警惕危险性害虫—葡萄粉蚧入侵我国

葡萄绵粉蚧Planococcus ficus(Signoret)分布在世界很多葡萄种植区,是地中海、南非、美国、巴基斯坦和阿根廷等地葡萄树上的重要经济害虫,该虫已经对我国构成入侵威胁.文章介绍了葡萄粉蚧的鉴别特征、分布、寄主、危害、生物学特性、传播扩散和防治技术,并对葡萄粉蚧入侵我国的威胁提出预警.     

中国柑橘植物上的粉虱

在国内外的柑橘植物检疫工作中,以数量和为害性来说,介壳虫和粉虱是二个主要大类。关於介壳虫方面,近几年来检疫人员经过一些专业训练,大致已能辨识一些主要的检疫对象。至於粉虱类害虫别一般认识还不足。应该重视,粉虱科昆虫在柑橘生产上同样是很重要的害虫,作者几年来从事柑橘介壳虫调查的     

不同施肥处理对柑橘粉虱和柑橘潜叶蛾发生的影响

柑橘粉虱Dialeurodes citri Ashmead和柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton是柑橘的主要害虫,为了评估施肥对其发生的影响,本研究调查了施用有机肥、化肥、复混肥(有机肥与化肥混合)的砂糖橘苗木上这两种害虫的发生危害情况。结果表明,施用有机肥的苗木上柑橘粉虱的卵和若虫数量显著低于化肥,由柑橘粉虱诱发的煤污病发病程度也显著低于化肥处理。有机肥处理柑橘粉虱成虫数量也最少,但与化肥、复混肥差异未达显著水平。另外,柑橘潜叶蛾为害情况在3种肥料处理之间则没有显著差异。说明施有机肥的砂糖橘对柑桔粉虱的吸引作用最弱,其次为复混肥,化肥最吸引柑橘粉虱。3种施肥处理对柑橘潜叶蛾的吸引作用差异不明显。     

封面照片

正照片示在土豆芽部为害的石蒜绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solani(半翅目:粉蚧科)。该虫是我国大陆新记录的一种有害昆虫,在我国的适生范围很广,对我国的农业生产和生态环境具有潜在的巨大威胁。本期报道了石蒜绵粉蚧生物学特性研究(pp. 871-876)。     

小黑瓢虫形态特征及生物学特性观察

小黑瓢虫(Delphastus catalirtae(Horn))是粉虱害虫的重要捕食性天敌。本对小黑瓢虫从英国引种后的形态特征和生物学特性进行观察,用福州地区新的猎物寄主高氏瘤粉虱(Aleurotubercutatus takahashii David＆Subramaniam)进行饲养繁殖,已成功地在室内定殖和繁衍。小黑瓢虫成虫寿命长达90—130天．可捕食粉虱卵、若虫、成虫各虫态,且捕食量大,活动能力强,是高氏瘤粉虱的有效天敌,具有很好的保护利用价值。     

日本刀角瓢虫形态特征及生物学特性研究

日本刀角瓢虫是粉虱类害虫的重要捕食性天敌之一.本文详细地描述了日本刀角瓢虫的形态特征,并附有各虫态的特征图.且对日本刀角瓢虫的生活习性进行了观察,以烟粉虱卵为食料,日本刀角瓢虫世代发育历期平均为22.56天,成虫平均寿命为91.94天,平均每雌产卵量为564.8粒;以烟粉虱若虫为食料,日本刀角虫世代发育历期平均为21.70天,成虫平均寿命为81.62天,平均每雌产卵量为650.0粒;瓢虫可捕食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、"蛹"、成虫各虫态,是烟粉虱的有效天敌,具有很好的保护利用价值.     

桔粉虱种群动态及杀虫剂对其影响

本文报道了长兴岛桔粉虱生活史及习性、自然种群生命表资料以及大田种群动态,并研究了杀虫剂对桔粉虱的影响。桔粉虱在长兴岛一年发生3代,以Ⅳ龄若虫越冬。各虫态中卵及Ⅳ龄若虫死亡率最高,Ⅱ龄若虫较低,每年3代中以第2代死亡率最高。桔粉虱存活率曲线属威布尔模型的第Ⅲ型。大田种群动态资料以种群年龄结构为特征反映了粉虱的田间数量消长及杀虫剂对其影响。对防护林女贞树上的粉虱种群动态进行分析,并将粉虱作为江原钝绥螨的交替饲料进行了讨论。     

