进境台湾果蔬主要病虫风险评估与早期监测预警

[目的] 定量评估进境台湾果蔬主要病虫在大陆的入侵风险,为早期监测预警提供依据。[方法] 首先,基于外来物种传入、定殖、扩散和危害的一般过程,构建了包括4个层次26个指标的进境台湾果蔬有害生物入侵综合风险评估指标体系,规范了风险指数的计算方法,评估了14种病虫随台湾果蔬入侵的综合风险;其次,利用气候生态位模型预测了它们在我国的适生区;最后,融合进境台湾果蔬到达港口、物流中转站、集散地和主要病虫的适生区的空间分布,通过空间叠加分析划定了它们在我国传入并定殖的风险区及其空间异质性。[结果] 14种被评估病虫在我国的综合风险值均大于0.7,属高风险等级。14种病虫在我国都存在广阔的适生区,但不同物种适生区的面积和空间分布存在差异。福建、广东、海南等东部和南部沿海地区是它们适生区的高度重叠区,超过95%的台湾果蔬到达港口、物流中转和集散地的集中分布区,潜在的入侵风险极高。[结论] 进境台湾果蔬贸易能够促进或加剧外来有害生物的入侵。研究进一步证实了台湾已经并将继续成为大陆外来有害生物入侵的踏板。建议进一步加强海关检疫、开展和完善监测预警等措施预防和控制有害生物入侵,为农业生物安全提供保障。     

橘小实蝇的风险分析

从地理评估和管理标准、传人的可能性、传播途径、定殖、定殖后扩散的可能性及橘小实蝇危害性评估等方面对橘小实蝇传人中国风险进行定性分析,筛选了橘小实蝇传人中国的风险因子。根据我国各气候大区的30a（1961—1990）的平均气温、月最高平均气温、月最低平均气温及年降雨量等气候因子和橘小实蝇的发生规律,将我国地域划分为适生区、次适生区、非适生区,明确了南亚热带湿润大区、边缘热带湿润大区、边缘热带亚湿润大区为橘小实蝇的适生区;暖温带湿润大区、北亚热带湿润大区、南亚热带亚湿润大区、高原亚温带湿润大区为橘小实蝇的次适生区。提出了降低橘小实蝇风险的管理措施,为制定检疫政策提供依据。     

三叶草斑潜蝇的入侵、鉴定及在中国适生区分析

介绍了2005年12月首次发现入侵中国大陆的三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyzatrifolii(Burgess)的形态特征及其与近缘种的形态区别、入侵历史与危害性;利用GARP生态位模型对三叶草斑潜蝇在中国的潜在适生区进行了分析预测,结果表明该虫在中国的潜在适生区涉及范围广,以东部地区的最适宜潜在适生区为主,它的潜在适生区涵盖了热带、亚热带和暖温带等3种气候类型;依据中国大陆目前的发生情况提出对该种入侵害虫的监测方法与防控建议。     

海南发现新入侵害虫——橘绵粉虱Aleurothrixus floccosus(Maskell)

橘绵粉虱是一种危险性的入侵生物,已于2018年11月在我国海南文昌的番石榴上发现。本文记述了橘绵粉虱各虫态的形态特征、野外鉴别特征,并列出了其分布及重要寄主植物,附有彩色生态照片。由于橘绵粉虱是柑橘类的重要害虫,具有向中国大陆扩散的可能性,我国南方柑橘产区应密切关注此虫动态。     

基于MaxEnt模型的小巢粉虱在中国的潜在地理分布

小巢粉虱是一种危险性外来入侵害虫,现已传入我国香港、海南。阐明小巢粉虱在我国的潜在地理分布及其主要限制环境因子,可为该虫早期预警与防控提供理论依据。本文利用MaxEnt模型对小巢粉虱在我国的潜在适生区进行预测,使用刀切法及环境变量响应曲线对影响小巢粉虱分布的环境因子进行评估。结果表明:小巢粉虱在我国的潜在适生区分布于海南、台湾、广东、广西、福建、云南、贵州、湖南、江西、浙江、上海、安徽、湖北、重庆、四川、西藏等省区;适生区总面积224.9万km~2,约占我国国土面积的23.4%,其中高度适生区面积38.2万km~2,中度适生区面积47.6万km~2,低度适生区面积139.1万km~2;最冷月最低温(bio06)、最干季平均气温(bio09)、最冷季降水量(bio19)是影响小巢粉虱潜在地理分布的主导环境因子。我国各潜在适生区、特别是华南沿海地区应加强检疫,防止小巢粉虱进一步扩散。     

