黑曲霉诱变株Aspergillus niger T21糖化酶产量提高的分子基础

黑曲霉Aspergillus niger T21是以A.niger AS3.795为出发株经诱变获得的糖化酶高产菌株,产量比原株提高10~17倍.Northern分析知T21的糖化酶mRNA含量约为AS3. 795的20倍,表明糖化酶基因(glaA)转录水平的提高是糖化酶产量提高的主要原因.以编码葡糖苷酸酶(GUS)的E.coli uidA为报告基因,分别与T21和AS3.795的glaA 5′调控区融合后,引入A.niger,根据转化子GUS酶活性测定结果,T21glaA 5′调控区的启动子活性是AS3.795相应启动子活性的3倍多,提示cis调控的改变是T21glaA转录水平提高的重要原因之一,但trans调控的改变是T21glaA转录水平提高的更重要的原因. 作为trans调控研究的第1步,进行了T21glaA 5′调控区的功能分析,结果表明,ATG上游-408 ~-513间的约100 bp区域与 glaA基因高水平表达相关.     

黑曲霉糖化酶cis调控区上两个CCAAT框协同参与基因启动子的转录激活作用

已报道的EMSA和Footprinting试验表明黑曲霉Aspergillus niger T21糖化酶基因glaA启动子区−489~−414 bp及−390~−345 bp (分别简称为DC, PC)是与蛋白粗提液中同一蛋白因子结合, 并均含有CCAAT五核苷酸的序列. 对DC, PC在糖化酶表达调控中的作用进行了分析. 用CGTAA取代CCAAT, 获得突变体DCm, PCm, 两者均丧失体外结合蛋白因子的能力. 突变体的体内分析结果显示, DC和PC中任何一个发生突变或改变DC, PC在原启动子中的相对方向, 则启动子的活性下降到基础表达水平. 将多拷贝串联后的DC引入A. niger T21glaA启动子原位, 则内源糖化酶的表达和由该启动子引导的外源uidA基因的表达均发生下降, 但由构巢曲霉3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶启动子PgpdA引导的uidA的表达不受影响, 而且EMSA结果表明不等DC拷贝的A. niger转化子中DNA结合蛋白的含量没有明显变化, 表明多拷贝DC的引入引起了调控蛋白的滴定效应. 从A. niger T21cDNA中克隆到AngHapC基因, 将AngHapC基因引入上述含多拷贝DC而糖化酶低表达的A. niger菌株, AngHapC基因的表达使糖化酶的表达量得到明显回升. 上述结果表明, DC和PC中CCAAT五核苷酸序列为蛋白因子结合所必需, 而且两者必须同时与调控蛋白结合才能发挥促进转录的作用, AngHapC为与DC区域结合的正调节蛋白.     

寄生疫霉parA1基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

根据已报道的寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica)parA1基因的序列设计引物,从4株寄生疫霉中国菌株(3株来自烟草,1株来自刺槐)中克隆到此基因并进行了重组表达。序列分析表明4株寄生疫霉parA1基因序列高度保守。对表达载体pET30a(+)双酶切,构建表达Parasiticein蛋白的表达载体pETeli,用CaCl\-2法转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21,通过诱导在大肠杆菌中进行非融合表达,表达产物在烟草上引起过敏性反应。性质测定表明,表达产物有一定的耐热性,并对蛋白酶K敏感。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌vip3A基因的检测及保守性分析

Vip3A蛋白是苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）在营养期分泌的一类新型杀虫蛋白。用PCR方法从114个Bt菌株和41个Bt标准菌株中筛选到39株即约25%的菌株含有vip3A基因。利用所制备的Vip3A蛋白的多克隆抗体对以上含有vip3A基因的Bt菌株进行Western印迹分析,发现多数PCR反应为阳性的菌株都产生89 kD大小的蛋白,其中有4株没有Vip3A蛋白的表达。从以上菌株中挑选2个对夜蛾科害虫具有较高和较低毒力的菌株,即S101和611,并分别进行vip3A基因的克隆和测序,再与GenBank上所登录的其它6个全长vip3A基因和2个已报道的但未登录GenBank的vip3A基因进行核苷酸和氨基酸序列比较,结果表明,vip3A是一个极其保守的基因。将以上所克隆的2个vip3A基因即vip3AS101和vip3A611分别插入表达载体pQE30构建了表达质粒pOTP-S101和pOTP-611,转化到大肠杆菌M15,经1 mmol/L IPTG诱导后均表达89 kD大小的Vip3A蛋白。蛋白可溶性试验表明,Vip3A-S101和Vip3A-611分别有48%和35%的蛋白是可溶的。将Vip3A-S101和Vip3A-611蛋白和已报道的Vip3A-S184蛋白对初孵斜纹夜蛾 (Spodoptera litura) 幼虫进行生物测定,结果表明,3个Vip3A蛋白对斜纹夜蛾幼虫毒力没有显著性差异,这说明了Vip3A个别氨基酸的变化对蛋白的杀虫活性没有影响。     

