IGF-1基因产物的结构和功能多样化

胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)基因包含6个外显子,具有转录和翻译产物多样化的特点,原因在于存在多个转录起始位点的选择性应用,转录产物的选择性剪接,以及不同多聚腺苷酸化位点的使用.长期以来人们普遍关注由外显子3和4编码的循环型IGF-1在生长发育中的作用,最近对肌肉、神经等组织自分泌/旁分泌的局部型IGF-1研究发现,选择性剪接产生的IGF-1变体具有外显子5和6编码的延伸肽(E肽),并表现出特殊的生物学功能,如IGF-1Ea、IGF-1Eb(MGF)及其E肽在骨骼肌、心肌、神经等组织中表现出促进生长和损伤修复的功能,这些特殊功能可能通过细胞表面的一种特殊E肽受体介导.     

翘嘴鲌胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的克隆及序列分析

为探讨胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(Insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ, IGF-Ⅰ)对于翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)生长性状的影响, 对其DNA序列进行了克隆。翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ全长14567 bp, 由5个外显子和4个内含子组成。其5个外显子长度分别为298、160、182、36 和1360 bp。推测的阅读框为486 bp, 编码由161个氨基酸组成的IGF-Ⅰ前体蛋白。前体肽由信号肽、成熟肽、E肽三部分组成, 其中信号肽44个氨基酸, 成熟肽70个氨基酸, E肽47个氨基酸。成熟肽由B、C、A、D四个区域组成, 其中B结构域和A结构域的保守性最高, 在这2个区域包含由6个半胱氨酸残基形成的3个二硫键。翘嘴鲌B区域还包含保守的IGF-Ⅰ受体识别序列(PheB23-TyrB24-PheB25)。E肽的长度表明翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ属Ea-2型。同源性分析表明翘嘴鲌与鲤科鱼类的IGF-Ⅰ编码氨基酸同源性较高, 为94%—100%, 但在聚类分析中翘嘴鲌并不是首先和鲌亚科的鱼类聚集在一起。Real-time qPCR组织特异性表达结果显示IGF-Ⅰ mRNA在肝脏组织中的表达量最高, 脾、心脏、精巢、脑次之, 肾、鳃、胃和卵巢中表达量较低。翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ基因4个内含子长度分别为1170、9364、251 和1746 bp。相对外显子来说, 种间内含子变异较大, 其中第三内含子变异最大。翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ基因中包含6个微卫星, (GATG)₅AATAT (ATAG)₁₁位于第一内含子中, (CT)₈、(TTA)₅、(AC)₁₃、(TG)₁₂和(ATT)₅位于第二内含子中。其中4个微卫星位点具有多态性, 将它们在120尾同塘养殖的翘嘴鲌中进行基因型与生长性状的关联性分析, 均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。结果为进一步研究该基因的表达、功能及其转录调控特征奠定了分子基础。     

大鼠胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ基因的克隆及表达

以大鼠染色体DNA为模板,PCR分别扩增胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ（IGF-Ⅰ）基因外显子2编码区和外显子3编码区,并使外显子2编码区的3′端与外显子的3编码区的5′端有相同的40个碱基,采用外显子拼接法,以两种扩增产物为模板再次进行PCR,得到210bp的大鼠IGF-Ⅰ基因编码序列,将此序列克隆入pUC18质粒进一步构建表达型重组粒pGEX-IGF-Ⅰ,并在大肠杆菌DH5α中进行诱导表达。表达产物经SDS－PAGE分析及Western blot检测,并经体外实验证明其具有刺激细胞增殖的生物活性。     

