管双向等位基因特异性扩增（SB-ASA）中区分SNP基因型,建立高保真酶特异性检测SNP基因型的新方法。方法选取近交系大鼠SNP位点,以RS8149053为例,设计两个外部引物和两个等位基因特异性引物,四引物3’末端进行硫代磷酸化修饰,应用高保真聚合酶（Pfu）进行特异性扩增,扩增结果测序验证其可靠性。结果在RS8149053 SNP位点（C/T）上,等位基因型CC扩增出179 bp目的片段,基因型TT扩增出597 bp目的片段,基因型不同则扩增出分子量不同的片段,目的条带测序结果与Rat Genome Database数据库基因型结果一致,高保真酶扩增结果稳定且特异性强。结论高保真酶等位基因特异性扩增技术能有效降低假阳性率,是一种快速、特异的SNP基因分型新方法。     

应用RAPD方法对近交系小鼠进行遗传检测的研究

目的　为实验室日常检测近交系小鼠的遗传背景提供一种分子生物学方法。方法　用 6条随机引物对 6个品系近交系小鼠基因组DNA进行PCR扩增。结果　 6条随机引物中p2、p3、p5和p6四引物扩增的条带差异较为明显。结论　RAPD方法是一种有效的近交系小鼠遗传检测手段     

河南地方野生小鼠与近交系小鼠的扩增片段长度多态性分析

目的 从分子水平上阐明河南省兰考地区捕获的野生小鼠(LK)与4个小鼠品系(B6,BALB/c,DDK,PWK)之间的遗传差异及遗传关系,从而进一步确定该种野生小鼠的种属及培育野生来源近交系小鼠品系.方法 利用25对引物,对野生小鼠及4个小鼠品系进行扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)分析.结果 检测到2035条扩增条带,多态...     

微卫星DNA标记在近交系大鼠HFJ和MIJ遗传监测中的应用

目的 用24对引物对近交系HFJ和MIJ大鼠的微卫星位点进行多态性分析,并选用近交系Lewis和F344大鼠作为对照,进行比较分析.方法 用传统的酚-氯仿法分别提取4个近交系大鼠MIJ、HFJ、Lewis和F344 的基因组DNA,选取大鼠24个微卫星位点,通过PCR扩增,扩增产物经过非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染,根据电泳结果,比较分析4种品系近交系大鼠之间微卫星多态性.结果 4种品系及品系内不同个体的近交系大鼠在24个微卫星位点上的扩增产物均出现一个条带,MIJ和HFJ大鼠在品系间和品系内均表现为单态性,同Lewis 和F344的扩增结果比较,14个位点显示多态性,有10个位点显示单态性.结论 两个近交系大鼠品系MIJ和HFJ符合近交系要求,筛选出的14个多态性微卫星位点可用于有关近交系大鼠的遗传背景监测.     

SNP genotyping for the genetic monitoring of laboratory mice by using a microarray-based method with dualcolour fluorescence hybridisation

Ensuring the genetic homogeneity of the mice used in laboratory experiments contributes to the Reduction aspect of the Three Rs, by maximising the quality of the data obtained from any animals that are used for these purposes, and ultimately reducing the numbers of animals used. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping is especially suitable for use in the analysis of the genetic purity of model organisms such as the mouse, because bi-allelic markers remain fully informative when used to characterise crosses between inbred strains. Here, we attempted to apply a microarray-based method for a SNP marker to monitor the genetic quality of inbred mouse strains, so as to validate the reliability, stability and applicability of this SNP genotyping panel. The amplified PCR products containing four different SNP loci from four inbred mouse strains were spotted and immobilised onto amino-modified glass slides to generate a microarray. This was then interrogated through hybridisation with dual-colour probes, to determine the SNP genotypes of each sample. The results indicated that this microarray-based method could effectively determine the genotypes of the four selected SNPs with a high degree of accuracy. We have developed a new SNP genotyping technique for effective use in the genetic monitoring of inbred mouse strains.     

Development of SNP markers for C57BL/6N-derived mouse inbred strains

C57BL/6N inbred mice are used as the genetic background for producing knockout mice in large-scale projects worldwide; however, the genetic divergence among C57BL/6N-derived substrains has not been verified. Here, we identified novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) specific to the C57BL/6NJ strain and selected useful SNPs for the genetic monitoring of C57BL/6N-derived substrains. Informative SNPs were selected from the public SNP database at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute by comparing sequence data from C57BL/6NJ and C57BL/6J mice. A total of 1,361 candidate SNPs from the SNP database could distinguish the C57BL/6NJ strain from 12 other inbred strains. We confirmed 277 C57BL/6NJ-specific SNPs including 10 nonsynonymous SNPs by direct sequencing, and selected 100 useful SNPs that cover all of the chromosomes except Y. Genotyping of 11 C57BL/6N-derived substrains at these 100 SNP loci demonstrated genetic differences among the substrains. This information will be useful for accurate genetic monitoring of mouse strains with a C57BL/6N-derived background.     

Identification of a genetic contamination in a commercial mouse strain using two panels of polymorphic markers

Rapid detection of genetic contamination is critical in mouse studies involving inbred strains. During a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) study using simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) markers, we noticed heterozygosity at some loci of a commercially available inbred C57BL/6N mouse strain, suggesting a contamination by another mouse strain. A panel of 100 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used to confirm and specify the genetic contamination suspected. Retrospective analyses demonstrated that the contamination took place as early as autumn 2003 and has persisted ever since at a fairly constant level. Contaminating alleles most probably originated from a DBA strain. Our data demonstrate the suitability of SNP markers for rapid detection and identification of the source of genetic contamination. Further, our results show the importance of a state-of-the-art genetic monitoring of the authenticity of murine inbred strains.     