近年来温室白粉虱大发生原因的初步分析

<正> 温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)是近年来在我国京、津、冀等地区蔬菜上造成严重危害的一种昆虫,尤其是保护地生产受到威胁更大,此虫严重发生时可使作物减产40—60％。为控制粉虱为害,我们进行了调查研究,并做了一些防治试验。本文仅就近年来粉虱大发生的原因进行分析,谈一些粗浅看法如下。 如何解释近年来粉虱大发生的原因,目前主要有二种观点。一种观点认为近年来由国外传入;一种观点认为与保护地生产的发展有关。通过调查研究,我们认为后一种观点的理由更为充足。主要依据是:其一,据有关研究人员观察记载,在北京五十年代、天津六十年代均见到此虫,这说明粉虱不是近年来由国外传入的。其二,调查中发现此虫在天津地区室外不能越冬,而露地作物上粉虱发生的轻重程度与距离有粉虱发生温室的远近及温室中越冬粉虱的虫量多少有关。基于上述二点,结合调查研究,现提出如下见解。 七十年代以前,粉虱在北方地区仅以少数个体找     

饥饿对扶桑绵粉蚧存活率和产卵量的影响

【背景】扶桑绵粉蚧是近年来入侵我国的重要害虫,食物是影响其生长发育及种群发展的重要因素。【方法】在室内条件下研究了饥饿对扶桑绵粉蚧不同龄期若虫和初羽化雌成虫存活率和雌成虫产卵量的影响。【结果】扶桑绵粉蚧不同虫态在饥饿条件下存活的时间存在显著差异,表现为雌成虫〉2龄若虫=3龄若虫〉1龄若虫。扶桑绵粉蚧各龄若虫和雌成虫随着饥饿时间的延长,存活率逐渐下降。其中,雌成虫存活率下降速度较慢,完全饥饿8d后存活率仍有50％左右;2、3龄若虫50％个体死亡需要饥饿的时间约为6d,1龄若虫约需5．5d。饥饿会显著降低1龄若虫存活率,但对2、3龄若虫没有显著影响。扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫饥饿4d对其产卵前期、平均每头雌虫一生的产卵量没有显著影响,但寿命显著低于对照。【结论与意义】扶桑绵粉蚧耐饥力较强,这有助于它在野外建立种群。该结果为进一步评价扶桑绵粉蚧的入侵潜能提供了依据。     

温度对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育的影响

【目的】扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley是近年在我国新发现的一种重要外来入侵害虫,对我国棉花生产具有潜在的巨大威胁。本研究以棉花作为寄主,探索恒温及变温条件对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育的影响。【方法】在光周期为12L∶12D,RH 70%±5％,在系列恒温及变温（温度波动范围为±1℃）条件下,用棉花饲养扶桑绵粉蚧,观察和分析了不同温度下各龄虫态的发育历期、发育速率、存活率和繁殖力及发育起点温度、有效积温、最适发育温度、极限高温等。【结果】在恒温17~32℃范围内,扶桑绵粉蚧各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短,当温度达到27℃时发育速率值增幅最大,其中在恒温22~32℃范围内,该虫具有较高的生长发育速率和存活率,且繁殖能力较强,而在恒温37℃条件下,该虫不能完成整个生活史而死亡。在循环变温条件（25~40℃）下,该虫表现出更好的适应性：发育历期更短,速率更快,存活率更高,繁殖力也达到了恒温条件下的平均水平。雌雄虫的发育起点温度分别为9.0℃和8.1℃,而达到成虫时所需有效积温分别为322.6日度和344.8日度。通过拟合发育速率与温度之间的非线性回归关系求出雌雄虫最适发育温度分别为30.5℃和29.9℃,而极限高温分别为36.6℃和35.8℃。【结论】扶桑绵粉蚧适温范围广泛,特别是在变温条件下的适应性非常强。这些结果为预测扶桑绵粉蚧在我国主要棉区的分布提供了依据。     

Cibirhiza spiculata (Apocynaceae), a remarkable new species from eastern Ethiopia

Summary  The new species Cibirhiza spiculata Thulin & Goyder, from Acacia-Commiphora bushland on sand in the Somali National Regional State (Ogaden) of Ethiopia, is described and illustrated. Its conservation status has been assessed. A molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms its placement in the tribe Fockeeae and indicates a position of the new species as sister to C. albersiana. The almost obsolete anther appendages, the outer corona with spreading lobes, as well as the pollinia with apparently single pollen grains, also support its placement in Cibirhiza. However, C. spiculata differs markedly from both previously known species of this genus (C. dhofarensis in Oman and Yemen and C. albersiana in Tanzania and Zambia) by its narrowly linear, subsessile leaves and by the inner corona lobes that are curved inwards over the gynostegium and each ending in a spinulose head.     

