ycjX和ycjF基因在布鲁氏菌热应激中的作用

【背景】细菌应对环境压力的能力对其存活和增殖及引起感染具有重要意义。充分揭示布鲁氏菌应激机制,可为防控布鲁氏菌病提供理论依据。研究发现,ycjX基因在细菌热应激时高表达且可能受σ³²调节,ycjF基因在细菌败血症期间表达显著上升,二者在革兰阴性菌中可能构成操纵子。【目的】研究ycjX和ycjF基因在布鲁氏菌热应激中的作用。【方法】对布鲁氏菌(Brucella)及其ycjX和ycjF双基因缺失株(△ycjXF)和回补株(C△ycjXF)进行热应激试验,计算3株菌的存活率。利用RT-PCR和β-半乳糖苷酶活性检测试验鉴定ycjX和ycjF的操纵子模式和启动子区域活性。利用ChIP试验分析σ³²与ycjX和ycjF的靶向调节关系。表达并纯化pGEX-4T-1-σ³²重组蛋白,凝胶电泳迁移试验分析σ³²与ycjX和ycjF之间的结合关系。【结果】热刺激后△ycjXF存活显著低于Brucella suis S2和C△ycjXF。明确布鲁氏菌ycjX和ycjF为同一转录本,确定其启动子区域具有活性。ChIP试验表明,σ³²可靶向富集在ycjXF启动子区,凝胶电泳迁移试验确定σ³²可与ycjXF体外直接结合。【结论】在σ³²的调节下,ycjX和ycjF在布鲁氏菌热应激中发挥正向作用。     

金属离子抑制细菌整合子捕获耐药基因盒的机制研究

【目的】探索金属离子对整合子捕获耐药基因盒的影响及其相关机制。【方法】在大肠埃希菌中构建一个1类整合子捕获耐药基因盒的体内模型。通过实时荧光定量PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)测定不同浓度银(0.3、0.9、1.5 μg/mL的Ag⁺)和铜离子(5、50、100、150、210 μg/mL的Cu²⁺)干预后实验组和无金属离子干预对照组整合子整合频率,并用表型筛选法验证。利用质谱法测量细菌吸收的金属离子浓度,并进一步通过转录组测序方法分析银离子抑制细菌整合子捕获耐药基因盒的分子机制。【结果】qPCR和表型筛选法的结果表明,0.9 μg/mL银离子组整合频率为9.42×10^‒5 (6.49×10^‒5,1.44×10^‒4),1.5 μg/mL银离子组整合频率为7.29×10^‒5 (4.45×10^‒5,9.03×10^‒5),与对照组2.59×10^‒4 (2.24×10^‒4,3.33×10^‒4)相比整合频率明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。而不同浓度铜离子组与对照组没有明显差异。转录组测序方法对银离子作用前后大肠杆菌基因表达水平进行对比分析,通过GO功能和KEGG通路富集发现,差异表达基因与甲基半乳糖苷转运(methylgalactoside transport)、麦芽糖转运(maltose transport)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-甘油磷酸转移酶活性(phosphoenolpyruvate-glycerone phosphotransferase activity)和甘油激酶活性(glycerone kinase activity)等功能有关以及涉及氨基酸糖和核苷酸糖代谢(amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism)、鞭毛组装(flagellar assembly)、阳离子抗菌肽(CAMP)耐药性[cationicantimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance]、果糖和甘露糖代谢和磷酸糖转移酶系统[phosphotransferase system (PTS)]等代谢通路。通过蛋白互作网络筛选出前12个枢纽基因(ptsG、malE、lamB、lacZ、malK、basR、ais、ugd、nagE、metN、malQ和malF)。【结论】一定浓度银离子可以抑制整合子整合耐药基因盒。铜离子对整合频率影响不明显,因此不是所有具有杀菌性的金属离子都能对整合频率产生影响。银离子抑制细菌整合子捕获耐药基因盒可能是通过影响麦芽糖转运和碳分解代谢来调控。然而,碳分解代谢和麦芽糖转运过程很复杂,需要进一步研究。目前尚无细菌整合子转录组学相关研究,这为解决细菌耐药性问题提供了一个新的途径。     