入侵害虫螺旋粉虱及其在我国的适生区预测

主要介绍热带亚热带入侵害虫螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell的形态特征、分布、寄主与生物学特性;利用DYMEX软件分析螺旋粉虱在我国潜在的分布区。模型分析结果表明,最适宜的潜在的适生区主要集中在中国的南部,包括海南、广东、广西以及台湾等的大部分区域;在云南只有零散的潜在适生区;而广大的西北和东北不利于该虫的生存;依据适生性风险预测结果,提出了应急处理措施。     

海南地区螺旋粉虱种群mtDNA-COI和rDNA-ITS1基因的序列及系统发育分析

螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell在海南是一种重要的农林害虫。本研究对海南地区不同螺旋粉虱种群的mtDNA-COI和rDNA-ITS1基因片段进行了测定并对其系统发育进行了分析。mtDNA-COI和rDNA-ITS1的序列比较发现, 海南16个县市螺旋粉虱种群的mtDNA-COI序列基本一致, 只有文昌番石榴Psidium guajava种群的序列发生变异, 在476 bp位点的碱基C突变为碱基T。不同螺旋粉虱种群的rDNA-ITS1序列也无差异。基于mtDNA COI序列的不同螺旋粉虱种群的系统发育树表明, 已传入我国海南地区的螺旋粉虱未发生明显的遗传分化; 研究还发现海南的螺旋粉虱种群与台湾的种群遗传距离最近, 表明海南地区的螺旋粉虱可能由台湾传入的。基于mtDNA-COI和rDNA-ITS1序列构建的不同粉虱种群的系统发育树表明, 粉虱科分为复孔粉虱亚科（Aleurodicinae）和粉虱亚科（Aleyrodinae）, 这一结果与其他研究结果一致。     

入境台湾蔬菜有害生物口岸检疫

【目的】了解台湾蔬菜有害生物的入境风险,阐明加强口岸检验检疫的对策措施。【方法】对全国口岸2014—2019年6月台湾新鲜蔬菜和蔬菜种子的入境口岸、截获的有害生物及寄主情况进行统计和分析。【结果】入境台湾新鲜蔬菜仅有3批次,均没有截获疫情。入境台湾蔬菜种子截获各类有害生物48种496种次,其中真菌454种次,病毒2种次,细菌1种次,害虫2种次,杂草37种次,携带土壤1种次。【结论】入境台湾蔬菜种子携带有害生物种类繁多,但检疫性有害生物种类集中,应加强入境台湾蔬菜口岸检验检疫的对策措施,包括加强法规宣传、了解疫情动态、强化检疫工作等。     

低温对橘小实蝇羽化的影响

【背景】橘小实蝇是重要的检疫性害虫,发生危害严重。有关低温对橘小实蝇成虫羽化的影响尚未见报道。【方法】通过设置不同温度(8、4、0和-4℃)及处理时间(12、18和24 h),研究了橘小实蝇羽化率和羽化时间的变化。【结果】随着温度的降低,橘小实蝇羽化率和羽化时间显著降低和延长。羽化率可从正常温度(28℃)下的100.0%降低至6.7%(0℃);羽化时间可从正常温度(28℃)下的9.0 d延长至12.5 d(0℃)。当温度为-4℃时,橘小实蝇不能正常羽化。【结论与意义】橘小实蝇的耐寒性较差。本研究可为该虫适生区划定提供理论依据。     

螺旋粉虱在海南的分布与寄主植物种类调查

螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus disperses Russell是新入侵海南的外来有害生物,2006年4月在海南陵水已发现该虫传入。作者于2006年9月至2007年9月对螺旋粉虱在海南的分布与为害情况进行调查。调查结果,显示螺旋粉虱目前已分布至除昌江县和东方市以外的全岛其它15个市县,在吊罗山和尖峰岭保护区的林业局生活区也有分布;调查显示,螺旋粉虱寄主植物达47科120种,其中包括热带果树、蔬菜、热带作物、粮食作物、观赏与园艺作物,印度紫檀、榄仁树、番石榴、番木瓜、木薯、番荔枝、香蕉、茄子、四季豆等作物及美人蕉、飞扬草、野甘草等受害最为严重。对不同寄主植物的受害程度进行了初步划分,并对防控工作进行讨论。     

警惕检疫性害虫南洋臀纹粉蚧在中国大陆扩散

南洋臀纹粉蚧,又称咖啡粉蚧、可可粉蚧、紫粉蚧,主要危害饮料作物、果树、蔬菜和园林树木,是新近入侵中国大陆的一种危险性检疫性害虫,2012年以来在中国大陆的云南、海南等地陆续被发现。本文介绍了南洋臀纹粉蚧的识别特征、危害特性、寄主植物种类、生物生态学特点、地理分布范围、传播扩散途径和防治措施等,为预防该虫在我国的进一步蔓延提供依据。     

