力生长因子E肽对成骨细胞增殖及基因表达的影响

为了探索力生长因子羧基端E结构域的后24个氨基酸组成的短肽(MGF-Ct24E)对成骨细胞生物学活性的影响,通过组织块培养法获得大鼠原代成骨细胞,采用MTT法和流式细胞仪检测细胞的增殖及细胞周期分布情况,基因芯片技术检测细胞基因表达谱,并用定量PCR实验验证芯片检测结果。结果显示MGF-Ct24E组的细胞增殖活性明显高于对照组,且在培养第一天促增殖效果最为显著。细胞周期结果显示MGF-Ct24E显著提高了S期和G2/M期的细胞所占比例。基因芯片检测发现差异表达基因共1397个,其中上调922,下调475,且差异表达的基因主要是关于细胞的增殖分化调节,生长因子结合和活性调节等方面。MGF-Ct24E对成骨细胞的这种增殖分化调控提示MGF-Ct24E在促进骨修复方面有着潜在的应用价值。     

力生长因子表达调节及其功能机制

力生长因子(mechano growth factor,MGF)是胰岛素样生长因子1（insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)的选择性剪接变异体,具有力敏感性.本文综述了MGF在组织细胞中的表达、调节及其功能机制的最新研究.首先阐述了MGF在多种细胞和组织中的表达和功能,其次说明MGF表达受应力、损伤、激素、温度等多种因素的调节.综述各项研究显示,MGF不依靠IGF-1R发挥作用,而是直接激活骨骼肌卫星细胞,促肌细胞增殖,进而促骨骼肌肥大,修复受损肌肉. 通过激活Erk磷酸化促成肌细胞增殖、保护心肌细胞,上调血红素加氧酶-1（heme oxygenase-1,HO-1）,激活蛋白激酶Cε(protein kinase Cε,PKCε）和NF-E2-相关因子2（NF-E2-related factor2,Nrf2 )发挥保护神经的作用.另外,MGF发挥作用还可能与Wnt/β-catenin信号有关.对MGF作用及其作用机制深入研究有助于未来MGF在临床的运用.     

MGF对人软骨终板干细胞增殖和迁移的影响

力生长因子(mechano growth factor,MGF)在多种组织均有表达,能促进力效应细胞的增殖和迁移。为研究MGF对人软骨终板干细胞(cartilage endplate derived stem cells,CESCs)增殖和迁移的影响,该研究采用CCK-8检测法、Transwell实验、蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)分别对CESCs的增殖、迁移以及Erk磷酸化表达水平进行检测。结果显示,MGF能促进CESCs的增殖和迁移,且效应具有剂量依赖性,当浓度为4.5 ng/m L时MGF促增殖和迁移的效应最大(P0.05)。给予细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,Erk)抑制剂PD98059时,MGF促增殖效应显著下降(P0.001);给予胰岛素样生长因子-1受体(insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor,IGF-1R)抑制剂PQ401时,MGF促迁移效应也显著下降(P0.001)。Western blot检测结果显示,给予MGF后,CESCs的Erk磷酸化表达水平显著升高(P0.001),但IGF-1R抑制剂PQ401能抑制Erk磷酸化的表达(P0.001)。该研究表明,MGF具有促CESCs增殖和迁移的效应,该效应依赖于Erk的磷酸化表达,且IGF-1R在MGF促迁移的效应中扮演重要角色。     

拉伸刺激下MGF在成骨细胞中的表达及亚细胞定位分析

力生长因子（mechano-growth factor,MGF）是在成肌细胞中发现的一种对拉伸刺激敏感的生长因子,该生长因子也可能在其他的力效应细胞中由力学刺激产生.通过设计细胞拉伸装置,对成骨细胞施加不同时段的周期性动态拉伸刺激.定量分析mRNA和蛋白质表达显示,周期性拉伸刺激下成骨细胞中的MGF mRNA和蛋白质水平快速提高,mRNA的水平在加载6h达到最高峰,与静态对照组相比提高5倍,而MGF的蛋白表达需要加载12h达到最高,与对照相比提高了5.2倍,随后二者分别降低,在24h达到本底水平.荧光免疫细胞化学技术检验MGF在细胞中的分布发现,MGF具有核分布的特点.因此得出结论,周期性拉伸刺激能刺激成骨细胞快速表达,MGF核分布的特点暗示MGF可能是一种自分泌作用因子.     