西藏扎布耶盐碱湖细菌的多样性与分离菌株的生长特性

【背景】扎布耶湖位于青藏高原地区,是以水体中富含高浓度CO₃²⁻、HCO₃⁻和Na⁺为显著特性的盐碱湖,因其地理位置高寒、高海拔,人迹罕至,涉及该盐湖微生物的研究相对较少。【目的】系统探究湖水中细菌多样性和菌种资源等,发掘可利用的潜在菌种。【方法】采用Illumina测序16S rRNA基因V3−V4区分析扎布耶湖细菌的群落结构组成、物种多样性特征;采用纯培养筛选分离可培养细菌,明确分离菌株分类学地位、生长特性及产酸能力,同时测定分离菌株四氢嘧啶(ectoine)、吲哚乙酸(3-indoleacetic acid, IAA)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)的积聚量。【结果】Illumina测序明确分类地位的细菌有21门44纲86目583属,其中优势门类群是变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 25.11%−67.60%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 4.84%−35.02%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 1.24%−11.01%),优势属类群是克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella, 0.01%−9.53%)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas, 0.54%−8.75%)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas, 2.39%−6.00%)和腈基降解菌属(Nitriliruptor, 1.27%−6.26%)。纯培养法筛选获得嗜盐碱菌38株,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus) 23株(60.53%)和盐单胞菌属(Halomonas) 10株(26.32%),菌株均具有耐盐碱和产酸能力(19.80%−29.68%)。大多数菌株能积聚四氢嘧啶、IAA和EPS,产量范围分别为1.36−175.59、0.27−8.69和0.02−0.22 g/g。【结论】扎布耶湖细菌群落结构与其他地区盐碱湖相似,但存在大量未明确分类学地位的细菌,分离菌株多具有耐盐碱及产酸特性。此外,还发现4株高效生产四氢嘧啶、3株生产吲哚乙酸和3株生产胞外聚合物的潜力菌株,为扎布耶盐湖微生物资源的开发利用奠定了基础。     

猪链球菌4型疫苗用菌株的筛选

【背景】猪链球菌4型（Streptococcus suis serotype 4,SS4）分离率日益升高,对养殖业和公共卫生安全造成严重危害,目前尚无有效的SS4疫苗。【目的】筛选致病力强、抗原性好、遗传性状稳定的SS4疫苗菌种。【方法】以7株SS4分离株（代号为A1—A7）为受试菌株,通过累积法测定菌株半数致死量（LD₅₀）,ELISA测定免疫小鼠血清中IgG效价,攻毒保护试验测定免疫保护率,并采集小鼠脏器观察病理组织学变化。再连续传代培养受试菌株,分别对第10、20、30代菌株进行致病性和抗原性试验。【结果】A1—A7菌株对小鼠的LD₅₀分别为2.19×10⁸、1.76×10⁸、1.83×10⁸、1.01×10⁸、4.05×10⁸、1.19×10⁸和9.03×10⁷ CFU。二免7 d后,A1、A2、A3、A4、A6、A7免疫组IgG效价分别为1：1 600、1：1 600、1：3 200、1：6 400、1：3 200和1：6 400,免疫保护率分别为30%、30%、50%、70%、60%和80%,而且A4、A7免疫组小鼠组织病变较其余4组轻微。体外传至30代后,A4菌株的LD₅₀上升至3.81×10⁸ CFU,IgG效价下降至1：1 600,免疫保护率下降至40%,而A7菌株的LD₅₀上升至2.49×10⁸ CFU,IgG效价和免疫保护率稳定保持为1：6 400和80%,而且A7免疫组小鼠的组织病变较A4免疫组轻微。【结论】A7菌株（原始编号为HBgu18-4）具有强致病力和良好的抗原性,而且遗传性状均一、稳定,可作为SS4制苗候选菌株。     