Combination of edible vegetable oil and artificial fruit to reduce Bactrocera dorsalis oviposition in chilli fruits

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a major pest of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. This study aimed to evaluate the potency of combining edible vegetable oil application and artificial fruit provision to reduce the oviposition of B. dorsalis in chilli fruits. Experiments were conducted in laboratory using a 20‐L plastic container provided with chilli fruits and in semi field using a fruit‐bearing chilli plant caged with insect screen. The laboratory test revealed that the combination of coconut oil application and artificial fruit provision significantly reduced fruit fly visits, eggs laid and the number of infested chilli fruits no matter when the chilli fruits were without prepuncture or with prepuncture. Further study using a caged chilli plant also found that this combination had significant effects on fruit fly visits and infestation in chilli fruits. These results provide an indication that coconut oil and artificial fruit can work together to reduce fruit fly attacks on chilli fruits. Combining the use of coconut oil and artificial fruit is likely to create an integrated behavioural manipulation (push and pull) of female B. dorsalis that lead to a much lower fruit fly infestation in chilli fruits.     

Efficacy of African weaver ant,Oecophylla longinoda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in reducing losses due to frugivorous fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in smallholder mango production systems in Eastern Tanzania

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are dipteran insects that cause high losses of fruits and vegetables in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. As quarantine pests, fruit flies affect export markets because trade regulations hamper export of fruits from areas with occurrence of fruit flies. We compared the effectiveness of Oecophylla longinoda with the insecticide; imidacloprid for the control of Bactrocera dorsalis in a 6-year-old orchard of mango cultivar ‘Apple’. Mango samples at different developmental stages were collected between September and November in 2012 and between November 2013 and January 2014 at a three-week interval between sampling dates. Every fruit was cultured in a separate individual plastic container containing approximately 500?g sieved sterilised sand. Three weeks later, larvae and pupae were sieved from sand and counted. In both years, significantly higher (P?<?.0001) incidences and infestation rates were recorded in the control plots when compared to the trees protected with insecticides and O. longinoda. Incidences and infestation rates did not differ significantly (P?>?.05) between insecticide and weaver ants protected fruits, implying that O. longinoda was as effective as imidacloprid in suppressing the population of fruit flies. Peak fruit fly incidences and infestation rates coincided with the ripening stage of mango fruits. Our results have shown that the incidences and infestation rates on incubated mango fruits were lowest in the O. longinoda and the imidacloprid protected trees. Thus, O. longinoda is an effective bio-control agent that could be exploited to serve as a vital Integrated Pest Management component on mango orchards.     

Strong population genetic structure of an invasive species,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), in southern China

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), was initially reported in China in the 1990s and is now considered one of the most successful invasive pests of palm plants in the country. A total of 14 microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ι (cox I) gene fragment were used to investigate the genetic characteristics and structure of R. ferrugineus in southern China. High levels of genetic differentiation among populations and significant correlations between genetic and geographical distances indicated an important role of geographical distance in the distribution of the RPW in southern China. High gene flow between Fujian and Taiwan province populations illustrated the increased effects of frequent anthropogenic activities on gene flow between them. Genetic similarity (i.e., haplotype similarity) indicated that RPW individuals from Taiwan and Fujian invaded from a different source than those from Hainan. To some extent, the genetic structure of the RPW in southern China correlated well with the geographic origins of this pest. We propose that geographical distance, anthropogenic activities, and the biological attributes of this pest are responsible for the distribution pattern of the RPW in southern China. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that the most likely native sources of the RPW in southern China are India, the Philippines, and Vietnam.     

Population structure and colonization of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China,inferred from mtDNA COI sequences

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is a serious pest of fruits and vegetables in South‐east Asia, and, because of quarantine restrictions, impedes international trade and economic development in the region. Revealing genetic variation in oriental fruit fly populations will provide a better understanding of the colonization process and facilitate the quarantine and management of this species. The genetic structure in 15 populations of oriental fruit fly from southern China, Laos and Myanmar in South‐east Asia was examined with a 640‐bp sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The highest levels of genetic diversity were found in Laos and Myanmar. Low to medium levels of genetic differentiation (F_ST ≤ 0.134) were observed among populations. Pooled populations from mainland China differed from those in Laos and Myanmar (F_ST = 0.024). Genetic structure across the region did not follow the isolation‐by‐distance model. The high genetic diversity observed in Laos and Myanmar supports the South‐east Asian origin of B. dorsalis. High genetic diversity and significant differentiation between some populations within mainland China indicate B. dorsalis populations have been established in the region for an extended period of time. High levels of genetic diversity observed among the five populations from Hainan Island and similarity between the Island and Chinese mainland populations indicate that B. dorsalis was introduced to Hainan from the mainland and has been on the island for many years. High genetic diversity in the recently established population in Shanghai (Pudong) suggests multiple introductions or a larger number of founders.     