木犀草素对表皮生长因子诱导的人乳腺癌细胞增殖的抑制作用及其机制（英文）北大核心CSCD

本研究的目的是探讨木犀草素体外抑制表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)诱导的乳腺癌细胞增殖的机制。MTT法检测了木犀草素对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7和MDA-MB-231增殖的影响以及木犀草素对EGF诱导的乳腺癌细胞MCF-7增殖的影响。Western blot法检测了木犀草素对EGF受体、磷脂酰肌醇3蛋白激酶(PI3K)/Akt、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/Erk1/2及转录活化因子3(STAT3)蛋白表达的影响。结果显示,木犀草素能显著抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7和MDA-MB-231的增殖,但对MCF-7细胞的影响更显著,因此本文后续实验以MCF-7为研究对象。进一步研究结果显示,木犀草素对EGF诱导的MCF-7细胞增殖也有显著的抑制作用,Western blot结果表明,木犀草素和EGFR通路阻断剂AG1478均能抑制EGF诱导的EGF受体和STAT3蛋白磷酸化水平,木犀草素、Akt通路抑制剂LY294002以及Erk1/2通路阻断剂PD98059均能显著抑制EGF诱导的Akt和Erk1/2蛋白磷酸化水。以上结果揭示,木犀草素能抑制人乳腺癌细胞EGF信号通路,其中PI3K/Akt、MAPK/Erk1/2、STAT3信号通路是其发挥作用的主要下游信号转导通路。本实验结果为将木犀草素开发成新型抗乳腺癌药物提供了理论依据。     

外力作为信号诱导基因的选择性剪接与力生长因子表达

许多种类的细胞都响应力信号,人们将这些细胞称为力效应细胞(mechanocyte).应力可引起细胞在基因水平或表达水平的调控,其中胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ,IGFⅠ)是力学敏感因子.对骨骼肌的长期拉伸实验发现,IGF-Ⅰ不仅表达量受到拉伸刺激的调控,而且存在多种变异体形式,其中一种对力刺激敏感,只在拉伸作用下产生,命名为力生长因子(mechano growth factor,MGF).进一步研究发现,MGF能激活卫星细胞、促进成肌细胞增殖,在治疗肌损失、预防心肌损伤和修复神经损伤等方面有重要的作用.机械拉伸也可以使成骨细胞表达MGF,研究表明,对成骨细胞施加应变为15%的周期性拉伸刺激,细胞的IGFⅠ表达量增加,同时表达MGF剪接变异体.对MGF的深入研究可望在疾病治疗和组织工程修复领域取得广泛的应用.     

NOK与Akt相互作用并增强Akt的活化

NOK是一个新近鉴定的受体型蛋白酪氨酸激酶分子,它能够促进肿瘤的形成和转移.前期的研究表明,NOK在小鼠前B细胞(BaF3)中能够激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)信号通路.但是,人们并不清楚NOK在细胞内是如何激活PI3K信号通路的.研究发现,NOK与PI3K下游的效应分子蛋白激酶B(Akt)具有直接的相互作用.并且,在人胚肾细胞(HEK293T)中,NOK能明显增强Akt的活性.通过NOK缺失突变体的免疫共沉淀实验,确定了Akt能直接结合NOK的激酶结构域.同时,Akt的激酶活性缺失体并不影响其与NOK的结合,但也观察到,持续活化的Akt跟NOK具有更强的相互作用.最后,发现NOK对胰岛素介导的Akt激活并没有产生叠加效应.实验结果显示,NOK可以与Akt直接相互作用并增强PI3K/Akt信号通路的活化.     

