高效率提取λ噬菌体DNA离体包装抽提物

λ噬菌体DNA在与被克隆的DNA片段结合成重组体后,需进行体外包装才能形成侵染性的噬菌体颗粒。这里仅就如何提取高效能人噬菌体DNA包装抽提物（包装蛋白）谈谈体会。（1）菌落的选择从BHB2688和BHB2690的不同菌落中提取的包装抽提物的包装效率（讨U小g／＊＊A）可相差10倍以上。因此在大量制备以前,有必要先挑选多个菌范小批量制备抽提物并测定其包装效率,取优良者进行制备。（2）热诱导后的培养时间文献所载,在热诱导后培养至细菌可被氛仿裂解时即可停止。但我们的经验是12”IX10’养一段时间可明显提高抽提物的效价（见图1）…     

粪产碱菌(Alcaligenes faecalix)基因文库的构建和nifH基因同源顺序的克隆

采用λ噬菌体置换型载体EMBL4,构建了Alcaligenes faecalis A-15 H1菌株总DNA的基因文库。用Sau3AⅠ限制酶完成部分酶切,取13—20kb大小的片段进行克隆。载体DNA经BamHⅠ和SaiⅠ完全双酶切,左右臂“退火”形成左右臂载体分子后再与外源片段连接。左右臂载体分子与外源片段按照1:1的分子比进行体外连接。用E.coli BHB2688和E.coli BHB2690制备的包装抽提物进行体外包装,所得基因文库效价测定为1.2×10~6 pfu,远远超过理论上所需的库容量。以nif H基因作为探针,经3轮噬菌斑原位杂交,从基因文库中筛选出含有其同源顺序的克隆,并得到了梯度点杂交的验证。对所得重组噬菌体克隆之一进行Southern转移杂交,结果证实,其3.5kb的EcoRⅠ酶切片段为nif H阳性杂交条带。将其克隆到质粒pUC19 DNA上后,转入受体菌JM101中。再次经Southern转移杂交,证明所得重组质粒克隆(pAFH)含有粪产碱菌中的与nifH基因有同源顺序的片段。     

酵母脯氨酸合成酶基因(Pro2)的分离及Leu~+ Pro~+表型共转导

酵母7209-1 A(a)DNA,用pHC79为载体,以BamHⅠ、PstⅠ和Hind Ⅲ酶切,经体外重组和包装后,转导至大肠杆菌HB101和SC294中。在我们的实验条件下(对酵母DNA适度酶解,F/V值为15,连接时DNA总浓度为200—250微克/微升以及BHB 2688/BHB2690比值为5),重组建库效率达到10~6CFU/微克载体DNA,重组子双抗值降低到10％或5％以下。 大肠杆菌HB101和SC 294的10~6个重组体克隆中,观察到酵母基因对leuB 6及proA2(在HB101中),leu6,metB1,argG,his1(在SC294中)等营养缺陷型的互补(校正)效应。由于互补频率(10~(-3)—10~(-4))比上述基因突变自发回复率高2—3个数量级,因此可以说,酵母的上述基因在大肠杆菌中获得了功能表达。对pYeleu5和pYeleu7单克隆DNA的再次包装转导和再次互补测试表明,我们已使酵母leu~+的互补效率提高10~4倍。本文还报道了在HB101中的酵母基因文库Leu~+ Pro~+的表型共转导现象,频率为30％以上。     

影响λ噬菌体包装蛋白抽提物效价的因素

<正> 以λ噬菌体DNA作载体构建基因文库时,λ噬菌体包装蛋白抽提物是实验成败的关键之一,市场上虽有此商品出售,但由于价格昂贵加上运输和保藏方面的问题,使用时往往不够理想。所以,不少实验室自己制备噬菌体包装蛋白抽提物。任兆韵等报导:快速诱导可以提高包装效价,在这里我们报导包装反应时间等其他因素对λ噬菌体包装蛋白抽提物效价的影响。     

YAC克隆系统

目前,利用质粒和噬菌体作为载体,已完成了许多基因与基因组DNA片段的克隆及作图.但是,质粒和噬菌体所能携带的外源DNA片段的大小是很有限的.一般来说,入噬菌体能携带的DNA片段不超过25kb;Cosmid质粒所能携带的DNA片段不超过45kb.而现在发现的一些大基因,如人类的Factor VIII基因(180kb)和Dystrophin基因(1800kb)都已远远超过上述载体的克隆容量.这些容量较小的克隆载体,在克隆真核基因组的染色体时,遇到了巨大的困难.为了克服这一难题,80     

采用Red重组系统构建包装菌株DH-gⅢ

选择感染性噬菌体技术是研究蛋白相互作用的良好手段,获得基因Ⅲ缺陷的辅助噬菌体是构成SIP体系的关键.为制备基因Ⅲ缺失的辅助噬菌体,利用λRed重组系统将完整的噬菌体基因Ⅲ和氯霉素抗性基因整合到大肠埃希菌DH5α的染色体上组氨酸操纵元位点构建包装菌株,经氯霉素抗性筛选并用PCR及组氨酸表型鉴定,获得包装菌株DH-gⅢ;将缺失功能基因Ⅲ的缺陷型噬菌体基因组转化到包装菌株中培养制备辅助噬菌体,以集落形成试验来检测缺陷型噬菌体的感染能力,结果滴度可达到4.3×108,只具备一次感染力,表明包装菌株构建成功,能用来制备辅助噬菌体,有望用于SIP体系.     