Genetic Variation in Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis (Elaeagnaceae) Revealed by RAPD Markers

Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis is endemic to China, and it is a dioecious, outcrossing plant. Although many studies have been undertaken mainly on its agricultural, nutritional, medical, and ornamental value, little is known about its population genetics. This study uses random amplified polymorphic DNA to investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of 13 natural populations of the subspecies sinensis. Fifteen primers amplified 107 reproducible bands, with 95 (88.79%) being polymorphic. The gene diversity within population was 0.168, considerably lower than that of tree species and most perennial, outcrossing species, but higher than that of annual or short-lived, selfing species. The Gst value showed that 18.3% of the total genetic variation resided among populations, a little lower than that of outcrossing species. The present results are quite similar to those previously reported in another subspecies, H ssp. . rhamnoides rhamnoides. The low genetic differentiation among populations in ssp. sinensis may be attributed to the long-distance dispersal of seeds facilitated by birds, in addition to its characteristics of outcrossing, wind pollination, and widespread distribution. No association between genetic distance and geographical distribution was found. The population relationships revealed by the UPGMA dendrogram parallel this result, in that genetic distance did not increase with geographic separation. This pattern of population differentiation may imply the adaptation of ssp. s populations to the local environment, given that its habitats vary greatly across its distribution.     

Pollen-ovule patterns in tribeTrifolieae (Leguminosae)

Relative pollen and ovule production in the genera of the legume tribeTrifolieae is explored particularly as to howMedicago with its explosive pollination mechanism compares with its allies.Medicago produces much larger, although much fewer pollen per ovule than the other five genera in the tribe; this is interpreted as a consequence of its highly specialized, irreversible pollination mechanism, which allows only one effective exchange of pollen with pollinators.Melilotus andTrifolium produce a comparatively large quantity of pollen; this can be related to their floral characteristics requiring abundant pollen to achieve fertilization. InMedicago andTrigonella, annuals convert a higher proportion of pollen grains and ovules into seeds than perennials.     

Notes on the floral morphology in Vivianiaceae (Geraniales)

The functional floral morphology of the three genera of Vivianiaceae (= Ledocarpaceae, Geraniales), Rhynchotheca, Viviania and Balbisia, is compared. Likely pollination mechanisms are inferred from morphology and field observations. The flowers of Viviania are nectariferous and apparently zoophilous with nectar as the (primary) pollinator reward. Balbisia has pollen flowers without nectaries, its showy corolla indicates that it is also zoophilous with pollen as sole pollinator reward; bees were observed as flower visitors. One taxon (B. gracilis) may be anemophilous. Rhynchotheca has flowers without petals, with large, pendulous anthers and lacks nectaries. It shows synchronous mass flowering in its natural populations and is evidently anemophilous. A comparison with other Geraniales shows that nectar flowers with small anthers are likely the ancestral condition in Vivianiaceae. This suggests that the pollen flowers with larger anthers of Balbisia and Rhynchotheca may represent an apomorphic condition. The documentation of pollen flowers and anemophily in Vivianiaceae expands the range of known floral and pollination syndromes in Geraniales.     

Application of genetic markers to the discrimination of European Black Poplar (Populus nigra) from American Black Poplar (P. deltoides) and Hybrid Poplars (P. x canadensis) in Switzerland

European Black Poplar (Populus nigra) is considered a rare and endangered tree species because of severe reduction of its natural riverine habitat and potential hybridisation with the related non-indigenous taxa P. deltoides and P. x canadensis. As it is difficult to distinguish these taxa solely based on their morphology, we applied a PCR-based assay with an easy-to-use and robust molecular marker set (cpDNA trnL-trnF/RsaI RFLP, nDNA win3 and nDNA POPX/MspI RFLP) in order to identify pure P. nigra. Different plant tissues could be used for fast and standardised DNA extraction. The application of the three marker types was tested on a number of different Populus taxa, and they were also used for the verification of pure P. nigra in a sample of 304 putative P. nigra individuals from Switzerland. Cross-checking of the DNA data with those using a traditional allozyme approach resulted in complete agreement. The availability of molecular identification methods is an important prerequisite for the conservation of European Black Poplar, because pure, non-introgressed plant material can then be used in restoration projects of European floodplains.     