力生长因子在大肠杆菌中的表达及活性分析

MGF(Mechano-growth factor)是一种IGF-1变体形式, 研究发现该因子具有应力敏感性, 并且具有促进肌肉肥大、再生以及神经损伤修复的功能。通过RT-PCR从拉伸刺激的人成骨细胞中克隆MGF cDNA序列, 并去除5'端9 bp的序列, 使N端缺少对肠激酶(Enterokinase, EK)具有抑制作用的脯氨酸, 将截短型MGF (des(1-3) MGF) cDNA序列克隆入pET32a(+)质粒, 构建重组表达质粒。重组质粒转化E. coli BL21(DE3), 在30oC培养下以可溶形式表达融合蛋白Trx/ des(1-3)MGF, 采用离子交换层析和Ni2+金属亲和层析, 获得纯度95%以上的融合蛋白。再对融合蛋白EK酶切, rpHPLC分离获得纯度达98%的des(1-3)MGF, SDS-PAGE电泳及质谱分析蛋白分子量与理论值相符。生物活性实验显示, 所制备的des(1-3)MGF比des(1-3)IGF-1更显著的促进MC3T3-E1细胞的增值和迁移。     

TGF-β1通过激活Smad信号途径抑制PI3K/AKT信号介导的BMSC成脂分化

转化生长因子β1 (TGF-β1) 是参与骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）脂肪定向分化的重要调节因子,其具体的调节机制尚不清楚. 本研究证明,BMSCs在体外分化为脂肪细胞的过程中, TGF-β1的基因表达显著下调,重组TGF-β1能够抑制BMSCs体外脂肪细胞定向分化,其分化的标志蛋白C/EBPβ和αP2的表达水平显著降低. TGF-β1在激活Smad信号通路的同时,还抑制胰岛素(脂肪分化的主要诱导剂)对PI3K/Akt信号通路的激活.加入Smad特异性阻断剂后,C/EBPβ和αP2的诱导表达恢复正常,同时PI3K/Akt信号通路的活化亦得以恢复. 结果提示,TGF-β1可通过Smad信号通路干扰脂肪细胞分化的核心信号通路-PI3K/Akt的活化,从而实现对BMSCs脂肪分化的抑制.该研究结果为肥胖等导致的心血管疾病或Ⅱ型糖尿病等的临床治疗提供有价值的参考.     

Erk/MAPK信号通路对基底神经节运动控制作用的差异调控

细胞外信号调节激酶1和2(Erk1/2)是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶，属于丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)家族的关键成员，通过磷酸化细胞质和细胞核内的多种底物参与正常及病理状态下的细胞活动。以纹状体为核心的基底神经节(basal ganglia, BG)被认为是运动控制相关的重要结构。Erk1/2通过对纹状体胞外多巴胺(DA)和谷氨酸(Glu)信号进行整合，协调了细胞增殖、分化及转录和翻译等重要细胞事件。研究显示，纹状体多巴胺受体1型中等多棘神经元(D1-MSNs)和多巴胺受体2型中等多棘神经元(D2-MSNs)上，Erk/MAPK信号通路具有差异性调控运动行为的作用。纹状体D1-MSNs的Erk1/2通过多巴胺D1样受体(D₁R)激活cAMP/PKA通路促进运动行为，D2-MSNs的Erk1/2通过多巴胺D2样受体(D₂R)和α-氨-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑丙酸受体(AMPAR)抑制运动行为。此外，Erk/MAPK信号通路还能参与调节帕金森病(PD)、亨廷顿病及成瘾行为相关的病理生理学进程。Erk/MAPK信号通路干预能够有效缓解相关运...     

A new pro-migratory activity on human myogenic precursor cells for a synthetic peptide within the E domain of the mechano growth factor