宽鳍鱲胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的克隆及繁殖期前后表达分析

为探讨胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(Insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ, IGF-Ⅰ)对宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)繁殖期前后生长性状的影响, 开展了宽鳍鱲IGF-Ⅰ基因序列的克隆及表达定位分析。宽鳍鱲IGF-Ⅰ基因全长13707 bp, 包含5个外显子、4个内含子, 其中5个外显子长度分别为222、160、182、36和829 bp; 内含子长度分别为1194、7771、254和1879 bp, 推测开放阅读框为486 bp, 编码161个氨基酸。实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time qPCR, RT-qPCR)结果显示, 宽鳍鱲IGF-Ⅰ mRNA在肝脏组织中的表达水平最高, 其次是性腺、脾脏、心脏和脑, 在肾脏中表达水平最低。在7—8月, 处于繁殖期的性成熟宽鳍鱲性腺中IGF-Ⅰ表达水平显著上升, 繁殖期过后回落至最低值。在其他组织中IGF-Ⅰ表达水平在生长发育过程和繁殖期前后波动不大, 且雄鱼大多数组织中IGF-Ⅰ基因平均表达水平高于雌鱼。荧光原位杂交技术(Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)定位显示, 宽鳍鱲IGF-Ⅰ基因基本为胞浆阳性, 少数为核阳性, 在肝组织中呈全胞质性分布, 在性腺组织的精母细胞、卵泡膜及卵泡液中阳性表达。上述结果表明宽鳍鱲IGF-Ⅰ基因表达模式具有性别差异性, 推测精巢中IGF-Ⅰ在繁殖期的高表达是宽鳍鱲雄性成体大于雌性成体的原因之一。研究结果为宽鳍鱲的性二态和人工繁育的研究提供参考资料。     

头鲂胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ基因克隆与分析

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)是一单链多肽。在脊椎动物中，IGF-Ⅰ通过介导生长激素达到促进生长的作用。为研究鲤科鱼类IGF-Ⅰ的结构功能及在水产养殖中的潜在应用前景，采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法，从团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)肝脏的总RNA中扩增出IGF-ⅠCdna。测定了该基因序列，推导其编码的蛋白质序列。克隆 的Cdna序列编码包括信号肽和B、C、A、D、E 6个区域的161个氨基酸。E区域分析结果表明所克隆的团头鲂IGF-Ⅰ序列属于IGF-ⅠEa-2亚型。     

草鱼(♀)×赤眼鳟(♂)杂交F1IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-Ⅱ cDNA克隆、序列分析及表达特征

为探究草鱼(♀)×赤眼鳟(♂)杂交F_1生长性状形成相关分子机理,本研究通过RACE技术(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends, RACE)克隆了杂交F_1个体胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(Insulin-like growth factors-Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ)和IGF-Ⅱ的cDNA全长序列,利用荧光定量PCR检测了两个基因的组织表达水平,并比较了杂交F_1生长性状大、小两个亚群的基因表达水平差异。结果显示:IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-Ⅱ的cDNA全长分别为824 bp和1 707 bp。IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-Ⅱ蛋白均具有胰岛素样生长因子的典型特征,即包括信号肽和B、C、A、D和E5个功能结构域,并具有6个保守的半胱氨酸。IGF-Ⅰ与IGF-Ⅱ的氨基酸序列同源性较低,仅为26%。IGF-Ⅰ与IGF-Ⅱ在杂交F_1下丘脑、垂体、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、头肾、肠、心脏、皮肤、肌肉、性腺和血液中都有表达,且均在肝脏中表达水平最高,心脏中最低。同池饲养F_1的基因表达分析显示,大亚群肝脏、血液和肌肉中IGF-Ⅰ表达水平均极显著高于小亚群对应组织中的表达水平(p0.01),大亚群肝脏中IGF-Ⅱ表达水平极显著高于小亚群(p0.01),表明IGF-Ⅰ和IGF-Ⅱ的表达水平与杂交F_1的生长性状相关联。实验结果可为深入研究草鱼(♀)与赤眼鳟(♂)杂交F_1生长性状的分子调控机制提供科学基础。     