基于Maxent的大洋臀纹粉蚧和南洋臀纹粉蚧在中国的适生区分析

大洋臀纹粉蚧Planococcus minor Maskell和南洋臀纹粉蚧P.lilacinus Cockerell是我国有重要检疫意义的有害生物。这两种粉蚧从东盟进口水果口岸检疫中频繁截获,且已在广东、海南、云南等地发现大洋臀纹粉蚧入侵,这对我国热带、亚热带的水果和观赏植物等已构成严重威胁。本研究以大洋臀纹粉蚧和南洋臀纹粉蚧在国内外的分布数据为基础,利用Maxent生态位模型和Arc GIS对两种粉蚧在中国的潜在适生区进行预测。预测结果表明,大洋臀纹粉蚧和南洋臀纹粉蚧的适生区主要分布在长江流域以南地区,其适生区面积分别占全国面积的22.14%、18.17%,其中高度适生区域集中分布在广西、广东、云南、福建、四川、台湾、海南等地区,与我国热带水果的主要种植区域具有高度的一致性。大洋臀纹粉蚧已成功入侵,一旦南洋臀纹粉蚧传入便可迅速扩散蔓延,并对我国热带水果生产造成严重危害。因此,各口岸应加强对东盟进口水果的检验检疫,预防其新的进入和扩散。     

中国进境水果携带粉蚧疫情分析(2013—2016)

【目的】中国是水果生产大国和进口大国。水果是最容易携带虫害的产品之一,粉蚧是口岸水果检疫过程中常发现的害虫类群,中国口岸每年从进境水果截获大量粉蚧。通过分析中国进境水果携带粉蚧疫情,可为一线口岸检疫查验提供指导,为相关部门开展产地检疫和口岸监测提供依据,以防止危险性粉蚧的传入,保障中国水果生产安全,促进国际水果贸易健康发展。【方法】通过FAO网站、动植物检验检疫信息资源共享服务平台、中国知网等收集中国进境水果贸易数据及其携带粉蚧疫情,统计分析了中国水果进口贸易情况、粉蚧截获情况以及截获粉蚧的种类、来源地、截获口岸和寄主。【结果】2013—2016年,中国口岸从进境水果上截获的昆虫中粉蚧科昆虫截获量最大,占47.31%;其中截获量前十的粉蚧种类为杰克贝尔氏粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、双条拂粉蚧、大洋臀纹粉蚧、南洋臀纹粉蚧、柑橘棘粉蚧、甘蔗簇粉蚧、康氏粉蚧、菠萝灰粉蚧和李比利氏灰粉蚧;而这些有害生物的主要来源地为越南和泰国;粉蚧的主要截获口岸为广西、深圳和云南;而火龙果、榴莲、龙眼和山竹是截获粉蚧最多的进境水果。【结论】中国进境水果粉蚧疫情与水果的贸易量和贸易方式、输出国有害生物发生和检疫除害处理措施、口岸关注度和能力建设等情况相关。     

DISTRIBUTION OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN YUNNAN PROVINCE*

Abstract The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious pest inaect for vegetables and fruits in Yunnan Province. The trap experiments located in 12 counties of Yunnan indicated that, the geographical distribution of Oriental fruit fly there could be plotted as three distribution zones. To the south of Guannan, Yuanjiang and Rulin is the annual distribution zone. In this region, the Oriental fruit fly completed 4–5 generations per year, and infested the local vegetables and fruits all the year around. To the north of Luku, Dayiao and Qujing is the zone without the insect, where the Oriental fruit fly was not trapped and no fruits infested by the fly were found during the present study. The region between the above two zones was the seasonal distribution zone for the insect. The fruit fly occurred only during May to December in this area, and completed 2–3 generations in this period. The peak abundance of the oriental fruit fly took place from June in Jinghong to October in Yiaoan, along the altitude graduates from the south to the north. In elevation, the Oriental fruit fly was trapped at altitude of 500–2300 m above sea level, in which high trap catches appeared between 500–1000 m. It is proposed that the variations of the fruit fly distribution in altitude and latitude are principally correlated with local temperatures and host plants.