黄毛草莓FnMYB24转录因子基因和启动子的克隆及表达分析

该研究以黄毛草莓(Fragaria nilgerrensis Schltdl.)为材料,采用RT PCR技术克隆了黄毛草莓FnMYB24基因的cDNA和启动子序列。生物信息学分析表明,FnMYB24的cDNA序列长为1 033 bp(GenBank登录号为MN879283),其开放阅读框(ORF)长为609 bp,编码202个氨基酸,含有1个保守的MYB_DNA binding结构域。同源分析结果显示,黄毛草莓FnMYB24基因编码的氨基酸序列与森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)编码的氨基酸相似性较高;同时进一步克隆了该基因编码起始位点上游长度为718 bp启动子序列(GenBank登录号为MN879285),预测该序列包含激素响应元件、光调控元件等多个顺式作用元件。通过构建pFnMYB24∷GUS表达载体进行烟草瞬时转化,发现pFnMYB24启动子具有转录活性且能够驱动FnMYB24基因表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示：抗病品种黄毛草莓和易感病栽培品种‘妙香3号’的叶片接种胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)后MYB24基因表达量均有上调,但‘妙香3号’的MYB24表达量始终低于黄毛草莓的表达量;SA处理后2个草莓品种的MYB24表达量均高于对照组,表明MYB24基因受水杨酸(SA)的诱导表达。研究表明,草莓MYB24基因可能参与调控抗炭疽病,为进一步研究MYB24基因在草莓抗炭疽病中的功能奠定了基础。     

老年痴呆症相关基因Nicastrin的转录调控

APP蛋白经过降解,形成老年痴呆症患者脑内老年斑的主要成分．由PS(早老素),NCT, PEN-2和APH-1 4种膜蛋白组成的γ分泌酶催化该降解过程．为了了解人类nicastrin( NCT )基因的转录调控机制,确定了其在人脑中的转录起始位点以及其编码区上游大小不等片段的转录起始活性．EMSA分析证实NCT启动子区的4个AP-1结合位点和2个NFAT结合位点能够与相应的转录因子结合,能够改变转录因子调控能力的定点突变和PDTC诱导使得NCT启动子在HeLa细胞和大鼠皮质神经元中的启动活性都有所改变．以上结果说明：AP-1和NFAT确实参与了人类NCT基因的转录调控．     

桑树花青素合成相关MYB类转录因子的鉴定与功能分析

该研究通过生物信息学方法,从桑树基因组中获得了8个花青素生物合成调控关键转录因子（MYB）候选基因,利用转录组数据及实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了各基因在不同组织及果实发育过程中的表达。聚类分析结果显示,4个MYB基因与葡萄、水稻和玉米花青素调控相关MYB基因聚为一类,仅1个MYB基因与拟南芥、苹果花青素调控相关MYB基因聚为一类。转录组数据显示多数基因在雄花中高水平表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,2个MYB基因（MnMYBJ和MnMYB4）在果实发育过程中持续下调,1个MYB基因（MnMYB330）在果实发育过程中显著上调,分别与花青素在桑椹中的积累成负相关和正相关关系。因此,桑树MYB基因家族对花青素的积累可能存在正调控与负调控两种机制。     

依赖PrfA转录调控的单核细胞增生李斯特菌毒力基因inlC启动子结构特点的初步研究

为了研究单核细胞增生李斯特菌毒力基因启动子的结构特点与转录调控因子PrfA蛋白之间的关系,应用PCR定点突变和重组PCR技术缺失了该菌毒力基因inlC启动子上可能与PrfA蛋白结合以及诱发转录起始相关的碱基序列,构建了一系列突变启动子与lacZ报告基因融合表达质粒, 使lacZ基因的表达置于inlC突变启动子下,并分别电转化单核细胞增生李斯特菌野生株P14、PrfA蛋白高表达突变株P14a 和prfA基因等位缺失突变株A42中,检测相应的β-半乳糖苷酶活性。结果表明：位于inlC启动子转录起始点下游22bp 处的一段17bp的类似PrfA蛋白结合序列TTAACAGCGTTTGTTAA并没有增强和抑制PrfA转录调控活性的功能;甚至将其改造成“完美的” PrfA蛋白结合序列TTAACATTTGTTAA后,也不影响inlC依赖于PrfA的转录活性地表达;但是,如果缺失inlC启动子上原始的PrfA蛋白结合序列,则使inlC依赖于PrfA的转录活性完全丧失;另外,单核细胞增生李斯特菌毒力基因inlC和plcA 依赖于PrfA的转录活性的表达也与启动子上PrfA蛋白结合区(PrfA-box)距离-10区的碱基个数有关:最适为22或23bp,长于23bp或短于22bp的突变启动子的依赖PrfA的转录活性大大降低,甚至没有活性。说明除PrfA蛋白结合序列外,受PrfA调控的毒力基因启动子上还可能存在其它尚未阐明的结构和序列影响PrfA蛋白的结合以及启动转录表达。     

