解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2产抑菌物质培养基及发酵条件优化

【目的】优化解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2产抑菌活性物质发酵培养基及发酵条件。【方法】以马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基为基础,依据发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈的单因素试验结果,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化发酵培养基,二次通用旋转组合设计,频率分析法优化发酵条件。【结果】影响发酵液抑菌活性的培养基主要组分为马铃薯、蔗糖和L-谷氨酸钠,最优发酵培养基配方为:马铃薯188.0 g/L,蔗糖22.0 g/L,L-谷氨酸钠1.80 g/L,培养基成本为0.81元/L;最佳发酵条件为:接种量6%、发酵温度30°C、装液量40 mL/250 mL、摇床转速185 r/min、发酵时间24 h、初始pH 7.0。优化后发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径为30.82 mm,较优化前的18.22 mm增加了12.60 mm。【结论】优化后的培养基和发酵条件提高了解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2发酵液的抑菌活性,为该菌株的工业化生产应用提供了依据。     

黄瓜枯萎病生防菌HD-087产抗菌物质条件的 优化及抑菌作用初探

【目的】优化比基尼链霉菌HD-087摇瓶发酵条件,提高菌株发酵液对黄瓜枯萎病菌HU-M的抑制率,并通过拮抗试验初步评价发酵液的抑菌作用效果。【方法】采用单因素筛选及正交试验对HD-087的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行优化。经发酵液处理后,光学显微镜观察HU-M菌丝形态和孢子萌发抑制率,测定HU-M菌丝电导率。【结果】改进的发酵培养基配方为:淀粉1.00%、黄豆粉0.80%、酵母粉0.12%、CaCO30.40%。对发酵条件的研究表明:pH为6.8,180 r/min、28°C条件下,250 mL三角瓶装液量为40 mL,接种1 mL种龄为2 d的种子,发酵5 d为最佳培养条件。抑菌结果表明,HD-087产抗菌物质能造成病原菌HU-M菌丝细胞质渗漏,菌丝畸形,分生孢子萌发受抑制,5倍发酵稀释液孢子抑制率达72.1%;除此之外还能引起菌丝电解质渗漏,造成菌丝细胞膜受损。【结论】优化后的摇瓶发酵条件能提高生防菌HD-087发酵液抑菌效果,并且发酵液可破坏细胞膜明显抑制病原菌HU-M生长,具有较大开发应用潜力。     

一株香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌HQB-1的分离鉴定及其发酵条件优化

【背景】香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense,Foc)引起的一种真菌毁灭性土传病害,近年来施用生防菌被认为是一种有效的防治手段。【目的】从香蕉根际土壤中分离筛选具有良好防效的生防菌,并通过优化培养基及发酵条件,提高生防菌数量及抑菌效率。【方法】以福建省漳州蕉园中根际土壤为样品,以香蕉枯萎病致病菌(4号生理小种)为指示菌,通过稀释涂布、平板对峙法筛选得到一株具有较强抑菌活性的拮抗菌株HQB-1。通过形态观察、生理生化检测及16SrRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定其种属,并采用单因素试验及正交设计优化菌株的发酵培养基及发酵条件。【结果】初步鉴定HQB-1菌株为Burkholderiastagnalis;最适培养基为:牛肉膏5.0 g/L,酵母浸粉10.0 g/L,NaCl 5.0 g/L;最佳发酵条件为:温度27°C,pH 7.0,转速200 r/min,接种量1%,培养时间36 h。【结论】使用该条件培养获得的有效活菌数及抑菌率较优化前明显提高,其中OD600由优化前的1.251提高至1.881,抑菌率由优化前的9.18%提高至34.60%。     

