阳离子脂质体DOTAP佐剂对H5N1流感病毒裂解疫苗免疫效果的影响

目的研究阳离子脂质体DOTAP佐剂对H5N1型流感病毒裂解疫苗免疫效果的影响。方法制备DOTAP阳离子脂质体流感病毒裂解疫苗(简称DOTAP流感裂解疫苗),检测其包封率。将BALB/c小鼠分为13组,分别用含0.1、1.0、10.0μg HA/只剂量以DOTAP、Al(OH)3、CPG-ODN为佐剂以及不含佐剂的流感裂解疫苗于0、21天皮下免疫,PBS作为对照组,用血凝抑制试验检测小鼠初次免疫后21、42天血清HI抗体滴度;用ELISA检测初次免疫后21、42天血清特异性IgG抗体、IgG1、IgG2a亚类抗体滴度,以及初次免疫后42天小鼠脾脏单个核细胞体外经抗原刺激后细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ的分泌水平。将BALB/c小鼠分为3组,分别用含不同DOTAP剂量(100、300、600μg/只)的DOTAP流感裂解疫苗于0、21天皮下免疫,检测初次免疫后21、42天小鼠血清HI抗体滴度和IgG抗体滴度。结果 DOTAP流感裂解疫苗粒径在300~400 nm,带正电荷,包封率在50%以上;DOTAP流感裂解疫苗诱导的HI抗体水平和特异性IgG抗体水平均高于流感裂解疫苗,而与铝佐剂和Cp G-ODN佐剂间差异无统计学意义;DOTAP流感裂解疫苗产生的抗体仍以IgG1亚类抗体为主,免疫后42天诱导的IgG2a亚类抗体水平高于流感裂解疫苗和铝佐剂,低于Cp G-ODN佐剂;DOTAP流感裂解疫苗免疫后既分泌高水平Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ,同时也分泌高水平Th2型细胞因子IL-4;不同DOTAP剂量的DOTAP流感裂解疫苗免疫后,其HI抗体滴度和IgG抗体滴度在低、中、高剂量组之间存在明显的量效关系。结论 DOTAP作为H5N1型流感病毒裂解疫苗的佐剂可显著提高流感裂解疫苗的免疫原性,其对体液免疫应答的增强作用不低于铝佐剂和Cp G-ODN佐剂,并具有诱导细胞免疫应答的能力。     

HEVAg-PLGA纳米颗粒疫苗小鼠体内免疫学研究

研究重组戊型肝炎抗原(HEVAg)-乳酸/乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)纳米颗粒抗原能否在动物体内诱导产生免疫应答。制备HEVAg-PLGA纳米颗粒抗原后,通过皮下、滴鼻、口服途径接种Balb/c小鼠,每隔4周加强免疫两次,HEVAg与铝盐佐剂(铝佐剂疫苗Al_2O_3-Ag)为对照组,一定时间内检测抗体及细胞因子的应答水平。结果HEVAg-PLGA纳米颗粒抗原在小鼠体内诱导产生有效的体液免疫、细胞免疫。滴鼻、口服途径黏膜系统中诱导产生较高滴度的IgA抗体,ELISPOT结果显示鼻腔、唾液腺中IgA ASCs数量显著增加;皮下途径诱导产生较高滴度的IgG抗体;常规铝佐剂疫苗相比于HEVAg-PLGA纳米颗粒抗原诱导较强的IgG抗体水平,未诱导产生黏膜免疫应答;HEVAg-PLGA纳米颗粒抗原诱导产生较强细胞免疫应答,皮下接种途径IFN-γ、IL-4生成细胞数量显著高于其它免疫组。与铝佐剂疫苗相比,HEVAg-PLGA纳米颗粒抗原能有效诱导产生系统免疫及黏膜免疫应答,显示HEVAg-PLGA有潜力成为备选HEV黏膜疫苗抗原,同时展示PLGA颗粒作为黏膜系统抗原递送载体及黏膜佐剂的优越性。     

