小兴安岭原始红松混交林林隙土壤不同形态氮含量

以小兴安岭地区红松混交林(椴树红松混交林、云冷杉红松混交林和枫桦红松混交林)大、中、小3个林隙为研究对象,对林隙和郁闭林分土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、可溶性全氮(TSN)、可溶性有机氮(SON)、微生物氮(MBN)和全氮(TN)含量进行分析,探讨不同混交林林隙中土壤氮形态特征。结果表明:林隙和郁闭林分土壤以有机氮为主,占TN 98%以上。林隙中土壤NO3--N含量高于NH4+-N含量;SON含量高于NH4+-N和NO3--N含量。红松混交林中土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N、SON和MBN含量在大、小林隙之间以及林隙与郁闭林分之间差异显著,尤其是MBN含量表现为郁闭林分小林隙中林隙大林隙,与林隙面积呈极显著负相关;3个林型中NO3--N/TN和MBN/TN随着林隙面积增大而减小;椴树红松混交林和云冷杉红松混交林林隙中NH4+-N/TN、TSN/TN和SON/TN随林隙面积增大而减小,枫桦红松混交林林隙中随林隙面积增大而增大。林隙和郁闭林分中土壤TSN与SON均呈现极显著正相关;林隙土壤NH4+-N与NO3--N和MBN呈显著相关,但在郁闭林中未表现出此关系。     

菖蒲和石菖蒲的生长特性及其对生活污水净化功能的比较研究

以菖蒲和石菖蒲为对象,通过漂浮栽植研究了其在不同浓度生活污水中的生长特性及其对污水TN、NH3-N、TP、CODCr的去除情况。结果表明,菖蒲在中浓度污水中生长最好,其生物量显著高于低、高浓度,而石菖蒲在低浓度污水中生长最好,其生物量显著高于中、高浓度。菖蒲对中浓度污水中TN、TP、CODCr的去除率分别为96.85%、82.62%、88.89%,对低浓度污水中TN、TP、CODCr的去除率分别为99.87%、91.38%、83.34%,净化效果均高于高浓度(96.58%、80.96%、77.55%),但对NH3-N的去除率在高浓度污水中最好,为99.46%。石菖蒲净化中浓度污水的效果最好,对TN、NH3-N、TP、CODCr的去除率分别为94.20%、78.06%、89.43%、74.98%,对高浓度污水中的NH3-N、TP、CODCr的去除效果也较好,去除率分别为94.62%、91.95%、87.08%,但对TN去除率为59.14%,显著低于低浓度(98.73%)和中浓度(94.20%)。     

大型溞引导的沉水植被生态修复对滴水湖水质的净化效果

2007年4月-2008年1月,在滴水湖D港中段长950m(水量为10000m3)的修复区内投放大型溞(Daphnia magna),以滤除水华藻类等颗粒有机物,然后移栽伊乐藻、苦草、轮叶黒藻、光叶眼子菜和菹草等沉水植物,逐月监测水体中总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、总磷(TP)、活性磷酸盐(PO43--P)和COD等水质指标,分析沉水植被栽培对滴水湖水体水质的净化效果.结果表明:试验期间,修复区水体TN、TP、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N、PO43--P和COD显著低于对照区(P0.01),溶解氧(DO)增加了50.4%,水体透明度(SD)平均在3.4~3.7m,水质达到国家Ⅱ~Ⅲ类地表水水质标准;2008年3月应用已构建的沉水植被群落对富营养化流水水体水质进行净化试验,7d后修复区流水水体除BOD外,TN、TP、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N、PO43--P和COD均显著降低(P0.01),DO增加了17.98%,SD提高了30cm.利用大型溞控藻后移栽沉水植物对滴水湖水体水质的净化效果十分显著.     

红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果

研究了潜流型海桑（Sonneratia caseolaris）人工湿地、桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）人工湿地和木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。一年来,3种红树植物人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N的平均去除率分别达到83%、71%、41%、55%、50%和84%以上。人工湿地各处理周期之间,BOD5和CODCr去除率波动较小,而TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N去除率波动较大。3种红树植物人工湿地对各种污染物的净化效果存在一定的差异。海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显高于木榄人工湿地,而海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地相比较,除TP外,BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率没有显著差异。人工湿地单一处理周期内,去除率随水力停留时间（HRT）的延长而增加。BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别为HRT为3d去除率的54%-65%和73%-84%,NO2^--N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别达到了HRT为3d的70%-81%和85%-94%,而TP在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别只有HRT为3d的39%-50%和65%-74%。另外,红树植物人工湿地与风车草（Cyperus alternifoliu）人工湿地相比,前者的BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显小于后者（P〈0.05）。总体上看,3种红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果呈现海桑人工湿地≈桐花树人工湿地〉木榄人工湿地。     

金鱼藻、环棱螺及其组合处理对水生附着生物含量和氮、磷浓度的影响

通过模拟试验,研究了金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、梨形环棱螺(Bellamya pu-rificata)及其组合3种处理对水生附着生物干质量(附着生物干质量与底栖藻类Chl-a)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N和总磷(TP)的影响.结果表明:(1)金鱼藻对水生附着生物干重和Chl-a含量的增长率分别为295.62%(P<0.01)和32.31%(P<0.05),环棱螺对二者的去除率为65.69%(P<0.05)和46.19%(P<0.01),组合对二者的去除率为70.07%(P<0.05)和70.16%(P<0.01);(2)金鱼藻、环棱螺及其组合对TN的平均去除率分别为35.18%、15.27%和20.48%,对NO3--N为22.34%、18.33%和10.66%,对NH4+-N为37.88%、13.98%和25.72%,对TP为53.12%、8.38%和41.97%;(3)金鱼藻与环棱螺在脱氮除磷时表现出正、负相互作用,负交互作用一定程度地促进了N、P浓度的升高.鉴于水体景观质量的提高和富营养化控制,同时使用沉水植物和螺类有利于水体的生态修复.     