Effects of light,temperature and salinity on the growth rate of harmful marine diatoms,Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis that kill netpen salmon

Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis have been implicated in the death of salmon in netpens in the Pacific Northwest by damaging the salmon's gills. To better understand how environmental factors affect the distribution of these two species, the interacting effects of light, temperature and salinity on growth rate were examined by growing these species under a range of temperatures (4–18 °C), light (10–175 μmol photon m⁻² s⁻¹) and salinities (10–30‰). For C. convolutus, the growth rate showed a hyperbolic relationship with irradiance at 8, 14 and 18 °C and light saturation occurred at 9, 14 and 20 μmol photon m^t s⁻¹ respectively. At 4 °C for C. convolutus and 8 °C for C. concavicornis, cells grew at μ_max, even at the lowest irradiances tested (10 μmol photon m⁻² s⁻¹). For C. convolutus, the amount of light required to saturate growth rate increased with temperature in an approximately linear fashion. The Q₁₀ was 1.88, calculated by averaging over both species. C. concavicornis was the more euryhaline species growing at salinities as low as 17.5‰, while C. convolutus grew only at 25‰ and above.     

代谢工程强化脱氮副球菌DYTN-1去除氮素污染物

【目的】脱氮副球菌(Paracoccus denitrificans)是一种环境友好的α-变形菌纲菌株,在有氧条件下也可进行反硝化过程,具有较好的脱氮能力。本研究以脱氮副球菌DYTN-1为底盘细胞,筛选氮素诱导型启动子用于强化硝化和反硝化途径,进而达到代谢工程强化脱氮副球菌DYTN-1去除氮素污染物的目的。【方法】通过接合转移的方法分别将过表达amoA、amoB、hao和nirS基因的重组质粒导入脱氮副球菌DYTN-1细胞中。经过荧光定量检测和氮素定量检测对脱氮副球菌DYTN-1的基因元件和氮去除能力进行表征。【结果】从基因组中挖掘了6个受NO₂^‒、NO₃^‒和NH₄⁺诱导的启动子,诱导差异为2‒26倍;且过表达nirS的菌株用2 g/L KNO₃处理24 h后培养基中NO₃^‒的残余量为野生型菌株的67%。同时过表达hao和nirS基因的菌株在用1 g/L NH₄Cl和2 g/L KNO₃处理12 h后,其NO₃^‒的剩余量仅为野生型菌株的50%,且最终总氮的降解效率达79.5%,剩余总氮仅为野生型菌株的一半。【结论】上述研究表明,利用筛选获得的启动子工具在P. denitrificans DYTN-1中进行代谢工程改造强化氮素污染物的去除具有可行性。     

干扰方式对香蕉园入侵杂草群落种间关联的影响

【目的】探讨干扰方式对香蕉园入侵杂草群落种间关联的影响。【方法】在样方调查的基础上,运用方差比率法(V_R)、χ²检验、联结系数A_c、Ochiai指数I_O、Spearman秩相关分析法研究人工挖除、药剂除草、机械割除3种干扰方式下香蕉园入侵杂草的种间关联特征。【结果】白花鬼针草、阔叶丰花草、鹅肠菜为香蕉农田入侵杂草的主要建群种,入侵杂草群落总体方差比率V_R均大于1,3种杂草管理方式群落种间总体呈显著正联结趋势。χ²检验显示,人工挖除方式有3个种对显著联结,1个种对(香附子-两耳草)极显著联结;药剂除草方式有3个种对显著联结;机械割除方式有6个种对显著联结,3个种对(鹅肠菜-败酱叶菊芹、阔叶丰花草-败酱叶菊芹、阔叶丰花草-无刺含羞草)极显著联结。联结系数A_c、联结程度I_O分析得到的结果与χ²检验基本一致,达到显著和极显著联结的种对较少,大部分入侵杂草种间联结性较弱。Spearman相关性分析显示,人工挖除、药剂除草、机械割除3种干扰方式的入侵杂草显著相关的种对比例均较低,分别为18.2%、14.3%、13.6%。【结论】3种干扰方式的香蕉园入侵杂草种间关系均较松散,机械割除方式的杂草群落更趋于稳定。阔叶丰花草在不同干扰方式下与种间都有显著的关联性,对杂草群落稳定共存发挥重要作用,在香蕉园杂草生物防治中具有利用潜力。     