一株桑树内生拮抗菌的分离、鉴定及发酵条件优化

【目的】利用植物内生拮抗菌防治植物病害是一种有效的生物防治手段。本研究从健康桑树中分离筛选桑椹菌核病拮抗性内生细菌,为桑椹菌核病生物防治提供优良菌种。【方法】釆用组织分离培养法及抑菌圈法分离、筛选桑椹菌核病拮抗性内生细菌;根据菌体形态、培养特征、生理生化特性及基于16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对抑菌活性显著且稳定的菌株进行菌种鉴定;进而利用菌丝生长速率法检测活性发酵液的抑菌谱与热稳定性,并通过单因素及正交试验优化该菌株产生抑菌活性物质的发酵条件。【结果】从健康桑树中共分离获得55株内生细菌,其中XP-27菌株对核盘菌PZ-2的抑菌活性稳定且拮抗效果明显;XP-27菌株形态、培养特征、生理生化特性与芽孢杆菌属相符,基于16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析结果显示该菌株与多株甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)的亲缘关系最近,且处于系统发育树的同一分枝,故将XP-27菌株鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌,命名为B.methylotrophicusXP-27;抑菌谱与热稳定性实验结果表明XP-27菌株对灰霉菌SWU5、腐霉菌SWU3等10种常见植物病原菌具不同程度的抑制作用,且其发酵滤液热稳定性强;发酵条件优化结果表明该菌株最佳培养基配方与培养条件为:牛肉膏1.00%,淀粉1.50%,K_2HPO_4 0.05%,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.10%,初始pH值为8.0,培养温度为30°C,接种量为7%,发酵时间为120 h。【结论】筛选获得的桑树内生细菌B. methylotrophicus XP-27对桑椹菌核病病原菌核盘菌PZ-2具有显著拮抗作用,可作为开发桑椹菌核病生防制剂的候选菌株。     

风信子中抗青霉素内生菌的分离、筛选和活性检测

通过用初筛培养基培养,从风信子叶子中分离出一种抗青霉素的内生菌,进行离体培养和抑菌活性检测。结果表明所筛选的菌株的发酵产物对细菌和真菌均有一定的抑菌活性。其中发酵液提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌有一定的抑菌活性,对苹果干腐病原菌和烟草赤星病原菌的抑菌率分别是94.8%和93.8%,而菌体内的活性物对蜡状芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌都有较高的活性,对苹果干腐病原菌、烟草赤星病原菌和苹果轮纹病原菌的抑菌率都在80%以上。     

具有杀线虫活性的郭霍氏芽孢杆菌发酵条件优化及稳定性评价

【背景】芽孢杆菌是一类常见的生防菌,在植物病害防治中展现出巨大潜力。【目的】对一株具有杀线虫活性的郭霍氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus kochii) DDWB进行发酵条件优化和稳定性评价,为菌株的开发提供理论支持。【方法】以发酵液上清杀线虫率及细菌发酵液OD600值为指标,通过单因素法与正交试验设计,对菌株的培养基与发酵参数进行优化;同时对菌株发酵液酸碱、温度、紫外、遗传及储存稳定性进行评价。【结果】DDWB菌株培养基优化后为:蔗糖2%,酵母提取物1%,氯化钾2%;优化后初始pH值为8.0,装液量为150 mL/250 mL锥形瓶,发酵时间为48h,接种量为8%,转速为160r/min,发酵温度为31℃;稳定性测定结果显示发酵液对酸碱敏感,紫外光照射4 h后活性物质发生降解,但发酵液对温度不敏感且杀线虫活性相关基因可稳定遗传。【结论】本研究优化了DDWB菌株的发酵条件,并对发酵液中活性物质的稳定性进行了多因素评价,使得菌株可以快速扩繁并长期稳定保持对根结线虫的抑制活性,为进一步评价菌株田间防效和研究生防机制奠定了基础。     

死谷芽胞杆菌B10发酵条件的研究与抗菌谱的测定

死谷芽胞杆菌B10可抑制多种食用菌病原木霉菌的生长,同时对其他多种食用菌病原真菌有拮抗作用,因此是1株很有潜力的生防菌,具有开发成生防产品的潜能。实验通过摇瓶培养,对死谷芽胞杆菌B10产生抑菌活性物质的发酵培养基和培养条件进行优化,并对其抑菌谱进行了测试。结果表明,实验产生抑菌活性物质的最佳培养基为NB液体培养基,最佳发酵条件为:菌株种龄18 h,发酵周期36 h,初始培养基pH为7.0,培养温度为30℃,摇瓶装液量为100 mL/250 mL,接种量为4%,摇床转速为170 r/min。B10发酵无菌滤液对多种食用菌病原真菌有明显抑制作用,其中对哈茨木霉T22抑制作用最强,抑菌率达90.56%。     