葡萄风信子MaANS基因及启动子的克隆与分析

该研究根据转录组测序结果,在葡萄风信子(Muscari armeniacum) ‘亚美尼亚’中克隆到花青素合酶(ANS)基因的cDNA与DNA序列,该基因命名为MaANS。采用荧光实时定量分析MaANS时空表达模型,同时利用染色体步移法克隆到MaANS上游1 044 bp的一段序列。信息学分析表明：MaANS开放阅读框为1 065 bp,编码355个氨基酸;DNA与cDNA的一致性为89.62%,DNA序列在ATG下游515~594 bp之间插入1个79 bp内含子;启动子序列在-70 bp位置有1个TATA-box,有多个光响应元件及MYB结合位点等。荧光实时定量分析表明,MaANS基因在花中优势表达,并且在完全着色期表达量最高。该研究结果为深入研究MaANS基因功能、分析葡萄风信子着色机理奠定了基础。     

LCRG1基因启动子关键顺式调节元件的鉴定

LCRG1基因( laryngeal carcinoma related gene1,LCRG1 )是一个新的喉癌候选抑瘤基因,其转录调控机制一直未被阐明．通过限制性内切酶酶切介导对LCRG1基因 (-169～+127)区域进行剪切体分析,将LCRG1基因最小启动子定位于-169～-57．应用连接体扫描突变体分析,将关键顺式作用元件确定在-137～-122．生物信息学提示该区存在SP1、E2F1/DP1、EKLF和ZF9转录因子结合位点．利用已知反式作用因子与报告基因质粒进行共转染,提示Spl为有效的反式作用因子,且能上调LCRG1基因的表达．凝胶迁移阻滞实验确定LCRG1基因关键的顺式作用元件区域具有Spl结合位点．LCRG1基因启动子-137～-122片段在该基因表达过程中可能起重要作用,为LCRG1基因功能研究提供了新的证据．     

茄子TCP基因家族全基因组的鉴定与分析

TCP (teosinte branched1/cincinnata/proliferating cell factor)转录因子是植物特有转录因子家族,在植物整个生长发育过程中都有着很重要作用。目前,在茄子(Solanum melongena L.)中还没有关于TCP转录因子的相关报道。本研究利用生物信息学方法在茄子基因组数据库中鉴定出分布于11条染色体上的29个茄子TCP家族基因(eggplant TCP,SmTCP)。研究结果显示,该家族所有成员均含有编码TCP保守结构域的序列。这些成员氨基酸长度范围为201–538 aa,外显子数为1或2。亚细胞定位显示,有3个SmTCP (SmTCP02/03/21)蛋白位于细胞质中,其他SmTCP蛋白都位于细胞核中。系统发育树和序列特征分析均将29个SmTCP基因分成ClassⅠ(PCF)和ClassⅡ(CIN和CYC/TB1)两大类。共线性分析发现,17对(21个)SmTCP基因存在共线性关系,且这些存在共线性关系的基因都属于片段复制。基因表达模式分析显示,29个SmTCP基因家族成员在15个组织或器官中都有表达,但是不同成员的表达模式存在差异,其中CIN亚家族的4个基因(SmTCP18/19/20/25)在3个不同生长期的叶片中均较高表达。SmTCP启动子区域的顺式作用元件分析共发现4类顺式作用元件。本研究从多个角度分析了SmTCP基因分子基础,研究了TCP转录因子对茄子生长发育的影响,为茄子分子育种提供理论参考。     