Development of a SNP genotyping panel for genetic monitoring of the laboratory mouse

We have developed a genotyping system for detecting genetic contamination in the laboratory mouse based on assaying single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers positioned on all autosomes and the X chromosome. This system provides a fast, reliable, and cost-effective way for genetic monitoring, while maintaining a very high degree of confidence. We describe the allelic distribution of 235 SNPs in 48 mouse strains, thereby creating a database of polymorphisms useful for genotyping purposes. The SNP markers used in this study were chosen from publicly available SNP databases. Four genotyping methods were evaluated, and dynamic two-tube allele-specific PCR assays were developed for each marker and tested on a set of 48 inbred mouse strains. The minimal number of assays sufficient to distinguish groups consisting of different numbers of mouse strains was estimated, and a panel of 28 SNPs sufficient to distinguish virtually all of the inbred strains tested was selected. Amplifluor SNP detection assays were developed for these markers and tested on an extended list of 96 strains. This panel was used as a genetic quality control approach to monitor the genotypes of nearly 300 inbred, wild-derived, congenic, consomic, and recombinant inbred strains maintained at The Jackson Laboratory. We have concluded that this marker panel is sufficient for genetic contamination monitoring in colonies containing a large number of genetically diverse mouse strains and that reduced versions of the panel could be implemented in facilities housing a lower number of strains.     

Use of a dense single nucleotide polymorphism map for in silico mapping in the mouse

Rapid expansion of available data, both phenotypic and genotypic, for multiple strains of mice has enabled the development of new methods to interrogate the mouse genome for functional genetic perturbations. In silico mapping provides an expedient way to associate the natural diversity of phenotypic traits with ancestrally inherited polymorphisms for the purpose of dissecting genetic traits. In mouse, the current single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data have lacked the density across the genome and coverage of enough strains to properly achieve this goal. To remedy this, 470,407 allele calls were produced for 10,990 evenly spaced SNP loci across 48 inbred mouse strains. Use of the SNP set with statistical models that considered unique patterns within blocks of three SNPs as an inferred haplotype could successfully map known single gene traits and a cloned quantitative trait gene. Application of this method to high-density lipoprotein and gallstone phenotypes reproduced previously characterized quantitative trait loci (QTL). The inferred haplotype data also facilitates the refinement of QTL regions such that candidate genes can be more easily identified and characterized as shown for adenylate cyclase 7.     

Mouse Genome-Wide Association Mapping Needs Linkage Analysis to Avoid False-Positive Loci

We carried out genome-wide association (GWA) studies in inbred mouse strains characterized for their lung tumor susceptibility phenotypes (spontaneous or urethane-induced) with panels of 12,959 (13K) or 138,793 (140K) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Above the statistical thresholds, we detected only SNP rs3681853 on Chromosome 5, two SNPs in the pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pas1) locus, and SNP rs4174648 on Chromosome 16 for spontaneous tumor incidence, urethane-induced tumor incidence, and urethane-induced tumor multiplicity, respectively, with the 13K SNP panel, but only the Pas1 locus with the 140K SNP panel. Haplotype analysis carried out in the latter panel detected four additional loci. Loci reported in previous GWA studies failed to replicate. Genome-wide genetic linkage analysis in urethane-treated (BALB/c×C3H/He)F2, (BALB/c×SWR/J)F2, and (A/J×C3H/He)F2 mice showed that Pas1, but none of the other loci detected previously or herein by GWA, had a significant effect. The Lasc1 gene, identified by GWA as a functional element (Nat. Genet., 38:888–95, 2006), showed no genetic effects in the two independent intercross mouse populations containing both alleles, nor was it expressed in mouse normal lung or lung tumors. Our results indicate that GWA studies in mouse inbred strains can suffer a high rate of false-positive results and that such an approach should be used in conjunction with classical linkage mapping in genetic crosses.     

Multiple target loci assembly sequencing (mTAS)

Here we present multiple target loci assembly sequencing (mTAS), a method for examining multiple genomic loci in a single DNA sequencing read. The key to the success of mTAS target sequencing is the uniform amplification of multiple target genomic loci into a single DNA fragment using polymerase cycling assembly (PCA). Using this strategy, we successfully collected multiloci sequence information from a single DNA sequencing run. We applied mTAS to examine 29 different sets of human genomic loci, each containing from 2 to 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) present at different exons. We believe mTAS can be used to reduce the cost of Sanger sequencing-based genetic analysis.     

Imputation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in inbred mice using local phylogeny

We present full-genome genotype imputations for 100 classical laboratory mouse strains, using a novel method. Using genotypes at 549,683 SNP loci obtained with the Mouse Diversity Array, we partitioned the genome of 100 mouse strains into 40,647 intervals that exhibit no evidence of historical recombination. For each of these intervals we inferred a local phylogenetic tree. We combined these data with 12 million loci with sequence variations recently discovered by whole-genome sequencing in a common subset of 12 classical laboratory strains. For each phylogenetic tree we identified strains sharing a leaf node with one or more of the sequenced strains. We then imputed high- and medium-confidence genotypes for each of 88 nonsequenced genomes. Among inbred strains, we imputed 92% of SNPs genome-wide, with 71% in high-confidence regions. Our method produced 977 million new genotypes with an estimated per-SNP error rate of 0.083% in high-confidence regions and 0.37% genome-wide. Our analysis identified which of the 88 nonsequenced strains would be the most informative for improving full-genome imputation, as well as which additional strain sequences will reveal more new genetic variants. Imputed sequences and quality scores can be downloaded and visualized online.