黑曲霉变异株UV-11-48的选育及产糖化酶条件的研究

以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)变异株UV-11为出发菌株,经亚硝基胍多次诱变,获得一株比亲株产糖化酶活力提高30%左右的变异株UV-11-48。对UV-11-48菌株进行了发酵条件及酶系组成等的研究。固体曲生产性试验,种曲糖化酶活力最高达12240u/g,麸曲酶活力平均8000—9000u/g,最高达11700u/g,在酿酒工业固体曲生产中,取得明显经济效益。     

黑曲霉T21 glaA 5′上游调控区DNA与蛋白因子的相互作用分析

以糖化酶生产菌株黑曲霉T21(Aspergillus niger T21)的糖化酶基因(glaA)5′cis调控区片段为探针, 采用电泳迁移率变动分析(EMSA)法,从黑曲霉蛋白粗提液中检测到与glaA 5′调控区特异结合的蛋白因子,并把其结合DNA定位在T21 glaA 5′调控区的-374~ -344,-484~-414以及-580~-540 bp 3个区段, 且此3个结合DNA的片段在EMSA实验中呈现交叉竞争, 表明这3个DNA区段可与同一个蛋白因子相结合. 以-374~-344 bp序列为探针的紫外交联实验表明, 该蛋白因子的分子量(或亚基分子量)约为10 ku. 利用DNaseⅠ足印分析确定了此蛋白因子在前两个区段的精细结合部位, 并对其结合序列的特性进行了分析.     

人工合成的黑曲霉NRRL3135菌株植酸酶基因在毕赤酵母系统中的高效表达

本文以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)NRRL3135菌株植酸酶基因为对象,通过基因人工合成的方法去除了该基因的内含子与信号肽编码序列,换用在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中使用频率较高的密码子以优化其表达。该人工合成植酸酶基因(PhyA-as)以N端融合的方式正确插入到毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA。通过电击将重组表达载体整合入酵母染色体DNA中得到重组转化子。SDSPAGE结果与表达产物酶学性质研究表明植酸酶得到分泌表达,且与天然产物性质基本一致。筛选得若干株高产基因工程菌,其中SPANⅢ菌株达到了在摇床培养条件下,每毫升发酵液产生165000u植酸酶的水平,基本满足工业化生产的要求。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因标记野生型生防枯草芽孢杆菌的研究

根据绿色荧光蛋白基因和枯草芽孢杆菌木糖诱导型启动子PxylR 序列,分别设计两对特异引物primers PxyF/R和primers gfpF/R,扩增获得了完整的启动子PxylR和-gfp基因序列。进一步以上述产物混合物为模板,以primer PxyF/primer gfpR做引物进行重迭PCR,获得了PxylR-gfp重组翻译融合表达盒。经SphⅠ和KpnⅠ完全酶切后,将PxylR-gfp表达盒分别插入大肠杆菌_苏云金芽孢杆菌穿梭载体pHT315和大肠杆菌枯草芽孢杆菌穿梭载体pRP22。相应的重组表达质粒pGFP315和 pGFP22转化枯草芽孢杆菌感受态细胞。前者在标准菌株168中得到良好发光表型,后者则在标准菌株168和野生目标菌株B916中均得到良好的发光表型。室内平板抑菌实验结果显示B916生防效果与出发菌株没有明显差异,遗传稳定性研究表明连续稀释培养约175代后,工程菌株稳定性为94%,质粒丢失频率低于3.5×10^-4/代。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白在肉桂地链霉菌中的表达对其细胞生长及抗生素合成的影响

肉桂地链霉菌(S.cinnamonensis)是莫能菌素(Monensin)的产生菌。大肠杆菌链霉菌穿梭表达载体pHZ1252中的透明颤菌血红蛋白基因(vhb)位于硫链丝菌素诱导启动子P_tipA之下,它在肉桂地链霉菌中的结构不稳定,发生了重组缺失,缺失的片段包括大肠杆菌质粒部分和vhb基因。但来自阿维链霉菌(S.avermitilis)中缺失了大肠杆菌质粒部分却保留了完整的vhb基因及tipA启动子的pHZ1252,可在肉桂地链霉菌中稳定复制,不再发生缺失,经硫链丝菌素诱导表达出了有生物活性的VHb蛋白。摇瓶发酵实验证明,VHb蛋白在氧限条件下可明显促进肉桂地链霉菌的菌体生长和抗生素合成。     

