潜流-上行垂直流复合人工湿地对氮磷去除效果

研究了潜流-上行垂直流复合人工湿地工艺对NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP的去除效果。在处理负荷为30 L.d-1,水力停留时间为4.8 d时,该工艺对NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP具有良好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为95%、52%、79%和81%。对3种含氮化合物的去除效果可以根据运行时间分为两阶段,在两阶段中,对NH4+-N、NO3--N和TN的平均去除率分别为93%和99%,35%和98%,71%和98%。对TP的去除效果在整个试验过程中则保持稳定。     

利用小球藻净化村镇生活污水的预处理研究

为提高小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)净化村镇生活污水的效率, 基于原水、沉淀、活性炭过滤、秸秆粉过滤等8种方法对村镇生活污水进行预处理, 根据小球藻在不同预处理条件下的生长情况以及对污水中的TN、TP、COD和NH4+-N去除情况, 筛选出最佳预处理方法。结果表明: 经秸秆粉过滤之后, 小球藻比生长速率在第8天达到最大值, 为0.360 d-1, 并获得最高生物质干重, 为0.826 g·L-1, 同时对污水中TP的去除效果达到最好, 去除率为92.22%; 污水经灭菌预处理之后, 小球藻对COD和NH4+-N的去除率最高, 分别为93.41%和86.21%; 利用活性炭过滤之后, 小球藻对TN的去除效果最好, 去除率为93.94%。从去除效果和经济成本方面考虑, 最终选择秸秆粉过滤作为小球藻净化村镇生活污水的最佳预处理方法。     

底栖藻类对氮、磷去除效果研究

通过模拟实验探讨了污水处理中底栖藻类的群落结构、生长状况及其对氮(N)、磷(P)的去除能力。实验期间,被试藻类(丝状绿藻占优势)在污水中生长良好,培养5 d后收获的藻类生物量可达14.36±0.72 g;污水总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量分别由36.97±0.26 m g.L-1、2.88±0.02 m g.L-1降至1.44±0.09 m g.L-1、0.07±0.01 m g.L-1,对氨氮(NH4-N)和硝氮(NO3-N)的去除率亦达95%以上;藻体总凯氏氮(TKN)和TP含量分别为5.75±0.20%和1.5±0.22%。实验证明,底栖藻类对污水中的N、P营养有明显的去除效果,在污水的三级处理以及水体富营养化的防治方面具有较大的应用潜力。     

人工湿地对猪场废水有机物处理效果的研究

分别以香根草 (Vetiveriazizanioides)和风车草 (Cyperusalternifolius)为植被 ,按 1.0m× 0 .5m×0 .8m建立人工湿地 ,通过 4季测试 ,研究其对猪场废水有机物的净化功能及其随季节、进水浓度及水力停留时间变化的规律 .结果表明 ,4个季节香根草或风车草人工湿地对COD和BOD有较稳定的去除效果 ,两湿地抗有机负荷冲击能力强 .在春季 ,停留时间 1～ 2d ,COD和BOD去除率分别为 70 %和 80 %;在夏季 ,进水COD高达 10 0 0～ 140 0mg·L-1情况下 ,COD去除率接近 90 %;在秋季 ,停留时间 1～ 2d ,COD和BOD去除率分别为 5 0 %～ 6 0 %和 5 0 %;在冬季 ,进水COD达 10 0 3mg·L-1情况下 ,COD去除率在 70 %以上 .COD、BOD和SS的去除率在两湿地间没有显著差异 .人工湿地污染物 (Y)随水力停留时间 (t)延长的降解遵从指数方程规律Yt=Y0 ·e( -kt) .在相同停留时间时 ,随进水污染物浓度 (x)提高的出水污染物浓度 (y)的回归关系遵从直线方程规律 y =a+bx .     

无粪便生活污水SMBR快速处理技术

针对传统生活污水水质相对复杂,处理与回用较为困难的问题,提出在收集时排除粪便水,选择厨房、洗漱、洗澡、洗涤的污水,利用浸没式膜生物反应器(SMBR)技术实现无粪便污水的快速处理,再生水回用于冲厕.结果表明:此种污水COD、NH4+-N和TP含量低,具有良好的可生化性,可大大降低处理周期与处理成本.本技术优化的主要工艺条件为:污泥浓度范围7000～9100 mg·L-1,污泥龄(SRT)40～55 d,水力停留时间(HRT)为80min,气水比为12～15,处理效果好,微滤膜对稳定出水水质起到重要作用.在此条件下,COD、NH4+-N和TP去除率分别为85.5%、53.1%和44.9%.出水COD在20～30 mg·L-1,BOD5为1～5 mg·L-1,NH4+-N为2～3.08 mg·L-1,TP为0.59～0.9 mg·L-1,LAS为0.41～0.67 mg·L-1,去除效果较好,再生水水质可达到<城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质>(GB/T 18920-2002)标准.     

