扣囊复膜孢酵母β-葡萄糖苷酶基因在毕赤酵母中的克隆与表达

利用PCR技术,从扣囊复膜孢酵母的总DNA中扩增得到β-葡萄糖苷酶（β-Glucosidase）基因 (BGL1),长度为2596 bp,连接到pGEMT载体上,用限制性内切酶切下目的基因,插入到巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,使之位于α-因子信号肽下游,且与之同框, 构建成重组质粒pSHL9K。 通过电转化将重组质粒pSHL9K插入到Pichia pastoris GS115菌株染色体中,获得高效表达BGL1基因的毕赤酵母重组工程菌株。重组酶的最适温度为50℃,最适pH为5.4。培养基中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高可达47U/mL。     

来源于Escherichia coli的高比活植酸酶基因的高效表达

高效表达高比活植酸酶是进一步提高植酸酶发酵效价、降低植酸酶生产成本的一个有效途径。对源于Escherichia coli的高比活植酸酶基因appA,按照毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）密码子的偏爱进行了密码子优化改造。该改造后的基因appA-m按正确的阅读框架融合到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9上的α-因子信号肽编码序列3′端,通过电击转化得到重组转化子。对重组毕赤酵母的Southern blotting分析证实植酸酶基因已整合到酵母基因组中,并确定了整合基因的拷贝数。Northern blotting分析证实植酸酶基因得到了正常转录。SDS-PAGE分析和表达产物的研究表明,植酸酶得到了高效分泌表达,在5L发酵罐中植酸酶蛋白表达量达到2.5mg/mL发酵液, 酶活性(发酵效价)达到7.5×10⁶IU/mL发酵液以上, 大大高于目前报道的各种植酸酶基因工程菌株的发酵效价。     

神经营养素-3基因的人工合成及其在毕赤酵母中的分泌性表达

根据人神经营养素3（Human neurotrohin3,hNT3）的基因序列,把编码氨基酸的密码子转换成毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）偏爱的形式,设计了10条36～59nt的寡聚核苷酸引物,通过5次连续PCR反应,获得了人工合成的NT3 cDNA片段（简称NT3b基因）。将合成的NT3b基因克隆到pPIC9K质粒上,获得重组表达载体pPIC9KNT3b。将重组表达载体pPIC9KNT3b和pPIC9KhNT3分别电击转化宿主毕赤酵母GS115菌株,经筛选得到重组转化子。不同转化子经甲醇诱导,表达产物进行SDSPAGE检测、Western blot检测和ELISA分析,结果表明,NT3b基因和hNT3基因成功获得分泌性表达,从整体水平上,使用偏爱密码子的NT3b基因在毕赤酵母GS115菌株中的表达明显优越于hNT3基因(x2=4.334,P<0.05),表达量在诱导后72～96h最高,达到31mg/L左右。     

人工合成的黑曲霉NRRL3135菌株植酸酶基因在毕酵母系统中的高效表达

本文以黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger)NRRL3135菌株植酸酶基因为对象,通过基因人工合成的方法去除了该基因的内含子与信号肽编码序列,换用在毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）中使用频率较高的密码子以优化其表达。该人工合成植酸酶基因（PhyA-as)以N端融合的方式正确插入到毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA。通过电击将重组表达载体整合人酵母染色体DNA中得到重组转化子。SDS－PAGE结果与表达产物酶这性质研究表明植酸酶得到分泌表达,且与天然产物性质基本一致。筛选得若干株高产基因工程菌,其中SPAN－Ⅲ菌株达到了在摇庆培养条件下,每毫升发酵液产生165000u植酸酶的水平,基本满足工业化生产的要求。     

寄生疫霉parA1基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

根据已报道的寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica)parA1基因的序列设计引物,从4株寄生疫霉中国菌株(3株来自烟草,1株来自刺槐)中克隆到此基因并进行了重组表达。序列分析表明4株寄生疫霉parA1基因序列高度保守。对表达载体pET30a(+)双酶切,构建表达Parasiticein蛋白的表达载体pETeli,用CaCl\-2法转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21,通过诱导在大肠杆菌中进行非融合表达,表达产物在烟草上引起过敏性反应。性质测定表明,表达产物有一定的耐热性,并对蛋白酶K敏感。     