玉竹多糖对流感病毒裂解疫苗的黏膜佐剂效应

探讨玉竹多糖(Polygonatum odoratun polysaccharides,POP)对流感病毒裂解疫苗黏膜免疫的佐剂效果。以BALB/c小鼠为模型,将H7N9流感病毒裂解疫苗单独或者添加不同剂量的POP(400、600、800、1 000和1200μg)做佐剂一次性滴鼻免疫小鼠,免疫三周后小鼠以致死剂量同源病毒攻击。实验结果表明,当在疫苗中加入1 000μg POP时,与疫苗单独免疫相比,单次滴鼻免疫就明显增强了小鼠抵抗致死量病毒感染的能力,体重丢失减少,肺部残余病毒滴度下降,存活率提高;血清中疫苗特异性IgG抗体和HI抗体以及鼻洗液中SIgA抗体都提高了;IgG亚类抗体检测显示,POP的加入显著增加了IgG1的抗体滴度,但抑制了IgG2a的产生,说明诱导的免疫应答偏向于Th2型。实验表明POP在一定剂量时能增强疫苗诱导的免疫应答,显示出黏膜佐剂效应。     

不同黏膜佐剂对猪丁型冠状病毒诱导小鼠免疫应答的影响

【目的】旨在为猪丁型冠状病毒(porcine deltacoronavirus,PDCoV)灭活疫苗黏膜免疫筛选理想佐剂,降低疫苗副作用。利用小鼠模型评价不同佐剂制备的PDCoV灭活疫苗对体液免疫、细胞免疫和黏膜免疫应答的影响。【方法】将甘露聚糖肽(PA)、CpGODN2395、单磷酰脂质A(MPLA)佐剂分别与IMS 1313、GEL02佐剂联合制备PDCoV灭活疫苗,经鼻腔免疫BALB/c小鼠;将ISA201佐剂制备的PDCoV灭活疫苗经皮下免疫BALB/c小鼠,将PDCoV灭活抗原经鼻腔免疫BALB/c小鼠作为对照,间隔14 d加强免疫一次。用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IL-4、IFN-γ及粪便和BALF中sIgA表达水平;用MTT方法检测疫苗免疫后对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响;观察并记录小鼠免疫后的临床表现,HE染色方法观察免疫小鼠主要器官组织的病理学变化,评价疫苗的安全性。【结果】ISA201组小鼠BALF和血清中的抗体(IgG、IgG1)及IL-4表达水平相对较高,但IgG2a、IFN-γ和粪便中sIgA表达水平...     

IL-12对巨细胞病毒DNA疫苗免疫增强作用的研究

白介素12(interleukin 12,IL-12)主要和细胞免疫应答有关,是免疫过程中重要的调节因子。本研究探讨IL-12对编码巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)即刻早期基因IE1的DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用。将CMVIE1质粒DNA单独或与编码IL-12的质粒DNA共同免疫小鼠,然后用致死量病毒攻击小鼠。通过检测小鼠体内诱导的细胞免疫应答、小鼠的存活率、体重丢失率、器官中的病毒滴度等来评价IL-12对疫苗免疫的佐剂效果。结果显示,与单独疫苗免疫组相比,IE1 DNA联合IL-12 DNA免疫组能够在小鼠体内诱导更高的细胞免疫应答水平,同时能够降低器官中的病毒滴度,显著提高保护率,从而更好地抵抗病毒攻击。实验证明,IL-12能够作为巨细胞病毒IE1 DNA疫苗的佐剂,提高免疫保护效果。     

粘膜免疫戊型肝炎试验性疫苗的研究

采用原核表达的戊型肝炎病毒结构区基因(HEV ORF2)编码蛋白,与新型人用疫苗佐剂类MF59配制成试验性疫苗,通过粘膜免疫途径免疫实验小鼠,研究其产生粘膜免疫和体液免疫的效果。结果表明,通过滴鼻和灌胃两种粘膜免疫途径免疫BALB／c小鼠,均能诱导小鼠产生针对HEV ORF2试验性疫苗的血清IgG和IgA,血清IgG的抗体滴度为1：800～1：1600,血清IgA抗体滴度为1：100～1：200。对免疫小鼠血清中IgG的动态观察表明,血清抗体可持续存在至少6个月以上。比较类MF159佐剂和传统铝盐佐剂经注射免疫所诱导产生的血清IgG抗体滴度,发现类MF59佐剂可有效增强HEV0RF2重组蛋白的免疫原性4倍左右。类MF159佐剂可诱导粘膜免疫反应,在肠道粘膜部位产生SIgA,滴度为1：100。这些结果为新型戊型肝炎病毒基因工程重组疫苗的研制提供了一条新的思路。     