红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果

研究了潜流型海桑（Sonneratia caseolaris）人工湿地、桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）人工湿地和木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。一年来,3种红树植物人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N的平均去除率分别达到83%、71%、41%、55%、50%和84%以上。人工湿地各处理周期之间,BOD5和CODCr去除率波动较小,而TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N去除率波动较大。3种红树植物人工湿地对各种污染物的净化效果存在一定的差异。海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显高于木榄人工湿地,而海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地相比较,除TP外,BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率没有显著差异。人工湿地单一处理周期内,去除率随水力停留时间（HRT）的延长而增加。BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别为HRT为3d去除率的54%-65%和73%-84%,NO2^--N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别达到了HRT为3d的70%-81%和85%-94%,而TP在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别只有HRT为3d的39%-50%和65%-74%。另外,红树植物人工湿地与风车草（Cyperus alternifoliu）人工湿地相比,前者的BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显小于后者（P〈0.05）。总体上看,3种红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果呈现海桑人工湿地≈桐花树人工湿地〉木榄人工湿地。     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹标准代谢的研究

对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的耗氧率、CO2 排出率及NH3-N排泄率进行了测定 ,并研究了幼蟹的能耗率及能源物质的供能比。结果表明 ,体重 ( 2 70± 1 4 0 )g的幼蟹 ,在水温 ( 2 0± 0 5 )℃时 ,耗氧率、CO2 排出率和NH3-N排泄率分别为 ( 0 4 14± 0 0 91)mg·g-1·h-1、( 0 4 76± 0 12 5 )mg·g-1·h-1和 ( 4 179± 1 171) μg·g-1·h-1;标准代谢的蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪提供的能量比为 7 3∶3 8 8∶5 3 9。其耗氧率 (R0 )受水中溶氧水平的影响 ,并与体重(W )呈负相关 (R0 =0 84 0 3W-0 72 6 5)。     

香根草和风车草人工湿地对猪场废水氮磷处理效果的研究

分别以香根草 (Vetiveriazizanioides )和风车草 (Cyperusalternifolius)为植被 ,按 1.0m× 0 .5m×0 .8m建立人工湿地 ,通过四季测试研究其对猪场废水N、P的净化功能及其随季节、进水浓度及水力停留时间变化的规律 .结果表明 ,两湿地对NH3 N和S PO3 -4 去除率受污水停留时间和污水浓度影响较大 .香根草或风车草人工湿地在春季对NH3 N和S PO3 -4 有明显的去除效果 ;在秋季 ,则对去除废水TN均有效果 ,在去除TP上 ,香根草湿地效果明显 ,风车草湿地效果差 .秋春季人工湿地随水力停留时间 (t)延长 ,TP或S PO3 -4 (Y)的去除遵从指数方程Yt=Y0 ·e-kt规律 .冬季和夏季 ,进水浓度对湿地去除P影响较大 ;在相同停留时间内 ,冬夏季人工湿地随进水浓度变化 ,进出水S PO3 -4 遵从直线方程 y =a +bx规律     

潜流人工湿地中植物对氮磷净化影响效应的研究

采用潜流人工湿地系统,配制以NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和PO^3-₄-P为主要成分的模拟污水,通过间歇运行方式,考察了芦苇和小叶章的生长情况、生理生态学特性及其对污水中N、P净化效能的影响,并研究了植物对湿地系统pH变化、NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N净化效率的影响。结果表明,当水力停留时间为7d时,小叶章和芦苇湿地对TN的去除率分别为65.1%和99.6%,去除负荷分别为1.66g · m^-3 · d^-1和2.53g · m^-3 · d^-1。小叶章和芦苇对去除TN的贡献率分别为14.7%、61.7%,对去除TP的贡献率分别为11.7%和12.9%;芦苇植株内N、P浓度分别为29.2mg/g和3.41mg/g。芦苇湿地的净化效能高于小叶章湿地。湿地系统中pH值先升高后降低的拐点可作为氨氧化反应结束的指示参数。     