里氏木霉内切葡萄糖苷酶Ⅳ在毕赤酵母中的表达*

进行了内切葡萄糖苷酶Ⅳ(EGⅣ)在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达系统中的表达。采用RT-PCR的方法从里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)中分离到eg4基因。将eg4基因与毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA连接,得到重组质粒pPICZαA-eg4。将该重组质粒线性化后转化毕赤酵母GS115,eg4基因通过同源重组被整合到毕赤酵母的染色体上,并处于酵母α因子的下游,得到重组菌株P.pastoris-EGⅣ1。在甲醇     

特异腐质霉中性内切葡聚糖酶Ⅱ基因的克隆及表达*

利用RT-PCR的方法,以特异腐质霉(Humicolainsolens)H31-3总RNA为模板,克隆到中性内切葡聚糖酶Ⅱ基因egl2的cDNA,将其插入到表达载体pGAPZαA中,重组质粒经线性化,电击转化毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)菌株GS115,筛选到分泌表达重组EGⅡ的毕赤酵母工程菌株。SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,重组EGⅡ在酵母中得到了特异性表达,表达产物的表观分子量约为55kD,同时对工程菌株的发酵条件和重组EGⅡ的性质进行了初步研究。     

链霉菌Streptomyces olivaceoviridis A1-木聚糖酶基因xynA在大肠杆菌及毕赤酵母中的高效表达

从橄榄绿链霉菌Streptomyces olivaceoviridis A1中克隆出木聚糖酶基因xynA,将带与不带原基因信号肽编码序列的xynA分别以正确的阅读框架克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pET22b(+)上的pellB信号肽编码序列之后,得到2种构建的重组载体,在重组大肠杆菌中木聚糖酶得到了表达,表达产物具有生物活性。进一步将不带原基因信号肽编码序列的xynA插入到毕赤酵母转移载体pPIC9中,转化毕赤酵母得到重组子,在重组子中木聚糖酶基因得到了高效分泌表达,在摇床培养水平上的表达量达到200mg/L,且表达产物具有生物学活性。     

黑曲霉N14植酸酶基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的高效表达

从黑曲霉N14基因组DNA中扩增出植酸酶phyA基因表达片段 ,并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体中。以此片段构建了pPIC9K-phyA重组表达载体 ,目的片段以正确的阅读框架插入到pPIC9K的多克隆位点EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ之间。重组表达载体经XbaⅠ线性化处理 ,电击转化毕赤酵母 ,经G418抗性筛选、酶活性测定、PCR鉴定和SDS-PAGE分析 ,获得了两株产酶活性分别为 14 39583u mL发酵液 (PP N1422 )和14 89083u/mL发酵液 (PP-N1444)的高产工程菌 ,其酶活性分别是出发菌株酶活性 (422u/mL)的 34113倍和 35286倍 ,重组酵母具有很好的遗传稳定性。重组植酸酶在pH值 2.5～3.0和 5.0～5.5时酶活性最高 ,且在pH4.5～6.5之间均有相当高的酶活性 ,最适作用温度为55℃。     

极端耐热木聚糖酶基因在大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母中的高效表达

以海栖热袍菌 (Thermotoga maritima) MSB8菌株基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增出木聚糖酶（XylanaseB）基因, 将此基因克隆至大肠杆菌表达载体pET_28a（+）和毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K,并分别转化大肠杆菌 BL21和毕赤酵母GS115。该木聚糖酶在大肠杆菌细胞中表达量高, 但不能分泌; 而在毕赤酵母细胞的表达产物可分泌至胞外。酶学性质分析表明,此酶分子量约为40kD,其最适反应温度为90℃, 最适反应pH值为6.65,且在碱性条件下稳定,具有重要的工业应用前景。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.