高产几丁质酶巴伦葛兹类芽孢杆菌的筛选和发酵条件优化

【目的】鉴定一株来源于中国南海海水样能够分泌多种胞外几丁质酶的类芽孢杆菌CAU904,并优化其产几丁质酶的发酵条件。【方法】采用形态学观察、16S r DNA序列比对及生理生化实验鉴定;通过碳源、氮源、温度、初始p H、表面活性剂种类以及发酵时间的单因素优化实验获得最佳发酵条件。【结果】菌株CAU904被鉴定为巴伦葛兹类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus barengoltzii),其最优发酵产酶条件为:0.5%胶体几丁质,0.2%酵母浸提物,0.1%吐温-80,培养基初始p H 7.0,45°C培养72 h。在最优发酵条件下,该菌株最大产酶水平达到8.2 U/m L,比优化前提高了5.4倍。几丁质酶的酶谱分析表明该菌株能够产生多达11种具有几丁质水解活性的同工酶,其中主要酶谱带对应分子量分别为54、47和38 k D。【结论】实验结果为巴伦葛兹类芽孢杆菌几丁质酶的分离纯化和酶的应用提供了基础。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955发酵培养基优化及其泡腾颗粒的研制

【背景】植物病害的生物防治及生防产品的开发一直是植物保护研究的重点方向,但现有的生防产品多为可湿性粉剂和水剂,存在剂型单一、货架期短及运输和使用不便等问题。【目的】优化贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955菌株发酵培养基,并利用其开发出一种容易使用和保存的新生防产品——泡腾颗粒。【方法】采用Plackett-Burman设计、中心组合设计和响应面分析等方法,优化了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955的发酵培养基成分;采用L₉（3³）正交设计,以溶液pH和活菌数为指标,优化了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955泡腾颗粒配比,并评价了其物理性质和抑菌效果。【结果】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955最优发酵培养基成分为（g/L）:蛋白胨12.00,酵母粉1.00,葡萄糖15.00,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.40,K₂HPO₄ 0.05。用此培养基发酵48h,发酵液对立枯丝核菌的抑制率达到89.78%。泡腾颗粒最佳配比为:碱酸摩尔比为2.00,白炭黑1.50 g,黄腐酸钾0.03 g。泡腾颗粒的平均崩解...     

亚麻立枯病拮抗菌的筛选、生防效果及发酵条件优化

【目的】从健康亚麻植株的根际土壤中筛选对亚麻立枯病菌具有较强抑菌作用的拮抗菌,优化其产生抑菌活性物质的发酵条件,为其生防利用奠定基础。【方法】采用稀释平板涂布法和对峙培养法进行拮抗菌的筛选;根据菌株形态学特征、生理生化特性以及16S r RNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定;利用温室抗病实验确定其生防效果;通过单因素实验和均匀设计实验优化其发酵条件。【结果】分离筛选到一株对亚麻立枯病菌具有显著拮抗作用的细菌HXP-5,且其对另外7种植物病菌真菌均有拮抗作用;鉴定菌株HXP-5为枯草芽孢杆菌;温室抗病实验结果表明其生防效果可达71.22%;其产生抑菌活性物质的最佳发酵条件为:葡萄糖为2.3%,胰蛋白胨+酵母粉(3:1)为0.25%,Na Cl为0.18%,发酵时间为72 h,发酵温度为27°C,转速为210 r/min,250 m L摇瓶装液100 m L,接种量为1.7%。【结论】经鉴定,对亚麻立枯病病菌具拮抗作用的菌株HXP-5为枯草芽孢杆菌,且对亚麻立枯病具有较强的防治效果,发酵条件进行优化后其对亚麻立枯病病原菌显示出更强的拮抗作用。     

Effect of Carbon Source on the Antimicrobial Activity of the Air Flora

Summary In an attempt to screen for air flora producing new potent antimicrobial substances, Bacillus megaterium NB-3, Bacillus cereus NB-4, Bacillus cereus NB-5, Bacillus subtilis NB-6 and Bacillus circulans NB-7, were isolated and were found to be antagonistic to bacteria and/or fungi. Production of antimicrobial substances by the bacterial strains was greatly influenced by variation of carbon sources. Glycerol strongly enhanced the antimicrobial activity of strains NB-3 and NB-6, whereas glucose increased the antimicrobial activity of strains NB-4 and NB-5. The maximum antibiotic yield of NB-7 was achieved with fructose as a carbon source. Starch (Bacillus megaterium NB-3), maltose (Bacillus cereus NB-5), glycerol (Bacillus circulans NB-7), arabinose, ribose (Bacillus cereus NB-4) and arabinose, fructose, glucose, ribose and sucrose (Bacillus subtilis NB-6) repressed the production of antimicrobial substances by the respective bacterial strains.     