IGF-Ⅰ和 MGF 长期基因治疗对小鼠血糖代谢的影响

为研究IGF-Ⅰ和MGF长期基因治疗对哺乳动物血糖代谢的生理影响,首先构建了包含MGF和IGF-Ⅰ全长编码基因的真核表达载体,然后使用活体基因导入仪将其导入小鼠的左侧股四头肌,每2周一次共导入3次,首次导入15周后进行糖耐量测定实验。实验证实IGF-Ⅰ的长期持续表达会导致小鼠的糖代谢能力降低,血糖最高值可达到12.07±1.35mmol/L比对照(10.15±0.87mmol/L)和MGF组(10.58±0.61mmol/L)有显著性的升高(P<0.05),MGF单独存在情况下在糖代谢方面则没有上述作用,但是IGF-Ⅰ和MGF共同导入的小鼠的血糖调节能力更明显减弱,其最高值(16.30±2.69mmol/L)明显高于其它3组(P<0.001)。因此推测与胰岛素进行拮抗作用的主要是IGF-Ⅰ的N段序列,而产生与糖代谢相关功能的则为暴露的IGF-ⅠC段序列;另一种可能是MGF促进了肌肉细胞对外源DNA的吸收和表达因此其可以作为基因导入的佐剂。     

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ mRNA调节睾丸间质细胞的功能

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)是一种含70个氨基酸残基的肽类物质,它参与调节睾丸间质细胞的功能。例如,间质细胞有IGF-Ⅰ的特异性受体;IGF-Ⅰ促进间质细胞甾体激素生成,同时IGF-Ⅰ还能增强hCG引起的睾酮及cAMP生成。IGF-Ⅰ的主要来源是肝脏,但其它非肝脏的组织中也有IGF-ⅠmRNA。用特异的     

类胰岛素生长因子-1(IGF-1)在部分鱼种中的研究进展

类胰岛素生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)是一种在分子结构上与胰岛素类似的生物活性肽,它在生物的生长、发育、繁殖、营养代谢中发挥着重要的作用,而且直接影响组织细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡等,所以其研究对鱼类的养殖生产具有重要意义。对部分鱼种IGF-1的分子结构、基因结构、生理功能等进行综述。     

猪背最长肌中胰岛素样生长因子(IGFs)系统基因的发育表达模式

采用荧光定量PCR技术检测了长白猪和梅山猪的背最长肌组织中胰岛素样生长因子1和2(IGF-1和-2)、胰岛素样生长因子1受体和2受体(IGF-1R和-2R)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3和5(IGFBP-3和-5)基因mRNA丰度在初生(0月龄)、1、2、3、4和5月龄间的表达变化并分析品种间和不同月龄间基因表达的差异及其对肌肉生长发育的影响。结果表明: 两猪种出生后IGF-1 mRNA表达量均表现为逐渐上调, 而IGF-2则恰好相反, 表现为逐渐下调。这与IGF-2主要在胚胎期发挥作用, 而IGF-1则主要在动物个体出生后才发挥促进细胞增殖和个体发育功能的特点相符。IGFRs mRNA与IGFs mRNA 表达的发育性变化模式并不相似, 提示背最长肌组织中IGFRs mRNA 的表达可能没有受到组织局部产生的IGFs调节。长白猪的IGF-1R、IGF-2R 和IGFBP-3 mRNA表达量均在2月龄时达到最高峰, 提示2月龄可能是长白猪IGFs系统发挥作用最为明显的生长发育阶段。以上结果初步揭示猪生长发育过程中胰岛素样生长因子系统基因表达的发育性变化模式和品种差异, 为深入研究胰岛素样生长因子系统基因的相互调控机制提供了基础数据。     