非缺失型α地中海贫血基因的克隆化分离

从一例基因型为αα~T/—的血红蛋白H病患者的手术切除脾制备了染色体DNA,用BamHⅠ水解后,回收14±1kb的DNA片段,作为插入体。以λEMBL_4噬菌体经非超离心法制备基因组DNA作为替换载体。经BamHⅠ水解回收左右臂,与α地贫脾DNA 14kb片段连接,包装、传染后,得10~4—10~5重组噬菌体/μg。以人α珠蛋白基因特异的探针作Benton原位杂交,M4×10~3克隆中筛出两个含α珠蛋白基因序列的克隆株。其中一株扩增后制备的重组DNA经酶解图谱及Southern印迹杂交鉴定,中间可替换部分含有14kb的人α珠蛋白基因组DNA。从而在我国首次从中国地贫病人中,以基因工程的方法,分离了克隆化的非缺失型α地贫基因,为研究其结构与功能打下了重要基础。     

Charon 4A噬菌体DNA的制备

由David改造的Charon 4A噬菌体,目前已普遍作为无性繁殖各种DNA的良好载体。它具有极好的安全性。Charon 3A、4A和16A噬菌体已被确定为EK_2级的载体——宿主系统。 Charon 4A噬菌体DNA为46kb碱基对长。经EcoRI酶消化成4个片段,其中19和12kb片段可作为制备真核基因文库的载体,可     

哺乳类基因工程的一些实验操作 实验10X噬菌体DNA 体外包装

一、需用的菌株及其特性鉴定 1.菌株及其基因型 (1）大肠杆菌E. coli BHB2688，基因型为：N205 rec＾一〔rimm"`9 clts, b2, red-, Earn, Sam/r.lo (2）大肠杆菌E. coli BHB 2690，基因型为： N205 recA- [rimm"9`. cIts, b2, red-. Dam, Sam/r]. (3）大肠杆菌E. coli K802，基因型为：hsdR+, hsdM+.} gal-, met-, SUPHO 2.鉴定clrs基因 (1) BHB 2688和BHB 2690各自接种在2只LB 培养基上。一只置32℃下培养，另一只置42℃下培 养。在32℃培养的平板上挑取单菌落，接种在LB培 养液中，32℃培养过夜。 (2）再将培养液中生长的细菌划线接种在2只 LB培养基上，分别置32℃和42℃下培养。如果细菌 只在32℃ 下生长，则可用于制备包装用的抽提物。 3.鉴定，cA基因 (1)在LB平板上，平行划线接种BHB 2688, BHB 2690和K802o (2）用厚纸遮住培养皿的一半，打开培养皿盖置 紫外线下照射。然后在犯℃下培养过夜。 (3）厚纸遮挡部分的培养基上，BHB2688和BHB 269。生长，紫外线照射的培养基上则不生长。K802 不受紫外线照射的影响都能够生长。     

在变铅青链霉菌基因组中定域克隆外源DNA的置换性载体及通过反选择获得重组体的模式方法

ΦHAU3^R是变铅青链霉菌66中对噬菌体ΦHAU3显示抗性的基因,已从基因组中获得分离。将基因组中邻近于该基因两侧的一个3.5kb和另一个3.8kb的DNA片段分别以其在染色体上的天然取向插入到一个由pIJ101衍生的质粒pIJ653上,构建成pHZ806。然后在pHZ806上对应于pIJ101复制子的区域中插入一个spc/str抗性基因,同时在3.5kb和3.8kb片段之间插入一个潮霉素抗性基因(hyg),衍生出一个新质粒pHZ808。由于pHZ808中不具有完整的pIJ101复制功能区,所以它不能在链霉菌中复制。然而,在该质粒3.5kb和3.8kb片段之间插入的任何DNA片段,在导入到变铅青链霉菌中后都可借助于3.5kb和3.8kb两个片段与内源染色体的同源区域所发生的双交换而稳定地整入到内源染色体的特定区域(3.5kb和3.8kb片段之间),同时置换出染色体上的ΦHAU3-R基因。发生了这种基因置换的重组子菌株会对噬菌体ΦHAU3变得敏感,这种反选择方法可用来浓缩和初选携带定域插入片段的重组子。已利用潮霉素抗性基因(hyg)作为一个模式基因片段阐明了这种载体和这种在染色体上定域克隆外源基因片段的方法学和适用性。同时,用pHZ808作载体克隆另外的基因片段时还有另一个优越性：hyg可作为报告基因一同参与外源基因片段的定域整合,携带插入片段的重组子除了对噬菌体ΦHAU3显示敏感性以外,还对潮霉素显示抗性。     