GM-CSF和IL-4增强Aβ表位DNA疫苗的免疫原性研究

目的:探究和评价粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)及白细胞介素4(IL-4)作为β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)表位DNA疫苗的分子佐剂,增强DNA疫苗体液和细胞免疫反应的水平。方法:阿尔茨海默病DNA表位疫苗p VAX1-6Aβ15-T分别与重组DNA分子佐剂p VAX1-S-IL-4和p VAX1-S-GM-CSF联合免疫BALB/c小鼠,并检测其免疫原性。结果:分子佐剂IL-4组相比单独的DNA表位疫苗p VAX1-6Aβ15-T组抗体水平具有一定程度的提高;GM-CSF能明显提高DNA疫苗Aβ特异的抗体水平和泛DR辅助T细胞表位(PADRE)特异的细胞免疫反应,4次免疫后其抗体滴度提高了4倍。结论:GM-CSF佐剂能够有效地用于今后阿尔茨海默病DNA表位疫苗的研究中。     

鼠巨细胞病毒 IE-1核酸疫苗和灭活疫苗联合免疫抗病毒感染的研究

巨细胞病毒（Cytomegalovirus,CMV）在人群中感染普遍,对婴幼儿及免疫低下人群中造成严重疾病,目前还没有针对该病毒的商品化疫苗。本研究以BALB/c小鼠为动物模型,探讨鼠巨细胞病毒（Murine cytomega-lovirus,MCMV）IE-1 DNA疫苗和MCMV灭活疫苗联合免疫抗MCMV感染的免疫保护效果。将编码IE-1基因的DNA疫苗（pIE-1）通过肌肉注射辅以电穿孔的方式对小鼠进行初免,再用全病毒灭活疫苗单独或者辅以MF59佐剂进行加强免疫,分别通过ELISA和ELISPOT方法检测到联合免疫策略在免疫组小鼠体内诱导了MC-MV特异性的抗体应答和CTL应答;免疫两周后用3＆#215;LD50致死剂量MCMV感染小鼠,疫苗对小鼠的免疫保护通过检测小鼠存活率、重要器官中的病毒滴度及体重丢失率来评价。结果显示,与单独免疫DNA疫苗或灭活疫苗相比,IE-1 DNA疫苗联合灭活疫苗组能同时在小鼠体内诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,并提供小鼠完全保护;而且MF59辅以灭活疫苗免疫小鼠能增强疫苗的免疫效果。     

戊型肝炎重组蛋白聚乳酸羟基乙酸微球疫苗的研究

目的:研究戊型肝炎重组蛋白(NE2)聚乳酸羟基乙酸(PLGA)微球疫苗诱导免疫应答的情况.方法:复乳法制备微球,考察粒径分布等特性.通过间接ELISA法检测其诱导BALB/c小鼠体内IgG、IgG2a和IgGl1水平,并通过IFN--ELISPOT方法检测其诱导BALB/c小鼠体内抗原特异性免疫应答情况.结果:微球的平均粒径为7.1m.注射小鼠6周后(第4周加强免疫1次),微球疫苗诱导产生的抗戊型肝炎病毒IgG抗体水平较同剂量铝佐剂组明显升高(间接ELISA:OD450/620 10.09vs.5.32).IgG2a抗体量略高于铝佐剂组,OD450/620分别为0.17、0.04.IgG1抗体量明显高于铝佐剂组.OD450/620分别为20.48、15.00.IFN--ELISPOT结果显示,微球疫苗能很好的诱导NE2或P34肽抗原特异性免疫应答.结论:戊型肝炎重组蛋白聚乳酸羟基乙酸微球作为疫苗输送体系能明显的提高抗原的免疫原性,有很好的应用前景.     