力生长因子及其E肽对成骨细胞分化的影响

力生长因子(mechano growth factor,MGF)是新近发现的一种生长因子,由Igf-1基因剪接变异产生,拉伸刺激会促使成骨细胞表达力生长因子.比较分析了MGF及其羧基端E肽(MGF-Ct24E)对成骨细胞前体细胞MC3T3-E1分化的影响.结果显示:MGF和MGF-Ct24E具有显著激活胞外信号调节激酶1/2(Erk1/2)的作用,并降低了成骨细胞碱性磷酸酶、Ⅰ型胶原的表达,促进了骨桥蛋白(OPN)的表达,减少了核心绑定因子(corebinding factor1,Cbfα-1)的核转运量,对成骨细胞的分化具有延迟效应,这种效应通过抑制剂PD98059抑制Erk1/2的活化得到逆转;MGF还能显著激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶信号通路中的蛋白激酶B(Akt),该活化作用对成骨细胞分化是必需的,钙沉积分析显示长期培养下的细胞MGF促进了矿化节结的形成.这些结果说明,MGF-Ct24E对成骨细胞的分化具有抑制作用,这种作用与Erk1/2的活化有关,MGF因为包含E肽和IGF-1部分,能分别激活Erk1/2和Akt,因此对成骨细胞分化表现出双重效用,在成骨细胞分化早期,具有一定的延迟效应,而在分化晚期对成骨...     

力生长因子表达调节及其功能机制

力生长因子(mechano growth factor,MGF)是胰岛素样生长因子1（insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)的选择性剪接变异体,具有力敏感性.本文综述了MGF在组织细胞中的表达、调节及其功能机制的最新研究.首先阐述了MGF在多种细胞和组织中的表达和功能,其次说明MGF表达受应力、损伤、激素、温度等多种因素的调节.综述各项研究显示,MGF不依靠IGF-1R发挥作用,而是直接激活骨骼肌卫星细胞,促肌细胞增殖,进而促骨骼肌肥大,修复受损肌肉. 通过激活Erk磷酸化促成肌细胞增殖、保护心肌细胞,上调血红素加氧酶-1（heme oxygenase-1,HO-1）,激活蛋白激酶Cε(protein kinase Cε,PKCε）和NF-E2-相关因子2（NF-E2-related factor2,Nrf2 )发挥保护神经的作用.另外,MGF发挥作用还可能与Wnt/β-catenin信号有关.对MGF作用及其作用机制深入研究有助于未来MGF在临床的运用.     

The IGF-I splice variant MGF increases progenitor cells in ALS, dystrophic, and normal muscle

The effects of muscle splice variants of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on proliferation and differentiation were studied in human primary muscle cell cultures from healthy subjects as well as from muscular dystrophy and ALS patients. Although the initial numbers of mononucleated progenitor cells expressing desmin were lower in diseased muscle, the E domain peptide of IGF-IEc (MGF) significantly increased the numbers of progenitor cells in healthy and diseased muscle. IGF-I significantly enhances myogenic differentiation whereas MGF E peptide blocks this pathway, resulting in an increased progenitor (stem) cell pool and thus potentially facilitating repair and maintenance of this postmitotic tissue.     

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-1) Ec/Mechano Growth Factor – A Splice Variant of IGF-1 within the Growth Plate

Human insulin-like growth factor 1 Ec (IGF-1Ec), also called mechano growth factor (MGF), is a splice variant of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which has been shown in vitro as well as in vivo to induce growth and hypertrophy in mechanically stimulated or damaged muscle. Growth, hypertrophy and responses to mechanical stimulation are important reactions of cartilaginous tissues, especially those in growth plates. Therefore, we wanted to ascertain if MGF is expressed in growth plate cartilage and if it influences proliferation of chondrocytes, as it does in musculoskeletal tissues. MGF expression was analyzed in growth plate and control tissue samples from piglets aged 3 to 6 weeks. Furthermore, growth plate chondrocyte cell culture was used to evaluate the effects of the MGF peptide on proliferation. We showed that MGF is expressed in considerable amounts in the tissues evaluated. We found the MGF peptide to be primarily located in the cytoplasm, and in some instances, it was also found in the nucleus of the cells. Addition of MGF peptides was not associated with growth plate chondrocyte proliferation.     