蛋白质二硫键异构酶相关蛋白A的表达及性质的研究

克隆了Aspergillus niger T21中的蛋白质二硫键异构酶相关蛋白A（PRPA）基因,并将它插入pET23b表达载体。在E. coli中表达时,PRPA占菌体总蛋白的34%。经过超声破细胞、硫酸铵分级沉淀和离子交换层析获得了纯度大于90%的重组蛋白。PRPA有二硫键异构酶活性。在PRPA存在下,变性和还原的溶菌酶复性率和复性速度降低,电泳结果表明溶菌酶聚集增多。荧光结果表明PRPA表面有较多的疏水基团。     

瑞氏木霉外源基因表达系统中受体菌株的改造

将解除了葡萄糖阻遏的纤维素酶高产菌株瑞氏木霉TrichodermareeseiRutC30经EMS诱变后,在酪蛋白平板上筛选出部分蛋白酶缺陷突变菌株T.reeseiRutC30M3。RutC30M3的胞外蛋白酶活力比亲本株降低约74%,但生长特性、产纤维素酶活力等性状与亲本株相同。用携带潮霉素磷酸转移酶基因(hph)的表达质粒pAN7-1分别转化瑞氏木霉RutC30和RutC30M3原生质体,转化结果显示RutC30M3(pAN7-1)对潮霉素的抗性比RutC30(pAN7-1)提高约20%,而Northernblot分析结果显示在两菌株中潮霉素基因转录水平相似,由此证明宿主菌蛋白酶缺陷对保护重组蛋白免于降解有明显作用。蛋白酶缺陷菌株RutC30M3适于作为瑞氏木霉外源基因表达系统中的受体菌株用于大量生产同源与异源蛋白。     

A new black Aspergillus species, A. vadensis, is a promising host for homologous and heterologous protein production

A new species of the group of black aspergilli, Aspergillus vadensis, was analyzed for its potential as a host for homologous and heterologous protein production. Unlike the other black aspergilli, this strain does not acidify the culture medium when nitrate is the nitrogen source and only produces very low levels of extracellular proteases, mainly serine metalloproteases. The stability of A. tubingensis feruloyl esterase A (FaeA) was compared upon production in wild-type A. vadensis, A. tubingensis, and an A. niger strain in which the three main protease-encoding genes were disrupted. The production of FaeA in A. vadensis resulted in larger amounts of intact protein than production in A. tubingensis and was similar to production in an A. niger protease disruptant, confirming in vivo the low proteolytic activity of A. vadensis. The protoplast formation and transformation efficiencies of A. vadensis were much higher than those of A. niger. These characteristics make A. vadensis a very promising candidate for homologous, and possibly heterologous, protein production.     

Increased heterologous protein production in Aspergillus niger fermentation through extracellular proteases inhibition by pelleted growth

The dependence of filamentous fungal protease secretion on morphology was investigated by employing the recombinant Aspergillus niger strain AB4.1[pgpdAGLAGFP] which contains a gene for the glucoamylase-GFP (green fluorescence protein) fusion protein. Different inoculum levels were used to obtain different sizes of pellet or free mycelia. The extracellular protease activity of the cultures varied with the pellet size and decreased dramatically when the morphology was changed from free mycelia to pellets. The culture with an optimal pellet size of 1.6 mm was obtained from an inoculum of 4 x 10(6) spores/mL. It resulted in a specific protease activity of 158 units/L, only one-third of that in free mycelial growth, and a maximum specific GFP yield of 0.98 mg/g (cell mass) compared to 0. 29 mg/g for free mycelial growth with an inoculum of 10(7) spores/mL. The results indicate that this bioprocessing strategy can be effectively used to inhibit protease activity in filamentous fungal fermentation and thereby to enhance heterologous protein production.     

黑曲霉pepB基因缺失菌株的构建及其功能分析

以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)GICC2773基因组DNA为模板,用PCR方法分别扩增pepB基因中的上游约1．4kb和下游约1．3kb两段DNA序列,将此两段序列按同一方向分别插入质粒pMW1中潮霉素抗性基因(hph)表达单元的5′和3′端,构建成重组质粒pMW1-pepB,用于通过同源重组靶向破坏基因组中的pepB基因。同源重组则采用原生质体-PEG方法,将酶切pMW1-pepB得到的线性片段转化A．niger GICC2773菌株,通过潮霉素选择平板得到62个Hgy抗性转化子,然后采用PCR方法从这些抗性转化子中筛选到1个由于同源重组产生的pepB基因缺失突变菌株pepB29。功能分析显示该突变株的酸性蛋白酶活性有明显下降,外源蛋白漆酶的分泌表达有所提高。     