枸杞多糖对甲型H1N1流感裂解疫苗黏膜接种的免疫增强作用

探讨枸杞多糖(Lycium barbarum polysaccharide,LBP)对不同剂量甲型H1N1流感裂解疫苗黏膜免疫的佐剂效力。设单独免疫LBP组和不免疫组作为对照,BALB/c小鼠以滴鼻方式免疫两次,间隔三周,二次免疫后两周收集小鼠血清、鼻洗液和脾脏淋巴细胞。结果显示血清中甲流特异性IgG和HI抗体滴度与接种疫苗剂量呈正相关,LBP的添加可提高体内抗体水平。高剂量组小鼠鼻洗液中也检测到特殊异性sIgA。单独疫苗组和添加佐剂组均能在体内诱导产生IgG1和IgG2a,所有组别IgG1抗体水平均略高于IgG2a,表明滴鼻接种裂解疫苗诱导Th1/Th2混合型免疫,LBP对Th1和Th2型免疫反应均有增强作用。高剂量疫苗添加LBP佐剂组小鼠脾脏细胞分泌IFN-γ水平显著高于其他组别,表明其在小鼠体内诱导了较强烈的细胞免疫反应。以上实验结果均证实LBP可以作为佐剂增强甲流裂解疫苗经黏膜途径免疫时的免疫效力。     

Immunogenicity and protective potential of a bacterially expressed recombinant dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (rE2o) of Brucella abortus in BALB/c mice

Brucellosis is one of the world's major zoonoses. No vaccine is available for the prevention of brucellosis in human. Efforts are needed to develop an effective, safe, stable, vaccine with long lasting immunity against human brucellosis. Here, we cloned and expressed recombinant dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (rE2o) of Brucella abortus in Escherichia coli and purified up to homogeneity by metal affinity chromatography. The purified rE2o is immunoreactive with brucellosis positive cattle sera. The immunogenicity and the protective potential of recombinant dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (rE2o) were evaluated in BALB/c mice with two different adjuvants i.e., Freund's and aluminium hydroxide gel. Mice were tested for humoral immune response by ELISA. Cell mediated immune response was tested by lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytokine profiling. The recombinant E2o (rE2o) generated high IgG antibody and its isotypes IgG1, and induced significant production of INF-γ, IL-10 and IL-4 cytokines. The rE2o protein induced significant lymphoproliferation of splenocytes. Altogether, these results suggest that rE2o induces a mixed but a predominant Th2 type of immune response in BALB/c mice and provides partial protection against challenge with pathogenic Brucella abortus.     

Active immunization of hamsters against Clostridium difficile infection using surface-layer protein

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, particularly among the elderly. Its surface-layer protein (SLP) was tested as a vaccine component in a series of immunization and challenge experiments with Golden Syrian hamsters, combined with different systemic and mucosal adjuvants. Some regimens were also tested in a nonchallenge BALB/c mouse model, enabling closer monitoring of the immune response. None of the regimens conferred complete protection in the hamster model, and antibody stimulation was variable within regimens, and generally modest or poor. Mice displayed stronger antibody responses to SLP compared with hamsters. Two hamsters of five given SLP with Ribi (monophosphoryl lipid A and synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate) survived the challenge, as did two of three given SLP with Ribi and cholera toxin. This modest trend to protection is interpreted with caution, because the survivors had low anti-SLP serum antibody titres. The hamsters were an outbred line, and subject to more genetic variability than inbred animals; however, BALB/c mice also showed strongly variable antibody responses. There is a clear need for better adjuvants for single-component vaccines, particularly for mucosal delivery. The hamster challenge model may need to be modified to be useful in active immunization experiments with SLP.     

Effect of adjuvants on responses to skin immunization by microneedles coated with influenza subunit vaccine

Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccine delivery to the skin by vaccine-coated microneedles; however there is little information on the effects of adjuvants using this approach for vaccination. Here we investigate the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants with skin-based delivery of influenza subunit vaccine. BALB/c mice received 1 μg of monovalent H1N1 subunit vaccine alone or with 1 μg of imiquimod or poly(I:C) individually or in combination via coated microneedle patches inserted into the skin. Poly(I:C) adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccine induced similar antigen-specific immune responses compared to vaccine alone when delivered to the skin by microneedles. However, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine elicited higher levels of serum IgG2a antibodies and increased hemagglutination inhibition titers compared to vaccine alone, suggesting enhanced induction of functional antibodies. In addition, imiquimod-adjuvanted vaccine induced a robust IFN-γ cellular response. These responses correlated with improved protection compared to influenza subunit vaccine alone, as well as reduced viral replication and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. The finding that microneedle delivery of imiquimod with influenza subunit vaccine induces improved immune responses compared to vaccine alone supports the use of TLR7 ligands as adjuvants for skin-based influenza vaccines.     