Molecular cloning of a gene coding for a Vibrio cholerae haemagglutinin

Recombinant plasmids encoding a Vibrio cholerae haemagglutinin were isolated from the highly virulent V. cholerae strain C5 by cosmid cloning. Both Escherichia coli HB101 containing the recombinant plasmids and V. cholerae C5 were able to agglutinate a variety of erythrocytes from human and animal origin; this haemagglutination was not inhibited by D-mannose or L-fucose. Subcloning of the recombinant cosmid DNA revealed that a 1.3 kb DNA fragment was sufficient for haemagglutinin production in E. coli HB101. Under direction of this 1.3 kb Vibrio DNA fragment, two proteins were made in E. coli minicells, of 27 and 10 kDa. Haemagglutinin-encoding sequences were not detected in every V. cholerae strain.     

Construction of a novel suicide vector: selection for Escherichia coli HB101 recombinants carrying the DNA insert.

We constructed a new type of cloning vector, pERISH2, that transforms Escherichia coli HB101 only when a foreign DNA fragment is ligated into the cloning site of the plasmid vector. Plasmid pERISH2 carries the rcsB gene which is derived from the chromosome of E. coli HB101 and is involved in the regulation of colanic acid production. When E. coli HB101 is transformed by this vector carrying the intact rcsB gene, the gene product RcsB blocks bacterial growth. However, if the rcsB gene is inactivated by the insertion of a foreign DNA fragment, this recombinant plasmid no longer inhibits the growth of E. coli HB101. Although E. coli HB101 is not stably transformed by pERISH2, E. coli K-12 strains such as JM109 and C600 can harbor this vector. Therefore, pERISH2 can be amplified in JM109 and be prepared from this strain in a large quantity using conventional methods. A chromosomal gene library of Klebsiella pneumoniae is constructed easily and efficiently by the utilization of this new cloning vector.     

Genome size and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Vibrio cholerae strains belonging to different serovars and biotypes

Abstract The genome size of Vibrio cholerae has been determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis following digestion of chromosomal DNA with endonucleases. The genome size of all the classical strains examined was about 3000 kb and that of El Tor biotype was 2500 kb. The Not I and S fi I digestion patterns of the genomes of several V. cholerae straimns belonging to different serovars and biotypes showed distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RFLP analysis together with the genome size can be used to differentiate strains of different serovars and biotypes of V. cholerae .     

Studies on locus expansion, library representation, and chromosome walking using an efficient method to screen cosmid libraries

We have developed an efficient screening method to search for clones in cosmid libraries prepared from human genomic DNA. Genomic, cDNA, and cosmid probes have been used to isolate homologous cosmids from human chromosomes 7, 10, 16, 17 and X as part of a search for polymorphic nucleotide sequences. This method has been successfully applied to chromosome walking experiments at the interstitial retinol-binding protein locus on chromosome 10, and may be a useful tool for investigating representation of cloned sequences in cosmid libraries. Our library was prepared in the vector c2RB (Bates and Swift, 1983), but the method is applicable to any cosmid cloning system in which the inserted DNA can be separated from the vector by restriction enzyme digestion. A cosmid library containing five human genome equivalents can be rapidly screened using three to four Southern hybridization filters. This results in substantial labor saving, particularly when screening genomes of high complexity with many different probes. Another advantage of the system is that it allows for the long-term storage of the cosmids so that they can be screened whenever necessary. As a consequence, cosmid screening can be made a routine laboratory procedure.     

Construction of a yeast artificial chromosome library of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and identification of clones from the Bs2 resistance locus

A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library was constructed using high-molecular-weight DNA isolated from pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaf protoplasts. Insert DNA was prepared by partial digestion using EcoRI and subjected to electrophoretic fractionation before in-gel ligation to the pJS97/98 YAC vector. Prior to transformation of yeast spheroplasts, ligation products were subjected to a second electrophoretic size selection. The library consists of about 19 000 clones with an average insert size of 500 kb, thus representing approximately three haploid genome equivalents. Three PCR-based markers tightly linked to the pepper Bs2 resistance gene were used to assess the utility of this library for positional cloning. Three YAC clones containing pepper genomic DNA from the Bs2 resistance locus were isolated from the library. The clones ranged in size from 270 kb to 1.2 Mb and should prove useful for the cloning of the Bs2 gene. Received: 15 January 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 1999     