A complete computer monitoring and control system using commercially available,configurable software for laboratory and pilot plantEscherichia coli fermentations

The advent of inexpensive computers and associated control and data acquisition software makes possible the development of sophisticated, configurable, integrated monitoring and control systems for small-scale laboratory and pilot-scale fermentors at low cost. We describe here the implementation of such a system, the interfacing of off-line instruments to enhance real time data analysis, low level process control and several substrate feeding protocols.     

Characterization of the impact of acetate and lactate on ethanolic fermentation by Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus

Ethanolic fermentation of simple sugars is an important step in the production of bioethanol as a renewable fuel. Significant levels of organic acids, which are generally considered inhibitory to microbial metabolism, could be accumulated during ethanolic fermentation, either as a fermentation product or as a by-product generated from pre-treatment steps. To study the impact of elevated concentrations of organic acids on ethanol production, varying levels of exogenous acetate or lactate were added into cultures of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus strain 39E with glucose, xylose or cellobiose as the sole fermentation substrate. Our results found that lactate was in general inhibitory to ethanolic fermentation by strain 39E. However, the addition of acetate showed an unexpected stimulatory effect on ethanolic fermentation of sugars by strain 39E, enhancing ethanol production by up to 394%. Similar stimulatory effects of acetate were also evident in two other ethanologens tested, T. ethanolicus X514, and Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405, suggesting the potentially broad occurrence of acetate stimulation of ethanolic fermentation. Analysis of fermentation end product profiles further indicated that the uptake of exogenous acetate as a carbon source might contribute to the improved ethanol yield when 0.1% (w/v) yeast extract was added as a nutrient supplement. In contrast, when yeast extract was omitted, increases in sugar utilization appeared to be the likely cause of higher ethanol yields, suggesting that the characteristics of acetate stimulation were growth condition-dependent. Further understanding of the physiological and metabolic basis of the acetate stimulation effect is warranted for its potential application in improving bioethanol fermentation processes.     

溶菌酶对瘤胃体外发酵、甲烷生成及微生物菌群结构的影响

【目的】通过体外静态模拟瘤胃发酵法研究溶菌酶对瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成及微生物菌群结构的影响。【方法】采用单因素多水平试验设计,溶菌酶添加水平分别为0(L-0,对照组)、0.1 mg/100 m L(L-0.1)、1 mg/100 m L(L-1)、10 mg/100 m L(L-10)和100 mg/100 m L(L-100),定时测定产气量和甲烷产量,培养24 h后,发酵液用于发酵参数和微生物菌群数量的q PCR测定,其中L-0、L-1和L-100三个组发酵液同时进行16S r RNA基因Illumina高通量测序。【结果】与对照组相比,低剂量溶菌酶添加(L-0.1组)不影响甲烷产量、氨氮浓度、干物质消失率、有机物消失率和总挥发性脂肪酸等瘤胃发酵参数(P0.05);随着剂量提高,L-1处理组甲烷产量、氨氮浓度显著降低(P0.05),丙酸浓度显著增加(P0.05),并且干物质消失率、有机物消失率和总挥发性脂肪酸不受影响(P0.05);而较高剂量组(L-10和L-100组)虽然甲烷产量显著降低,丙酸浓度显著增加(P0.05),但干物质消失率和有机物消失率也显著降低(P0.05)。q PCR结果显示高剂量组(L-100组)总菌、原虫、甲烷菌数量与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05),而L-0.1、L-1和L-10组总菌、真菌和原虫数量与对照组相比均无显著变化(P0.05)。高通量测序主成分分析(PCA)显示对照组与溶菌酶添加组间瘤胃细菌组成的明显区分,说明添加溶菌酶显著改变了瘤胃细菌菌群结构。溶菌酶通过增加月形单胞菌和琥珀酸弧菌等丙酸生成菌的相对丰度,使更多的氢被用于生成丙酸,导致甲烷产量降低;溶菌酶可抑制普雷沃氏菌和拟杆菌属等蛋白降解菌的生长,进而减少蛋白质过度降解,降低氨氮浓度。【结论】添加适宜浓度(1 mg/100 m L)的溶菌酶可通过调控瘤胃微生态改变瘤胃发酵模式,降低瘤胃甲烷和氨的生成,短期内并不影响饲料消化。     

Comparative assessment of fermentation techniques useful in the processing of ogi