丝状真菌Podospora anserina中光敏色素基因的鉴定及功能分析

光敏色素在细菌和植物发育中起着关键作用,但它们在真菌中的生物学功能尚不完全清楚。【目的】探究光敏色素基因PaPhy1和PaPhy2在Podospora anserina有性生殖和无性发育中的作用及其调控机制。【方法】利用同源重组方法对P.anserina中2个光敏色素基因PaPhy1和PaPhy2进行定点敲除,获得光敏色素基因缺失菌株ΔPaPhy1和ΔPaPhy2,并通过遗传杂交构建双重突变体ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2;分析突变型菌株和野生型菌株在不同光照下有性生殖、无性发育、生长速率和活性氧代谢等方面的差异,明确光敏色素基因在P.anserina中的主要功能。【结果】白光和蓝光诱导P.anserina子实体的形成,ΔPaPhy在光照下产生子实体的数量减少,ΔPaPhy的生命周期延长。【结论】光敏色素基因与P.anserina有性生殖密切相关;ΔPaPhy的衰老延迟和活性氧代谢有关。本研究的结果为进一步探索光照对丝状真菌繁殖调控机制以及抗衰老研究提供了新的思路。     

Oxygen consumption by ammocoetes of the lampreyGeotria australis in air

 When covered by moistened lint-free gauze, the larvae (ammocoetes) of the lamprey Geotria australis survived, without apparent discomfort, for 4 days in water-saturated air at 10, 15 and 20 °C. In air, the mean standard rates of O₂ consumption of medium to large ammocoetes of G. australis (xˉ=0.52 g) at 10, 15 and 20 °C were 14.5, 35.7 and 52.1 μl⋅g^-1⋅h^-1, respectively. At 15 °C, the slope of the relationship between log O₂ consumption (μl O₂⋅h^-1) and log body weight for ammocoetes over a wide range in body weight was 0.987. The Q ₁₀s for rate of O₂ consumption between 10 and 15 °C, 15 and 20 °C and 10 and 20 °C were 4.9, 2.9 and 3.6, respectively. Our results and observations of the ammocoetes suggest that, when out of water, larval G. australis derives most of its O₂ requirements from cutaneous respiration, particularly at lower temperatures. This would be facilitated by the small size and elongate shape (and thus a relatively high surface-to-volume ratio), low metabolic rate, thin dermis, extensive subdermal capillary network and high haemoglobin concentration of larval G. australis. Accepted: 28 March 1996     

白花鬼针草入侵对植物群落结构及物种多样性的影响

【目的】阐明白花鬼针草入侵对植物群落组成及物种多样性的影响。【方法】调查广东茂名有白花鬼针草入侵(试验样方)和无白花鬼针草生长(对照样方)的植物群落中植物的种类、盖度、高度和密度,计算不同植物重要值及物种多样性指数,通过皮尔逊相关系数及拟合曲线展现白花鬼针草种群特征与其重要值及物种多样性的关系。【结果】白花鬼针草入侵后植物群落的组成和结构显著改变,由对照样方的104种减少到试验样方的63种,双穗雀稗、白花蛇舌草、香膏萼距花等物种消失,胜红蓟、阔叶丰花草、假臭草等恶性杂草的重要值降低,而马唐、薇甘菊、空心莲子草等物种重要值升高。白花鬼针草入侵降低了物种多样性,试验样方的Patrick丰富度指数(R)、Simpson多样性指数(D)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)均低于对照样方;白花鬼针草的重要值与以上多样性指数(H、D)和丰富度指数(R)呈显著负相关(P<0.001)。【结论】白花鬼针草入侵减少了物种多样性,并形成单一优势种群群落,对植物群落产生了负效应,对生态环境造成了极大的威胁。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.