固定化微绿球藻去除NH4+-N、PO43——P效果的研究

为了探究固定化微绿球藻（Nannochloropsis oculata）去除污水中NH4+-N、PO43--P的效果,采用海藻酸钠固定化包埋技术进行实验。开展了固定化藻球大小、藻细胞包埋密度、藻球投放质量及充气培养条件对NH4+-N、PO43--P去除效果的单因子试验研究。结果表明,固定化藻球大小、藻细胞包埋密度、藻球投放质量和充气培养条件对NH4+-N、PO43--P的去除效果影响显著（P0.05）。藻球直径3.5 mm时生长速率（K）值最大（0.3320.002）,同时NH4+-N、PO43--P去除率效果最佳,分别为（75.083.83）%和（80.803.81）%;藻细胞包埋密度100104 cells/ball时K值最大（0.3300.033）,而NH4+-N、PO43--P去除率则以藻细胞包埋密度300104 cells/ball组为佳,分别达（87.200.43）%和（82.581.72）%,但考虑单位藻细胞去除率,包埋密度以100104 cells/ball为宜;随着藻球用量的增加K值下降,10 g/L组K值最大（0.3010.02）、50 g/L组K值最小（0.1930.01）,投放量30和50 g/L时NH4+-N去除率较高分别为（84.120.78）%和（84.630.45）%,30 g/L组PO43--P去除率最高达（77.131.43）%。综合考虑,藻球投放量选用30 g/L为宜;充气条件培养K值、NH4+-N和PO43--P去除率显著（P0.05）高于不充气,K值分别为（0.3060.006）和（0.1770.010）;NH4+-N去除率分别为（85.930.45）%和（49.320.45）%;PO43--P去除率分别为（66.665.00）%和（46.292.12）%。研究优化了微绿球藻固定化条件:固定化微绿球藻应进行充气培养,藻球规格3.5 mm、藻细胞包埋密度100104 cells/ball、藻球投放量30 g/L。     

Distribution of heavy metals in a sewage oxidation pond and their adsorption in residual solid (sewage sludge ash)

Abstract

Electrometric studies were carried out on the interaction of heavy metal ions such as manganese, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead with the extracted organic matter, humic and fulvic acid from the sludge in a sewage oxidation pond. The distribution of heavy metals was between 60 and 97%, which is associated with the solid waste (sludge) of the oxidation pond. The adsorption/removal efficiency of metal ions onto the sludge ash was more than 90% and 97%, respectively, in the pure system. To obtain the ash, the sludge was burnt at 500°C, treated with nitric acid (1+1) to leach out all the metals and then filtered; the residue left on the filter paper was the pure ash. Both this and that coated with organic matter were studied. The adsorption isotherm for metals, humic/fulvic acids and metal-humic/fulvic acid complexes in the metal-free sludge ash and in the organic matter in the pure system were studied using the Freundlich relationship. Good agreement was found suggesting that sediment and humic/fulvic acids have an important role in the mobility, dispersion and sedimentation of metal ions in an aquatic environment. More of these heavy metals are removed in the pure system than in the natural system. This may be due to the lesser availability of humic and fulvic acids in the lagoons during the short detention time of sewage in suspension in the oxidation pond, whereas the sludge which has settled to the bottom of the pond for several years contains rich decomposed organic matter in the form of humic and fulvic acids containing heavy metals. Such pure systems could be useful for the effective removal of heavy metals.     

城市污泥农用对植物-土壤系统的影响

城市污泥的合理处置是目前资源与环境科学研究领域中的重要课题之一.城市污泥因富含大量的有机质和有效营养成分,对农业土壤肥力、土壤物理结构和农业生产均有一定的积极促进作用,使得污泥农用成为可能.但城市污泥中含有的重金属、有机污染物等有害物质尤其是重金属,成为污泥农用处置的瓶颈.为提高我国城市污泥的农业资源化利用效率和减少污染物造成的负面效应,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对植物-土壤互作系统的影响及过程进行了综述,为进一步提高污泥利用效率提供理论依据和科学指导.     

壳聚糖固定化气单胞菌处理餐厨高油脂废水

为有效解决餐厨废水中的高油脂对下游处理工艺的严重影响,本研究以筛选获得的一株高效的油脂降解菌株嗜糖气单胞菌Aeromonas allosaccarophila CY-01为研究对象,以壳聚糖为载体材料,对其进行固定化包埋制备壳聚糖-气单胞菌小球(CH-CY01);探究CH-CY01小球的油脂降解效率以及性能影响评估。研究结果表明,经壳聚糖固定后的菌株CY-01其细胞的生长活性几乎不受影响,对大豆油脂的最大降解率为89.7%;相比于未固定的细胞,CH-CY01在0.5%NaCl的盐度条件下对油脂的降解效率显著提高了20%;在浓度为1 mg/L的表面活性剂(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)存在条件下,CH-CY01对油脂的降解效率显著提高了40%。以餐饮高油脂污水为处理对象,结果显示经添加1%(V/V)的CH-CY01小球处理7 d后,超过80%以上的固态油脂被降解,明显高于未固定的CY-01。综上所述,经壳聚糖固定包埋的CH-CY01小球显著提高了菌株的生存能力和油脂降解效率,对于高油脂餐饮污水的高效处理具有较大的应用潜力。     