Ogiis processed traditionally by the use of uncontrolled spontaneous fermentation of maize, sorghum and millet. In this study, traditionally applied spontaneous fermentation was compared with accelerated batch fermentation (or back-slopping) and the use of starter cultures to initiate fermentation. Lactic acid bacteria populations comprised 95 of the total viable bacteria and remained prominent throughout the fermentations, while number of moulds and coliform bacteria declined as the fermentation progressed. The fermentation method involving the application of starter culture helps most to control the prevalence of coliforms and moulds. Lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactococcus raffinolactis, Pediococcussp.,Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lb. suebicus and Lb. brevis,were isolated at different processing stages of ogi using accelerated batch fermentation (back-slopping) technique. Highest increase in acidity was observed immediately after wet-milling and sieving fermenting maize grains at 28 and 48 h. Sharp increases in the reducing sugar levels were noted between 24 and 28 h of fermentations during wet-milling and sieving processes.     

Products of fermentation in the roots of alders (Alnus Mill.)

The aim of this work was to discover the products of carbohydrate fermentation in alder roots. Experiments were done with roots of trees growing in naturally wet soils. Detached, anaerobic roots accumulated ethanol, and ethanol was the major labelled product of metabolism of [U-¹⁴C]sucrose. Glycerol was not labelled from [U-¹⁴C]sucrose, and did not accumulate in detached or attached roots. In both winter and summer, roots in the field contained little or no glycerol, and the amount was less than that in the aerobic parts of the tree. Roots in the field contained substantial amounts of ethanol. We conclude that ethanol is the major product of fermentation in alder roots, and that glycerol is not a significant product. These results are not consistent with Crawford's metabolic theory of flooding tolerance.     

Chemical modifications of the cell-surface components of Lactobacillus fermentum FTPT 1405 and their effect on the flocculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The effect of treatment of Lactobacillus fermentum with several protein- and carbohydrate-modifying reagents on the bacterium's ability to flocculate Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. The proteinaceous nature of the cell-surface components of L. fermentum which are responsible for floc formation was confirmed by inactivation of floc formation following photo-irradiation, with Methylene Blue or Rose Bengal as sensitizer, or acylation with acetic anhydride, maleic anhydride or acetylimidazole, and by the reaction of the components with nitrous acid, I₂ and performic acid.The phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine and the indole group of tryptophan appear essential for flocculation. Proteinaceous components of the yeast cell surface and carbohydrate components on the bacterial cell surface were not required for flocculation but carbohydrate residues on the yeast surface were essential.     

Fermentation of brined turnip roots using Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides starter cultures

The controlled fermentation of turnip slices using Lactobacillus plantarum or Leuconostoc mesenteroides as starter cultures led to earlier acid production and earlier and more pronounced inhibition of Enterobacteriaceae than with uninoculated (natural) fermentation. Unlike the natural fermentation, the controlled fermentations did not show a yeast secondary fermentation and also had a better colour. Due to its ability to produce higher amounts of acid, the use of Lact. plantarum is more desirable than of Leuc. mesenteroides.     

Improving the monitoring of methanol concentration during high cell density fermentation of Pichia pastoris

The Pichia pastoris expression system is widely used for the production of recombinant proteins. A simple and efficient experimental set-up allowing on-line monitoring of the methanol concentration during the fermentation of P. pastoris based on the detection of the methanol vapor concentration in the exhaust air from fermenter by a tin dioxide (SnO2) semiconductor sensor is described. An experimental procedure to allow precise calibration of the system and to reduce methanol sensor's interferences (>95% reduction) are also presented and discussed. Accuracy and measurement error were estimated about 0.05 g x l(-1) and 6%, respectively. The efficient monitoring of methanol will help to advanced control of recombinant protein production and process optimization.     

A Study on the Synthetic Characteristics of the Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS) of Ganoderma lucidum Cultured in Batch Fermentation Using a Kinetic Model

The synthetic characteristics of the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) of Ganoderma lucidum in batch fermentation were studied. The result showed that the production of EPS was partially growth-associated. The cell dry weight (CDW) and EPS reached 15.56 g·L⁻¹ and 3.02 g·L⁻¹, respectively. The yield of EPS to cell dry weight (Y_p/x) was 0.19. On the basis of the test results of batch fermentation, a kinetic model was proposed by using the Logistic equation for cell growth, the Luedeking–Piret equation for EPS production, and the Luedeking-piret-like equation for the consumption of glucose as substrate. The calculated results using these models were satisfactorily compared with the experimental data under various concentrations of glucose, and the average of relative errors was found to be not more than 5%. The kinetic model had practical guidance interesting in producing PES by Ganoderma lucidum.