人及小鼠钠通道SCN3A基因的启动子及其上游调控区的分析

为了比较研究人与小鼠SCN3A基因的启动子及其上游调控区的特征,采用5′-Full RACE方法对人及小鼠SCN3A基因的转录起始点进行了准确定位,通过序列测定及对比分析证明：确定人和小鼠SCN3A基因的转录起始点均为“A”,人SCN3A基因转录起始点位于翻译起始点上游约27 kb处,而小鼠位于翻译起始点上游约31 kb处．人SCN3A基因5′非翻译区存在两个5′非翻译外显子,而小鼠只有一个5′非翻译外显子．人和小鼠SCN3A基因核心启动子区(-80 ～+70)的同源率高达96.0%,存在相同的启动子核心元件,BRE/和TATA;在-400至+200区段内预测到人存在而小鼠不存在的转录因子有PHR1、GATA-1、FOXN2、NF-1及AP-4,小鼠存在而人不存在的转录因子Sp、Sp3及GBF．人和小鼠SCN3A启动子区特征的异同将为进一步研究该基因在人和小鼠的表达调控机制提供重要线索．     

茶树SBP box转录因子的比较基因组学与遗传分析

SQUAMOSA启动子结合蛋白(SBP box)是植物特异性转录因子,在植物生长发育中发挥重要作用。该研究利用生物信息学分析方法,对不同‘铁观音’、‘黄棪’、‘舒茶早’和‘龙井43’茶树基因组的SBP基因进行鉴定和比较,通过qRT PCR技术分析CsTGY_SBP家族成员在不同茶树品种中的表达模式,为探究SBP基因在茶树杂种和亲本上的遗传规律提供参考。结果显示：(1)在茶树品种‘铁观音’、‘黄棪’、‘舒茶早’和‘龙井43’基因组中分别鉴定出21个、25个、24个和23个SBP家族基因。(2)系统进化树将其分为8个亚家族,共线性分析发现茶树和拟南芥、葡萄的SBP基因共线性关系与水稻相比更强,同物种内发现‘铁观音’与‘黄棪’的共线性关系更显著。(3)qRT PCR结果表明,CsTGY_SBP5、CsTGY_SBP9和CsTGY_SBP14在F₁‘金观音’中呈中亲表达的模式;大部分CsTGY_SBPs基因在F₁‘黄观音’呈低于双亲表达模式,CsTGY_SBP5和CsTGY_SBP8在F₁‘金牡丹’中显著高于亲本;CsTGY_SBP5、CsTGY_SBP7、CsTGY_SBP12、CsTGY_SBP16和CsTGY_SBP18在F₁‘紫玫瑰’中的表达量显著高于亲本,呈超高亲表达的模式;CsTGY_SBPs基因在F₁‘紫牡丹’中整体表达趋于亲本铁观音,在F₁‘瑞香’中整体呈现低于亲本‘黄棪’的表达模式。研究表明,CsTGY_SBP5在F₁‘金牡丹’和F₁‘紫玫瑰’中的表达均显著高于亲本,推测CsTGY_SBP5可能是茶树杂种优势的重要调控因子。     

肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的顺式作用元件及转录因子的鉴定

研究发现,质膜-细胞骨架连接蛋白Ezrin在多种肿瘤细胞中异常表达,而且Ezrin的表达上调与肿瘤细胞的移动侵袭相关,但是调控ezrin基因转录的分子机制却不清楚．为了探明ezrin基因的转录调控机制,以肺癌细胞A549为材料,首先采用双荧光素酶报告基因分析系统检测ezrin基因5′侧翼嵌套缺失序列和位点突变序列的转录活性,鉴定肺癌细胞中ezrin基因的基本启动子区以及关键的顺式作用元件Sp1结合位点 (-75/-69) 和AP-1结合位点 (-64/-58)．其次,利用凝胶电泳迁移率变动分析证明,肺癌细胞核蛋白提取物能够与ezrin基因含有关键顺式作用元件的DNA序列结合,形成DNA-核蛋白复合物,而且Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点与重组蛋白rhSp1和rhAP-1的结合具有位点特异性．最后,利用瞬时转染实验证实,转录因子Sp1和AP-1 (由c-Jun和c-Fos组成的异源二聚体) 分别通过Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点,增强ezrin基因基本转录活性,而且,过表达转录因子Sp1、c-Jun或c-Fos上调了Ezrin蛋白表达．研究确定,肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的关键顺式作用元件是Sp1结合位点 (-75/-69) 和AP-1结合位点 (-64/-58),与之作用的转录因子Sp1和AP-1对于ezrin基因的转录激活作用至关重要．     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.