The expression and genetic immunization of chimeric fragment of Hantaan virus M and S segments

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), which is characterized by severe symptoms and high mortality, is caused by hantavirus. There are still no effective prophylactic vaccines directed to HFRS until now. In this research, we fused expressed G2 fragment of M segment and 0.7kb fragment of S segment. We expect it could be a candidate vaccine. Chimeric gene G2S0.7 was first expressed in prokaryotic expression system pGEX-4T. After inducing expressed fusion proteins, GST-G2S0.7 was induced and its molecular weight was about 100kDa. Meanwhile, the fusion protein kept the activity of its parental proteins. Further, BALB/c mice were vaccinated by the chimeric gene. ELISA, cell microculture neutralization test in vitro were used to detect the humoral immune response in immunized BALB/c mice. Lymphocyte proliferation assay was used to detect the cellular immune response. The results showed that the chimeric gene could simultaneously evoke specific antibody against nucleocapsid protein (NP) and glycoprotein (GP). And the immunized mice of every group elicited neutralizing antibodies with different titers. But the titers were low. Lymphocyte proliferation assay results showed that the stimulation indexes of splenocytes of chimeric gene to NP and GP were significantly higher than that of control. It suggested that the chimeric gene of Hantaan virus containing G2 fragment of M segment and 0.7kb fragment of S segment could directly elicit specific anti-Hantaan virus humoral and cellular immune response in BALB/c mice.     

Immunostimulatory CpG motifs induce CTL responses to HIV type I oligomeric gp140 envelope protein

In the present study we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of two adjuvants, liposomal lipid A [L(LA)] and CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), to the HIV-1 ogp140 envelope protein. Administration of each of these adjuvants separately with unencapsulated ogp140 resulted in low antibody titres. Encapsulation of ogp140 in liposomes containing lipid A resulted in a sixfold increase in anti-ogp140 antibodies. The antibody titres were further enhanced threefold by the addition of CpG ODN. Priming and boosting BALB/c mice with unencapsulated ogp140 with L(LA) or encapsulation in liposomes containing lipid A induced a mixed Th1/Th2 type of immune response. In contrast, immunization with L(ogp140 + LA) plus CpG ODN switched the immune response to a Th-1 response with elevated anti-ogp140 IgG2a antibodies and IFN-gamma levels. Both adjuvants induced excellent ogp140-specific proliferative and CTL responses. Therefore, for the induction of high titre antibodies, but not for cellular responses, the antigen and lipid A have to be present in the same liposomes. These results can have significant implications in directing the Th1 or Th2 differentiation of antigen-specific immune responses in the context of vaccine development.     

柯萨奇病毒B3型诱导的免疫偏离与心肌炎发病关系的研究

目的 研究2种近交系小鼠在柯萨奇病毒B3型(CVB3)感染后辅助性T细胞(Th)免疫偏离对心肌炎发病的影响。方法 用CVB3腹腔感染BALB/c和C57BL/62种近交系小鼠,感染后7d通过检测小鼠血清肌酸激酶(CK)活性,观察心脏外观变化以及心脏石蜡切片H.E染色观察心脏病理改变,比较2种小鼠心肌炎的发病情况;通过体外感染心肌细胞观察病毒复制情况以及体内心脏组织病毒载量的分析,比较2种小鼠对病毒感染和复制的差异;通过检测感染小鼠细胞因子白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、IL-12和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的表达,抗CVB3VP1抗体的亚型以及T-bet和Gata-3的表达,比较2种小鼠Th免疫偏离的情况。结果 CVB3在体外和体内都可以感染BALB/c和C57BL/6小鼠心肌细胞,但仅BALB/c小鼠感染后可发生明显的病毒性心肌炎,C57BL/6小鼠则不能;BALB/c小鼠感染后表现为Th1型免疫反应而C57BL/6小鼠则偏向于Th2型免疫反应。结论 CVB3感染2种品系小鼠表现为不同的心肌炎发生率,与其诱导了不同类型的免疫偏离密切相关。     

