β-甘露聚糖酶的酶学性质、工农业应用及基因工程研究

甘露聚糖类物质是自然界中半纤维素的第二大组分。β-甘露聚糖酶能水解底物生成甘露 寡糖,释放出与之结合的水分、微量元素等。应用于猪、鸡、鸭和水产动物日粮,可提高饲料的利 用效率,减少养殖业环境污染。甘露寡糖具有改善动物胃肠道微生态环境的功能。多种细菌、真 菌、软体动物等分泌β-甘露聚糖酶,其基因属于糖基水解酶家族5。β-甘露聚糖酶在工农业生产 和环境保护等方面有着广泛的用途。就β-甘露聚糖酶的酶学特性、研究历史、应用技术、效果和 作用机理,特别是其基因工程技术研究进展等作了概述。     

赖氨酸在猪日粮中的应用

<正> 一、在猪日粮中添加赖氨酸的必要性1.赖氨酸在现代动物营养中的重要性近二十年来,世界畜牧业生产发生了巨大变化。概括地讲已由传统的庭院式养殖业转变为以生产动物蛋白为主的大型专业化生产。其特点是动物饲养环境更远离自然,动物生产经常处于逆境,常规日粮远远不能满足动物需要,对非常规日粮(饲料添加剂)     

植酸酶及其应用

植酸酶是水解植酸及其盐类生成肌醇和磷酸的一类酶的总称。作为一种新型饲料添加剂,植酸酶在动物营养及环境保护等领域具有很大的应用潜力。综述了植酸酶的分类、来源、生产技术、提高产率的策略、分离纯化及应用等方面的研究进展,并对发展前景进行了展望。     

热稳定型α-半乳糖苷酶的应用及基因工程研究进展

α-半乳糖苷酶是一种水解酶,可以将食品、饲料中的不良寡糖等抗营养因子水解,改变其营养成分并被动物吸收利用。该酶广泛存在于植物、动物及微生物中,在饲料、食品等工业以及现代医学中都有应用。目前,开发热稳定的α-半乳糖苷酶并利用基因工程方法进行分子改造和外源表达已成为研究热点。本文对近年来热稳定的α-半乳糖苷酶的应用和基因工程研究进展进行综述。     

饲料用酶制剂的研究进展与趋势

饲料用酶目前已成为世界工业酶产业中增长速度最快、势头最强劲的一部分。畜牧业开发应用饲料用酶制剂有着重大意义:可缓解饲料资源短缺、人畜争粮的局面,有利于保障粮食安全;提供更为安全、优质的动物产品,有利于保障食品安全;减轻环境污染,保障养殖业的可持续发展。饲料用酶的应用效果已在世界范围内得到公认,但酶的使用量还较低,其主要原因在于饲料用酶的性质难以满足饲料工业的要求,以及饲料用酶表达量低,生产成本较高。因此,目前的研发趋势主要体现在:1)饲料用酶基因资源的高通量筛选技术,尤其是特殊环境微生物和未培养微生物中的基因资源;2)酶蛋白的分子改良技术,利用蛋白质工程技术定向改良,创造具有优良特性的酶蛋白质分子,进一步提高饲料用酶的应用性能;3)饲料用酶高效表达和生产技术;4)饲料用酶的应用效果快速评估技术和配套应用技术体系。     

不同人工饲料对刀鲚幼鱼生长、血清生化指标及脂质代谢酶活性的影响

试验选择体长、体质量基本一致的6月龄刀鲚,分别投喂日粮1(人工配合软颗粒饲料)、日粮2(人工配合饲料与鱼油混合的软颗粒饲料)及日粮3(人工配合缓沉硬颗粒料)3种配合饲料60 d,探讨不同人工饲料对刀鲚幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及脂质代谢酶活性的影响.结果表明: 日粮2组和日粮3组的幼鱼体质量、体质量增长率、特定生长率和肥满度显著高于日粮1组;日粮3组的饵料系数显著低于日粮1组和日粮2组;各组间体长、体长/体高、体长/体厚、肝体比及脏体比等生长指标及总蛋白、白蛋白、血糖、胆固醇和甘油三酯等血清生化指标均无显著差异;日粮1组的肉碱软脂酰基转移酶-Ⅰ(CPT-Ⅰ)含量显著高于日粮2组和日粮3组;日粮2组的肉碱软脂酰基转移酶-Ⅱ(CPT-Ⅱ)含量显著低于日粮1组和日粮3组;各组间淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性及脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)含量均值无显著差异.表明日粮中添加多不饱和脂肪酸有利于刀鲚幼鱼的生长,缓沉饲料的利用效率最高,适合于刀鲚幼鱼驯养阶段使用.     