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited disease that leads to progressive muscle wasting. Myogenic precursor cell transplantation is an approach that can introduce the normal dystrophin gene in the muscle fibers of the patients. Unfortunately, these myogenic precursor cells do not migrate well in the muscle and thus many injections have to be done to enable a good graft success. Recent reports have shown that there is extensive splicing of the IGF-1 gene in muscles. The MGF isoform contains a C-terminal 24 amino acids peptide in the E domain (MGF-Ct24E) that has intrinsic properties. It can promote the proliferation while delaying the differentiation of C(2)C(12) cells. Here, we demonstrated that this synthetic peptide is a motogenic factor for human precursor myogenic cells in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, MGF-Ct24E peptide can modulate members of the fibrinolytic and metalloproteinase systems, which are implicated in the migration of myogenic cells. MGF-Ct24E peptide enhances the expression of u-PA, u-PAR and MMP-7 while reducing PAI-1 activity. Moreover, it has no effect on the gelatinases MMP-2 and -9. Those combined effects can favour cell migration. Finally, we present some results suggesting that the MGF-Ct24E peptide induces these cell responses through a mechanism that does not involve the IGF-1 receptor. Thus, this MGF-Ct24E peptide has a new pro-migratory activity on human myogenic precursor cells that may be helpful in the treatment of DMD. Those results reinforce the possibility that the IGF-1Ec isoform may produce an E domain peptide that can act as a cytokine.     

Exercise training prevents ecto-nucleotidases alterations in platelets of hypertensive rats

Mechano-growth factor (MGF) has emerged as an important mechanosensitive player in bone repair, but understanding of MGF function is hampered by the fact that MGF receptor and the underlying pathways remain unknown. In this study, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled MGF-Ct24E (FITC-MGF) was used to determine the subcellular localization of MGF receptor in osteoblasts. After the primary osteoblasts were exposed to stretch with the strain at 10?%, and/or loaded with 50?ng/ml exogenous MGF-Ct24E, cells were incubated with the different concentrations of FITC-MGF (0.01, 0.1, and 1?mg/ml) followed by flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscope analysis. Our results showed that the fluorescence intensity and cell population internalizing FITC-MGF increased with the concentration of FITC-MGF. And all the cells were labeled with fluorescence at 1?mg/ml. Notably, FITC-MGF had nuclear localization when osteoblasts were exposed to stretch and/or 50?ng/ml MGF-Ct24E added, compared to the evident cytoplasmic localization in the static culture group. The nuclear localization of FITC-MGF in response to mechanical loading was found to associate with high expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, suggesting MGF and its receptor could serve as potential messengers that replay information in nuclei to control cell proliferation.     

MGF E peptide improves anterior cruciate ligament repair by inhibiting hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis and accelerating angiogenesis

Severe hypoxic microenvironment endangers cell survival of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fibroblasts and is harmful to ACL repair and regeneration. In the current study, we explored the effects of mechanogrowth factor (MGF) E peptide on the hypoxia-induced apoptosis of ACL fibroblasts and relevant mechanisms. It demonstrated that severe hypoxia promoted hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression and caused cell apoptosis of ACL fibroblasts through increasing caspase 3/7/9 messenger RNA (mRNA), cleaved caspase 3 and proapoptotic proteins expression levels but decreasing antiapoptotic proteins expression levels. Fortunately, MGF E peptide effectively protected ACL fibroblasts against hypoxia-induced apoptosis through regulating caspase 3/7/9 mRNA, cleaved caspase 3 and apoptosis-relevant proteins expression levels. Simultaneously, mitochondrial, @@@MEK-ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) pathways were involved in MGF E peptide regulating hypoxia-induced apoptosis of ACL fibroblasts. In rabbit ACL rupture model, MGF E peptide also decreased HIF-1α expression levels, cell apoptosis, and facilitated cell proliferation. In addition, MGF could accelerate angiogenesis after ACL injury probably owing to its recruitment of proangiogenesis cells by stromal cell-derived factor 1α/CXCR4 axis and stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor α expression level. In conclusion, our findings suggested that MGF E peptide could be utilized for ACL repair and regeneration and supplied experimental support for its application in clinical ACL treatment as a potential strategy.     