A new pro-migratory activity on human myogenic precursor cells for a synthetic peptide within the E domain of the mechano growth factor

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited disease that leads to progressive muscle wasting. Myogenic precursor cell transplantation is an approach that can introduce the normal dystrophin gene in the muscle fibers of the patients. Unfortunately, these myogenic precursor cells do not migrate well in the muscle and thus many injections have to be done to enable a good graft success. Recent reports have shown that there is extensive splicing of the IGF-1 gene in muscles. The MGF isoform contains a C-terminal 24 amino acids peptide in the E domain (MGF-Ct24E) that has intrinsic properties. It can promote the proliferation while delaying the differentiation of C(2)C(12) cells. Here, we demonstrated that this synthetic peptide is a motogenic factor for human precursor myogenic cells in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, MGF-Ct24E peptide can modulate members of the fibrinolytic and metalloproteinase systems, which are implicated in the migration of myogenic cells. MGF-Ct24E peptide enhances the expression of u-PA, u-PAR and MMP-7 while reducing PAI-1 activity. Moreover, it has no effect on the gelatinases MMP-2 and -9. Those combined effects can favour cell migration. Finally, we present some results suggesting that the MGF-Ct24E peptide induces these cell responses through a mechanism that does not involve the IGF-1 receptor. Thus, this MGF-Ct24E peptide has a new pro-migratory activity on human myogenic precursor cells that may be helpful in the treatment of DMD. Those results reinforce the possibility that the IGF-1Ec isoform may produce an E domain peptide that can act as a cytokine.     

鳜胰岛素样生长因子-ⅠcDNA全长克隆及组织表达分析

采用RT-PCR、cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)等技术克隆了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)肝组织胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)cDNA全长序列.结果表明,鳜IGF-I cDNA全长1 784 bp,包括5'端非翻译区233bp,3'端非翻译区990 bp和开放阅读框561 bp,共编码186个氨基酸;...     

Stimulation of mechano-growth factor expression by myofibrillar proteins in murine myoblasts and myotubes

Mechano-growth factor (MGF) is a product of alternative splicing of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mRNA. MGF is known to stimulate myoblast proliferation and to protect neurons and cardiomyocytes from apoptosis. MGF expression is dramatically increased in response to mechanical stimuli and tissue damage. The mechanisms of induction of MGF expression are as yet imperfectly understood. There is certain evidence that some protein factors able to stimulate MGF synthesis in normal myoblasts are released from damaged muscle. This study was undertaken to explore the nature of these protein inductors of MGF expression and to investigate the mechanism of their action. We report here that myofibrillar fraction of skeletal muscle homogenate activated MGF expression in murine myoblasts and myotubes in culture. The expression of another splice form of IGF-1 gene, IGF-1Ea, was also stimulated by myofibrils. Three myofibrillar proteins able to stimulate MGF synthesis were isolated. These proteins were identified by MALDI and immunoblotting as myomesin, myosin-binding protein C, and titin. The activation of MGF expression was associated with the increase of cAMP level in the cells. Inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase dideoxyadenosine arrested stimulation of MGF synthesis by all three myofibrillar proteins.     

胃转流术后远端肠黏膜形态及生长因子表达的变化

目的：探讨胃转流术后远端肠管黏膜的适应性变化及生长因子的表达情况。方法：将8周龄的Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、假手术组和胃转流术组,术后8周取吻合口远端肠管行常规病理切片检查,测量肠黏膜厚度和绒毛高度,采用免疫荧光法检测肠粘膜中表皮生长因子（EGF）和胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF—1）的表达。结果：胃转流术组黏膜厚度（672±39与500±31um,P〈0．01）和绒毛高度（445±19与342±15um,P〈0．01）均显著高于假手术组（P〈0．01）,而对照组和假手术组间均无显著差异。与假手术组比较,胃转流术组肠粘膜中EGF和IGF-1的表达显著升高（P〈0．01）,而对照组和假手术组间无显著差异。结论：胃转流术后远端肠管粘膜发生适应性增生,同时伴随着EGF和IGF—1表达水平的升高。