Immunogenicity of Leishmania donovani iron superoxide dismutase B1 and peroxidoxin 4 in BALB/c mice: the contribution of Toll-like receptor agonists as adjuvant

In this study, we assessed the immune response of two Leishmania donovani recombinant proteins: iron superoxide dismutase B1 (SODB1) and peroxidoxin 4 (Pxn4) in BALB/c mice. Assessment of the immunogenicity of these proteins alone or combined with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist (CpG ODN) or TLR-4 agonist (GLA-SE) showed that they elicit specific antibody as well as cytokine production in response to the respective antigen in vitro. The use of adjuvants augmented immunogenicity of these antigens and more importantly, skewed the immune response to a Th1-type. These results indicate that recombinant SODB1 and Pxn4 proteins are potential vaccine candidates when administered with appropriate adjuvants.     

Immunomodulation activity of new vaccines for pertussis prophylaxis--acellular pertussis vaccine and adsorbed DPT vaccine with acellular component

The immunomodulating activity of acellular pertussis vaccine (APV) and adsorbed DPT vaccine with acellular pertussis component (DPTA vaccine) was studied. The study revealed that only large doses of APV, 10 immunizing doses (ID), suppressed humoral and cell-mediated response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). 1 ID produced no influence on the formation of antibody producing cells, but increased the development of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to SRBC. The modulation of cell-mediated immune response, induced by APV, returned to normal after the injection of purified staphylococcal toxoid, used as immunomodulator, in doses of 0.15 BU per mouse and 1.5 BU per mouse. DPTA vaccine containing 1 ID, as well as 10 ID, produced no immunomodulating effect. This was established by the evaluation of humoral response to SRBC in CBA mice and the study of the formation of DH to SRBC in BALB/c mice. As indicated by the total of the presented data, the inclusion of APV into DPTA vaccine enhanced the immunological safety of its pertussis component.     

TNF superfamily member, TL1A, is a potential mucosal vaccine adjuvant

The identification of cytokine adjuvants capable of inducing an efficient mucosal immune response against viral pathogens has been long anticipated. Here, we attempted to identify the potential of tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFS) cytokines to function as mucosal vaccine adjuvants. Sixteen different TNFS cytokines were used to screen mucosal vaccine adjuvants, after which their immune responses were compared. Among the TNFS cytokines, intranasal immunization with OVA plus APRIL, TL1A, and TNF-α exhibited stronger immune response than those immunized with OVA alone. TL1A induced the strongest immune response and augmented OVA-specific IgG and IgA responses in serum and mucosal compartments, respectively. The OVA-specific immune response of TL1A was characterized by high levels of serum IgG1 and increased production of IL-4 and IL-5 from splenocytes of immunized mice, suggesting that TL1A might induce Th2-type responses. These findings indicate that TL1A has the most potential as a mucosal adjuvant among the TNFS cytokines.     

The immune enhancement of propolis adjuvant on inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccine in guinea pig

Two experiments were carried out. In immune response test, the immune enhancement of propolis, oilemulsion and aluminium salt were compared in guinea pig vaccinated with inactivated porcine parvovirus (PPV) vaccine. The result showed that three adjuvants could enhance antibody titer, T lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 and IL-4 secretion of splenic lymphocyte. The action of propolis was similar to that of oilemulsion and superior to that of aluminium salt, especially in early period of vaccination propolis could accelerate antibody production. In immune protection test, the effects of three adjuvants on PPV infection were compared in guinea pig vaccinated with PPV vaccine then challenged with PPV. The result showed that propolis and oilemulsion could enhance the antibody titer, IL-2 and IL-4 content in serum and decrease the PPV content in blood and viscera. In the effect of improving cellular immune response, the propolis was the best. These results indicated that propolis possessed better immune enhancement and would be exploited into a effective adjuvant of inactivated vaccine.