Combined use of an immunomagnetic separation method and immunoblotting for the enumeration and isolation of Escherichia coli O157 in wastewaters

AIMS: The detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in environmental samples is a human concern. The high persistence of this serotype in the environment suggests that contaminated animal wastewater could act as a potential reservoir. Nevertheless, the high levels of background microflora and cell damage because of environmental stress hamper the isolation of this pathogen without using enrichment methods. This study develops a method for the detection of E. coli and investigates its prevalence in animal and human wastewaters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Incubation of the sample for 1 h 30 min at 37 degrees C in peptone water supplemented with vancomycin and cefsulodin, enhanced the recovery of bacteria whilst ensuring that no growth occurred. Subsequently, a combination of immunomagnetic separation, cefixime-tellurite-sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) plating and immunoblotting with specific O157 antibodies allowed the detection, enumeration and isolation of E. coli O157 strains in human, swine and cattle wastewaters, which presented values of 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 log10 ml(-1) units, respectively. Some of the isolates carried genes coding for Shiga toxins, intimin and enterohemolysin. CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli O157 is commonly present in animal and human wastewaters. The developed method reduced the high rate of false positives reported for other technical approaches. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The confirmation of serotype by specific immunomethods is necessary to prevent false-positive detection and incorrect enumeration.     

工程纳米材料对污水生物处理影响的研究进展

工程纳米材料因其独特的物理化学性质被广泛应用于生产和生活中,但其潜在的风险正逐渐引起越来越多研究者的关注。目前国内外的研究主要探讨了工程纳米材料对模式微生物的毒性效应,但是对污水处理微生物的潜在影响尚缺乏系统和完整的报道。因此,本文综述了常见纳米材料对污水生物处理的影响,如碳、氮、磷的去除、甲烷化以及功能微生物种群结构演变等;同时还探讨了两种削减纳米银颗粒毒性的途径。综述内容为深入研究纳米材料对污水生物处理的潜在影响奠定了重要的理论基础。     

微生物共培养与污水净化

微生物共培养在污水处理方面具有高效、不污染环境等特点,近年来取得了很多重要成果,并显示出诱人前景.简要介绍了微生物共培养在化工废水、生物废水以及高效池塘净化方面的应用与研究概况.     

Natural Estrogens in the Surface Water of Shenzhen and the Sewage Discharge of Hong Kong

Despite the fact that estrogens cause hormonal disturbances in aquatic organisms, few studies on the estrogen contamination in our surface waters have been conducted. This study was thus conducted (1) to investigate the level of estrogens in the surface waters in Shenzhen and (2) to examine the estrogen levels in the sewage discharges in Hong Kong. Total estrogens (estrone E1, estradiol E2, and estriol E3) in the samples taken from two reservoirs, five rivers, and thirty sampling locations of the seawater in Shenzhen were measured by using ELISA kits. The preliminary results have revealed that the level of estrogens in the surface waters of Shenzhen is generally higher than that in the similar water bodies in well-developed nations. Sewage could be the major source of the estrogen contamination in these waters. The total estrogens levels in the Xili and Shenzhen Reservoirs were in a range of 3–11 ng/L with a mean value of 7 ng/L, where that in four rivers in Shenzhen were found to be 47–90 ng/L and 60.25 ng/L, respectively. In the seawater near the sewage discharge points they were 260–300 ng/L and 287 ng/L, respectively. The estradiol levels in the influent and effluent of three sewage treatment works (STWs) in Hong Kong were also monitored. The activated sludge process used in these STWs removed more than 80% whereas the chemical coagulation processed used at the Stonecutters Island STW removed less estrogens. Biological treatment appears to play a significant role in removing estrogens from wastewater.     

Sewage sludge does not induce genotoxicity and carcinogenesis

Through a series of experiments, the genotoxic/mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of sewage sludge was assessed. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Group 1 - negative control; Group 2 - liver carcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DEN; 200 mg/kg i.p.); Group 3 and G4-liver carcinogenesis initiated by DEN and fed 10,000 ppm or 50,000 ppm of sewage sludge. The animals were submitted to a 70% partial hepatectomy at the 3^rd week. Livers were processed for routine histological analysis and immunohistochemistry, in order to detect glutathione S-transferase positive altered hepatocyte foci (GST-P⁺ AHF). Peripheral blood samples for the comet assay were obtained from the periorbital plexus immediately prior to sacrificing. Polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) were analyzed in femoral bone-marrow smears, and the frequencies of those micronucleated (MNPCEs) registered. There was no sewage-sludge-induced increase in frequency of either DNA damage in peripheral blood leucocytes, or MNPCEs in the femoral bone marrow. Also, there was no increase in the levels of DNA damage, in the frequency of MNPCEs, and in the development of GST-P AHF when compared with the respective control group.