霍乱弧菌脂多糖基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆

利用柯斯质粒pHC 79为载体,构建了霍乱弧菌178(埃尔托生物型,小川血清型)染色体基因文库。经血清凝集试验及菌落固相ELISA检测,从基因文库中筛选到13株能够表达霍乱弧菌脂多糖O抗原的阳性克隆。经热酚水法从转化于中提取并纯化的脂多糖能与霍乱弧菌抗血清发生特异性结合。针对重组柯斯质粒PMM—VO 38进行了多种酶切分析,测定其分子量为46kb。     

Stable positional cloning of long continuous DNA in the Bacillus subtilis genome vector

Direct cloning of a long continuous genome segment in a Bacillus subtilis genome vector was demonstrated for the first time. Two small DNA fragments had to be installed in the vector prior to cloning. The DNA between these two fragments was cloned via homologous recombination. The efficiency of cloning was estimated using the 3,573-kb genome of a cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Recombinants were selected using the internal selection system of the Bacillus genome vector or with the antibiotic resistance marker in the cyanobacterial genome. Designated genomic segments as large as 77-kb were cloned by means of a single procedure. Cloning efficiency is affected by the molecular weight of the donor DNA and the size of the DNA to be cloned. The method is suitable for direct target cloning of large-sized DNA.     

Genome engineering in Vibrio cholerae: a feasible approach to address biological issues

Although bacteria with multipartite genomes are prevalent, our knowledge of the mechanisms maintaining their genome is very limited, and much remains to be learned about the structural and functional interrelationships of multiple chromosomes. Owing to its bi-chromosomal genome architecture and its importance in public health, Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has become a preferred model to study bacteria with multipartite genomes. However, most in vivo studies in V. cholerae have been hampered by its genome architecture, as it is difficult to give phenotypes to a specific chromosome. This difficulty was surmounted using a unique and powerful strategy based on massive rearrangement of prokaryotic genomes. We developed a site-specific recombination-based engineering tool, which allows targeted, oriented, and reciprocal DNA exchanges. Using this genetic tool, we obtained a panel of V. cholerae mutants with various genome configurations: one with a single chromosome, one with two chromosomes of equal size, and one with both chromosomes controlled by identical origins. We used these synthetic strains to address several biological questions--the specific case of the essentiality of Dam methylation in V. cholerae and the general question concerning bacteria carrying circular chromosomes--by looking at the effect of chromosome size on topological issues. In this article, we show that Dam, RctB, and ParA2/ParB2 are strictly essential for chrII origin maintenance, and we formally demonstrate that the formation of chromosome dimers increases exponentially with chromosome size.     

草生欧文氏菌(E.herbicola)CSH1065质粒的重组标记及Fib基因的遗传转移

利用DNA分子克隆技术及遗传重组方法,在E.herbicola CSH1065质粒上插入了Km_R及Mob基因,利用细菌间的接合转移,使E.herbicola CSH1065质粒转移到E.coli HB101中,从而获得了E.herbicola CSH1065的Fib(fungi inhibition)基因在E.coli HB101中的表达,进一步证明E.herbicola CSH1065 Fib基因功能只涉及其细胞内的大质粒,与其染色体基因组无关,其黄色色素基因与Fib功能无关。这些结果还为DNA分子杂交方法所证实。     

Detection and transformation of genome segments that differ within a coastal population of Vibrio cholerae strains

Vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous member of diverse aquatic ecosystems around the globe. Collectively, the genomes of environmental V. cholerae strains comprise a large repository of encoded functions which can be acquired by individual V. cholerae lineages through uptake and recombination. To characterize the genomic diversity of environmental V. cholerae, we used comparative genome hybridization to study 41 environmental strains isolated from diverse habitats along the central California coast, a region free of endemic cholera. These data were used to classify genes of the epidemic V. cholerae O1 sequenced strain N16961 as conserved, variably present, or absent from the isolates. For the most part, absent genes were restricted to large mobile elements and have known functions in pathogenesis. Conversely, genes present in some, but not all, California isolates were in smaller contiguous clusters and were less likely to be near genes with functions in DNA mobility. Two such clusters of variable genes encoding different selectable metabolic phenotypes (mannose and diglucosamine utilization) were transformed into the genomes of environmental isolates by chitin-dependent competence, indicating that this mechanism of general genetic exchange is conserved among V. cholerae. The transformed DNA had an average size of 22.7 kbp, demonstrating that natural competence can mediate the movement of large chromosome fragments. Thus, whether variable genes arise through the acquisition of new sequences by horizontal gene transfer or by the loss of preexisting DNA though deletion, natural transformation provides a mechanism by which V. cholerae clones can gain access to the V. cholerae pan-genome.