酶制剂在畜禽养殖中的应用研究进展

酶制剂作为生物催化剂具有专一性和高效性的特征,已被广泛应用于多个领域,其中酶制剂在畜禽养殖领域中的应用增长最快,且最具有潜力。酶制剂作为具有营养性添加剂和非营养性添加剂双重特性的饲料添加剂,不仅可以提高日粮营养消化利用率,还有调节动物肠道健康、杀菌抑菌等功能,在节约饲料资源、减少养殖排放、替代抗生素方面具有很大的市场潜力。本文综述了酶制剂在畜禽养殖行业中应用的不同阶段、不同酶种的功能定位及其研究进展。     

微生物转化秸秆饲料

正秸秆作为农作物的主要副产品,是一种重要的可再生资源。利用微生物的降解能力,将秸秆转化为动物可利用的饲料,对于解决人畜争粮具有重大意义。微生物处理法具有提高营养价值、改善适口性、绿色无污染、能耗低等优点,是当前最具应用潜力和发展前景的秸秆饲料生产技术。本刊2013年第4期刊登了吴文韬、鞠美庭等发表的文章"一株纤维素降解菌的分离、鉴定及对玉米     

草鱼日粮中小肽对幼龄草鱼生长性能的影响

本实验研究了草鱼日粮中不同种类与含量的小肽对幼龄草鱼生长性能的影响。 4 5 0尾 3.74± 0 .2 3g的草鱼分为 6组 ,每组 75尾鱼 ,每 2 5尾鱼饲养于 0 .2 5m3 的水族箱中 ,每组设 3个平行水族箱。试验 1、2、3、4、5组日粮中分别添加 0 .2 5 %、0 .5 %、1%的虾蛋白肽和 0 .5 %鱼粉水解物、0 .5 %酶解酪蛋白 ,对照组为 1%的鱼粉。水温为 2 7.6±3.1℃ ,试验期为 5 6d。结果表明 :(1)试验各组草鱼其相对生长率、饲料效率、饲料蛋白保留效率和血浆中钙、磷、镁含量与小肽总量均高于对照组 ,与对照组有显著性差异 ;(2 )草鱼日粮中最适宜的虾蛋白肽添加量为 0 .5 % ;(3)草鱼日粮中添加一定比例的小肽可提高饲料表观消化率和蛋白消化率 ,增加血液循环中生物活性肽的含量 ,增加体内氮沉积 ,减少肝胰脏和肠系膜脂肪储积 ,从而提高草鱼对日粮中蛋白质的利用率和机体自身蛋白质合成能力。     

饲料硒和维生素E对大鼠机体抗氧化能力的影响

 用克山病病区粮配成基础低硒饲料,补充硒和/或维生素E组成四种不同水平的饲料,饲喂雄性断乳大鼠,观察其对机体抗氧化能力的影响。评价指标是用抗坏血酸诱发的红细胞溶血率、被O~-_2(超氧阴离子)氧化的血红蛋白量和组织中的TBA值。动物饲养13周后,自尾静脉取血,测定溶血率和血红蛋白被氧化的百分率,和全血SeGSHPx(含硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)活力。15周后将动物断头杀死,立即取出心脏和肝脏测定SeGSHPx活力和TBA值。结果表明在克山病病区粮的饲料中补充硒或维生素E,或者二者同时补充均明显提高组织中的SeGSHPx活力和降低组织中的TBA值。不论在硒缺乏时或硒充足时,饲料中补充维生素E显著降低抗坏血酸诱发的红细胞溶血率,对O~-_2氧化血红蛋白无保护作用。在维生素E缺乏时,仅补充硒对溶血无作用。不论饲料中维生素E缺乏或者充足,补充硒对O~-_1氧化血红蛋白均有显著保护作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).