New proangiogenic activity on vascular endothelial cells for C-terminal mechano growth factor

Angiogenesis is crucial in wound healing. The administration of the C-terminal 24-a.a. peptide of mechano growth factor (MGF24E) has been previously demonstrated to induce more blood vessels in regenerating bone around defective areas compared with the control. Accordingly, this study aims to determine whether MGF24E promotes bone defect healing through MGF24E-increased angiogenesis and whether MGF24E has positive effects on angiogenesis in vitro. The roles of MGF24E on angiogenesis and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. The cell proliferation, migration, and tubulogenesis of the human vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells co-treated with 2% serum and MGF24E were determined to assess angiogenesis in comparison with 100 ng/ml of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF(165))-positive control or vehicle control (phosphate-buffered saline). MGF24E treatment (10 ng/ml) significantly promoted the biological processes of angiogenesis on EA.hy926 cells compared with the vehicle control. The suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-I expressions by 2% serum starvation was reversed by the addition of 10 ng/ml of MGF24E in 2% serum medium. This result suggests that MGF24E has a protective effect on angiogenesis. Moreover, the inhibition of ERK due to PD98050 pretreatment completely abolished and mostly blocked MGF24E-induced proliferation and migration, respectively, whereas the MGF24-induced tubulogenesis and the angiogenic factor expression were only partially inhibited. These new findings suggest that MGF24E promotes angiogenesis by enhancing the expression of angiogenic cytokines which involves the MAPK/ERK-signaling pathway.     

The IGF-I splice variant MGF increases progenitor cells in ALS, dystrophic, and normal muscle

The effects of muscle splice variants of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on proliferation and differentiation were studied in human primary muscle cell cultures from healthy subjects as well as from muscular dystrophy and ALS patients. Although the initial numbers of mononucleated progenitor cells expressing desmin were lower in diseased muscle, the E domain peptide of IGF-IEc (MGF) significantly increased the numbers of progenitor cells in healthy and diseased muscle. IGF-I significantly enhances myogenic differentiation whereas MGF E peptide blocks this pathway, resulting in an increased progenitor (stem) cell pool and thus potentially facilitating repair and maintenance of this postmitotic tissue.     

机械生长因子E肽的功能及研究展望

机械生长因子(MGF)E肽是胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)基因剪接后的一段长40个氨基酸残基的延伸肽,其编码基因由IGF-Ⅰ基因的外显子5、6及部分外显子4组成。近年来的实验证明,MGFE肽能独立发挥促进肌肉肥大、修复肌肉损伤、保护神经元、提高心脏功能等多种重要的生理作用,有望对肌肉萎缩、肌营养不良、神经退行性疾病及大脑局部缺血等相关病症的新型药物开发产生重大推动,引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。     

Pretreatment with mechano-growth factor E peptide protects bone marrow mesenchymal cells against damage by fluid shear stress

Improper fluid shear stress (FSS) can cause serious damages to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Mechano-growth factor (MGF) E peptide pretreatment was proposed to protect MSCs against FSS damage in this study. MSCs were exposed to FSS for 30 min after they were pretreated with MGF E peptide for 24 h. Then, the effects of MGF E peptide on the viability, proliferation and cell apoptosis of MSCs were investigated. MGF E peptide pretreatment could recover the cellular metabolic activity of MSCs reduced by 72 dyne cm^?2 FSS and had a synergistic effect with FSS on the cellular metabolic viability of MSCs under 24 and 72 dyne cm^?2 FSS. These results suggested that MGF E peptide pretreatment could be an effective method for the protection of FSS damage in bone tissue engineering.     

The structure-function relationships of insulin-like growth factor 1 Ec in C2C12 cells

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a crucial growth factor, that regulates skeletal muscles development during cell growth and repair. Recently, its alternative splicing variant, named IGF1Ec, also named mechano-growth factor (MGF), has gained attentions as a new damage repair factor. However, the structure-function relationships of IGF1Ec have not been fully clarified due to contradictory reports. In this study, we systematically investigated physiologic responses of C2C12 muscle cells to IGF1Ec, IGF1 and MGF E peptide. Our data indicate that while the N-terminal sequence of IGF1Ec, which is homolog in part with IGF1, promotes proliferation; the C-terminal sequence of IGF1Ec, which is identical to MGF E, promotes differentiation and migration of C2C12 cells. Our results suggest that MGF E cannot completely replace all the functions of IGF1Ec on muscle repair and regeneration, and elucidate the relationships between structure and function of IGF1Ec.