The mycorrhizal status of Pseudotulostoma volvata (Elaphomycetaceae, Eurotiales, Ascomycota)

Pseudotulostoma volvata (O. K. Mill. and T. W. Henkel) is a morphologically unusual member of the otherwise hypogeous Elaphomycetaceae due to its epigeous habit and exposed gleba borne on an elevated stalk at maturity. Field observations in Guyana indicated that P. volvata was restricted to rain forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal (EM) Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae), suggesting an EM nutritional mode for the fungus. In this paper, we confirm the EM status of P. volvata with a combination of morphological, molecular, and mycosociological data. The EM status for P. volvata corroborates its placement in the ectotrophic Elaphomycetaceae.     

Impact of intraguild predation by adult Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biological control in cage studies

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, has become a principal arthropod pest of soybean in the U.S. since its first detection in 2000. This species threatens soybean production through direct feeding damage and virus transmission. A diverse guild of insect predators feeds on soybean aphid in Michigan including the exotic coccinellid Harmonia axyridis, the native gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza and the native lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. In addition to feeding on A. glycines some members of this guild may also engage in intraguild predation. These interactions may produce positive, negative, or neutral impacts on A. glycines biological control. We explored the impact of intraguild predation on soybean aphid population dynamics by comparing aphid populations in microcosms with either A. aphidimyza larvae or C. carnea larvae alone, with both a H. axyridis adult and either A. aphidimyza or C. carnea larvae, and without predators. When H. axyridis was present with larval A. aphidimyza or C. carnea, the lady beetle acted as an intraguild predator. However, intraguild feeding did not result in a release of aphid populations compared with microcosms containing only the intraguild and aphid prey. A similar result was found in field cages. Cages allowing large predators had reduced numbers of A. aphidimyza and C. carnea larvae but also significantly fewer aphids compared with predator exclusion cages. Thus, in both lab and field studies the direct impact of H. axyridis on A. glycines overcame its negative impact as an intraguild predator. Together, these studies indicate that while the exotic H. axyridis does act as an intraguild predator and may contribute to local declines in A. aphidimyza and C. carnea, it is also currently important in overall biological control of A. glycines.     

Notes on new and noteworthy plant-inhabiting fungi from Japan (1)

Six fungi isolated from plant materials in Japan are described. The first isPseudohalonectria aomoriensis sp. nov. (Lasiosphaeriaceae). It differs from other known species of the genusPseudohalonectria in the dimensions of its asci and ascospores. The second,Monodictys abuensis, is newly added to the mycoflora of Japan. Its host,Zelkova serrata, is also newly recorded. Three others found on new host plants areDictyochaeta simplex onQuercus myrsinaefolia andBladhia crispa, Colletotrichum dematium onAucuba japonica var.borealis, andNectria mammoidea var.rubi onCercidiphyllum japonicum. The sixth,Trochophora fasciculata, aDaphniphyllum sooty leaf spot fungus renamed by Goos fromT. simplex, is reported with a full list of synonyms.     

斯勒卷瓣兰，中国云南南部兰科一新种（英文）

描述并绘制了云南南部兰科石豆兰属一新种：斯勒卷瓣兰(Bulbophyllum dresslerianum Z. D. Han & H. Wang)。该新种属于双叶卷瓣兰组(section Tripudianthes Seidenf.),在形态上与该组的4种,即狄氏卷瓣兰(B. dickasonii)、堪布里石豆兰(B. kanburiense)、皱掌卷瓣兰(B. rugosisepalum)和拟双叶卷瓣兰(B. tripudians)近似,主要区别在于该种唇瓣前缘具囊泡,侧面及腹面被稀疏的短腺毛;侧萼片棕黄色,表面光滑。编制了斯勒卷瓣兰及其近缘种的检索表。目前,该种仅在云南南部墨江县发现一个居群,濒危状况有待评估。     

A rejoinder onOryctina (Loranthaceae)

Both of the two main generic features ofOryctina (Loranthaceae), i.e., its dioeciousness and its absence of floral bracteoles, are based on misinterpretations. Instead, both species appear to be monoecious, and both are bracteolate. Nevertheless,Oryctina should be maintained as a distinct genus, probably most closely related toMaracanthus.