黑曲霉外源表达系统对Dactylellina cionopaga基因PrD Ⅰ的表达

目的:Dactylellina cionopaga是产生黏性分枝的捕食线虫真菌,进行其基因外源表达是鉴定该菌侵染相关因子的途径之一。方法:该文构建了含有组氨酸标签的黑曲霉表达载体pGT21M-HIS,对D.cionopaga中与侵染机制相关的丝氨酸蛋白酶基因PrD Ⅰ进行了外源表达。结果:RT-PCR鉴定结果显示,PrDⅠ在黑曲霉201中获得了转录。SDS-PAGE和酶活分析结果表明,经亲和层析纯化的重组蛋白分子量约为45kDa,在pH 5.0的条件下具有蛋白水解活性。纯酶液的蛋白浓度为30μg/ml。结论:构建的带有组氨酸标签的表达载体pGT21M-HIS能够用于基因在黑曲霉表达系统中的外源表达,并为目的蛋白的纯化和鉴定提供了极大便利。黑曲霉外源表达系统在表达丝状真菌基因方面相对其他表达系统具有优势。     

Intracellular and extracellular production of proteins in Aspergillus under the control of expression signals of the highly expressed Aspergillus nidulans gpdA gene.

The expression in Aspergillus is described of genes, coding for intracellular and extracellular proteins controlled by the promoter region of the constitutively and efficiently expressed glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpdA) of Aspergillus nidulans. Both the homologous gpdA and the heterologous Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacZ) and beta-glucuronidase (uidA) genes could be expressed intracellularly at levels as high as 10-25% of total soluble protein. Efficient extracellular production of A. niger glucoamylase could be achieved with a fusion-gene containing the region of the glucoamylase gene coding for the mature protein preceded by a synthetic fungal signal sequence. Extracellular production of a heterologous protein, E. coli beta-glucuronidase, with such a fusion was much less efficient. Only very low levels of beta-glucuronidase were detected in the culture fluid, whereas considerable enzyme activity was detected in the mycelium.     

黑曲霉3.795glaA基因及其5'调控区的克隆和序列分析

黑曲霉Ｔ２１是由黑曲霉３．７９５经诱变育种获得的糖化酶高产菌株,为阐明其高产的分子机制,由黑曲霉３．７９５克隆了糖化酶结构基因及其５′旁侧序列,并与黑曲霉Ｔ２１的相应序列进行了比较．由黑曲霉３．７９５菌丝体分离染色体ＤＮＡ,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析表明,糖化酶结构基因位于～２．５ｋｂ的ＥｃｏＲⅠ－ＥｃｏＲⅤ染色体ＤＮＡ片段上,在此ＥｃｏＲⅠ位点上游约１．０ｋｂ处有一ＳａｌⅠ位点．为构建糖化酶结构基因及其５′旁侧序列的基因组文库,该染色体ＤＮＡ分别用ＥｃｏＲⅠ＋ＥｃｏＲⅤ和ＥｃｏＲ＋ＳａｌⅠ消化,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离并回收长度在１．０ｋｂ左右和２．５ｋｂ左右的ＤＮＡ片段,分别与ｐＵＣ１９载体连接后转化入Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＤＨ５．用原位杂交方法筛选到了携带糖化酶基因编码区及其１５０５ｂｐ５′旁侧序列的阳性克隆．对克隆片段的ＤＮＡ序列进行了测定并与黑曲霉Ｔ２１的相应序列进行了比较,结果表明,在糖化酶基因编码区及其１５０ｂｐ３′非编码区内,未发现碱基差异,但在－３４０～－１５０５的５′上游区内发生了９个位置的碱基变化,包括缺失、插入和替换．这些结果表明,黑曲霉Ｔ２１与３．７９５的糖化酶产量的差异与其结构基因无关,但可能与其     

Engineering a Bacillus subtilis expression-secretion system with a strain deficient in six extracellular proteases.

We describe the development of an expression-secretion system in Bacillus subtilis to improve the quality and quantity of the secreted foreign proteins. This system consists of a strain (WB600) deficient in six extracellular proteases and a set of sacB-based expression vectors. With the inactivation of all six chromosomal genes encoding neutral protease A, subtilisin, extracellular protease, metalloprotease, bacillopeptidase F, and neutral protease B, WB600 showed only 0.32% of the wild-type extracellular protease activity. No residual protease activity could be detected when WB600 was cultured in the presence of 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. By using TEM beta-lactamase as a model, we showed that WB600 can significantly improve the stability of the secreted enzyme. To further increase the production level we constructed an expression cassette carrying sacY, a sacB-specific regulatory gene. This gene was placed under the control of a strong, constitutively expressed promoter, P43. With this cassette in the expression vector, an 18-fold enhancement in beta-lactamase production was observed. An artificial operon, P43-sacY-degQ, was also constructed. However, only a partial additive enhancement effect (24-fold enhancement) was observed. Although degQ can stimulate the production of beta-lactamase in the system, its ability to increase the residual extracellular protease activity from WB600 limits its application. The use of the P43-sacY cassette and WB600 would be a better combination for producing intact foreign proteins in high yield.