人工湿地对氮、磷的去除效率与动态特征

1999年1月~2003年12月对荣成人工湿地污水处理系统处理效果以及氮、磷去除效果的动态变化特征进行分析。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、COD、BOD均有很好的去除效果,出水浓度分别为27·8±6·7、91·0±13·7和23·8±4·6mg·L-1,去除率分别为71·8±8·4%、62·2±10·1%和70·4±9·6%。大肠菌群去除率为99·7%。对NH4+-N和TP去除效果较差,出水浓度分别为11·3±2·6和2·00±0·28mg·L-1,去除率分别为40·6±15·3%和29·6±12·8%。NH4+-N去除效果和季节变化有关,每年7~9月去除效果最佳,1~3月效果最差,去除率分别为50·7±12·4%和23·0±11·6%。TP的去除效果季节性变化不如NH4+-N明显。NH4+-N年平均去除率2001~2003年逐年增加。TP年平均去除率在2001和2002年基本相同,2003年有所降低。     

不同氮形态对AM真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

以Long-Ashton培养基为基础,采用NH4+-N、NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N 3种氮源,研究了不同氮形态对AM真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,孢子的萌发速度在NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N培养基上先快后慢,而NH4+-N培养基上先慢后快,但最终三者的萌发率没有差异,均达到50%左右;菌丝生长对3种氮形态的反应存在显著差异,NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N培养基上的菌丝生长速率和长度大于NH4+-N培养基上的相应值。本试验表明,与NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N 相比,NH4+-N虽然没有降低AM真菌孢子的萌发率,但是能够抑制萌发菌丝的生长。     

利用小球藻净化村镇生活污水的预处理研究

为提高小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)净化村镇生活污水的效率, 基于原水、沉淀、活性炭过滤、秸秆粉过滤等8种方法对村镇生活污水进行预处理, 根据小球藻在不同预处理条件下的生长情况以及对污水中的TN、TP、COD和NH4+-N去除情况, 筛选出最佳预处理方法。结果表明: 经秸秆粉过滤之后, 小球藻比生长速率在第8天达到最大值, 为0.360 d-1, 并获得最高生物质干重, 为0.826 g·L-1, 同时对污水中TP的去除效果达到最好, 去除率为92.22%; 污水经灭菌预处理之后, 小球藻对COD和NH4+-N的去除率最高, 分别为93.41%和86.21%; 利用活性炭过滤之后, 小球藻对TN的去除效果最好, 去除率为93.94%。从去除效果和经济成本方面考虑, 最终选择秸秆粉过滤作为小球藻净化村镇生活污水的最佳预处理方法。     

闽江口典型芦苇湿地与短叶茳芏湿地土壤碳氮含量的空间分布特征

以闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及二者交错带湿地为对象,研究了不同类型湿地土壤碳氮含量的空间分布特征。结果表明:土壤总氮(TN)和有机碳(SOC)含量在水平方向上整体表现为交错带湿地芦苇湿地短叶茳芏湿地,而在垂直方向上其在不同类型湿地土壤中的含量均随深度增加而降低;与芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地相比,交错带湿地表层土壤的无机氮含量分别降低了15.78%、0.84%(NH4+-N)和13.04%、44.00%(NO3--N),而在下层土壤分别增加了30.00%、6.06%(NH4+-N)和43.75%、23.91%(NO3--N);芦苇湿地土壤NH4+-N含量主要受到有机质含量控制,短叶茳芏湿地土壤TN含量受到土壤盐分的重要影响,而土壤颗粒组成和水分是影响交错带湿地土壤的NH4+-N和NO3--N关键因子。研究发现,芦苇与短叶茳芏种群的竞争作用不但明显增加了交错带湿地土壤SOC和TN含量,而且也深刻改变了NH4+-N和NO3--N含量的空间分布特征,其可能通过改变土壤的细颗粒组成、氮矿化与硝化作用来影响土壤碳氮的空间分布。     

连续可调式沉水植物网床对河道水质的修复

在太湖贡湖水源保护区陆域的一条长约200 m的污染河道内构建了一系列连续可调式沉水植物网床,形成了以菊花草、苦草、伊乐藻、轮叶黑藻和菹草等沉水植物构成的水生植物群落;跟踪监测了总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)等水质指标,分析沉水植物网床引导沉水植被恢复对污染河道的水质修复效果.结果表明:沉水植被网床构建后,水体透明度显著升高,由修复前的0.5m提高到1.7 ～1.8 m;在沉水植被网床构建后的第5天和第20天,TN和TP的削减率分别为35.6％、66.3％和29.4％、63.2％;5个月后,修复河道水体内NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、PO43--p和TP的浓度比对照组显著降低,削减率分别达到92.4％、76.8％、72.7％、73.9％、90.5％和92.0％.由连续可调式沉水植被网床引导恢复的水生植物群落可用于河道,特别是陆域浅水污染水体的生态修复.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.