具杀线虫活性植物内生细菌的筛选和活性产物

【目的】植物寄生线虫是危害植物的重要病原物,为了筛选到能在植物体内稳定定殖并且对植物寄生线虫具有较高杀线虫活性的植物内生细菌生防菌。【方法】以松材线虫为靶标,用直接触杀法进行筛选。对高活性菌株采用正交实验优化发酵条件,测定发酵液杀线虫活性的稳定性,并对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】从6种植物中分离筛选出13株对松材线虫具有较高杀线虫活性的植物内生细菌菌株,这些菌株的发酵上清液对松材线虫处理24h杀线虫率均达到了100%;其中BCM2、SZ5、CCM7和DP1这4个菌株的杀线虫活性较高,发酵上清液稀释3倍处理24h杀线虫率均达到95%以上,DP1和SZ5菌株达到了100%;并发现部分菌株发酵液能使线虫虫体发生渗漏或消解。发酵条件优化后能使发酵液杀线虫效果提高4倍。4株高活性菌株产生的杀线虫物质均对蛋白酶稳定、耐热不耐酸碱且长时间保藏活性不下降。经过鉴定DP1和CCM7是枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),BCM2和SZ5是蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。【结论】经济作物体内存在一定数量的能产生杀线虫活性物质的内生细菌,其中一些细菌产生的杀线虫物质具有较强的稳定性。认为杀线虫活性的植物内生细菌具有很大的生防潜力。     

独岛枝芽胞杆菌MCCC 1A00493产生的4-乙烯基苯酚鉴定和作用南方根结线虫特性研究

【目的】根结线虫危害严重,难防难控,前期研究发现一株深海来源的独岛枝芽胞杆菌(Virgibacillus dokdonensis) MCCC 1A00493对南方根结线虫具有良好的体外拮抗效果,本研究分离鉴定菌株发酵液中杀线虫活性物质,对其作用线虫的多种模式进行研究,为菌株有效控制植物病原线虫的应用奠定理论基础。【方法】采用硅胶柱层析和半制备高效液相色谱对独岛枝芽胞杆菌发酵上清液中的杀线虫活性物质进行分离纯化,采用液相色谱质谱联用、核磁共振对纯化物进行结构鉴定;并对其趋避、诱杀、熏杀和卵孵化抑制活性进行检测。【结果】结构鉴定确定独岛枝芽胞杆菌MCCC 1A00493发酵液中分离的杀线虫活性物质为4-乙烯基苯酚。4-乙烯基苯酚对线虫具有触杀、熏杀、卵孵化抑制和高浓度驱避低浓度引诱活性,15μg/mL 4-乙烯基苯酚72 h触杀线虫校正死亡率为71.23%±9.06%;20 mg/mL 4-乙烯基苯酚24 h熏杀线虫死亡率达100%;100μg/mL4-乙烯基苯酚作用线虫卵10d后,卵孵化抑制率达66.2%;在琼脂平板上,10mg/mL的4-乙烯基苯酚对线虫有驱避作用,1 mg/mL的4-...     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2产抑菌物质培养基及发酵条件优化

【目的】优化解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2产抑菌活性物质发酵培养基及发酵条件。【方法】以马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基为基础,依据发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈的单因素试验结果,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化发酵培养基,二次通用旋转组合设计,频率分析法优化发酵条件。【结果】影响发酵液抑菌活性的培养基主要组分为马铃薯、蔗糖和L-谷氨酸钠,最优发酵培养基配方为:马铃薯188.0 g/L,蔗糖22.0 g/L,L-谷氨酸钠1.80 g/L,培养基成本为0.81元/L;最佳发酵条件为:接种量6%、发酵温度30°C、装液量40 mL/250 mL、摇床转速185 r/min、发酵时间24 h、初始pH 7.0。优化后发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径为30.82 mm,较优化前的18.22 mm增加了12.60 mm。【结论】优化后的培养基和发酵条件提高了解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2发酵液的抑菌活性,为该菌株的工业化生产应用提供了依据。     

微杆菌Sneb159杀线虫活性物质的分离与鉴定

【目的】有关Microbacterium maritypicum在植物线虫生物防治方面的研究较少,探究菌株M. maritypicum Sneb159的杀线虫活性,明确菌株发酵液中具有杀线虫活性的物质,为生物农药的开发提供理论依据。【方法】本研究检测了菌株Sneb159发酵液对大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫的触杀活性;并以触杀活性为追踪,采用有机溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析及半制备高效液相色谱等技术对菌株Sneb159发酵滤液中的活性物质进行分离纯化;采用核磁共振波谱对纯化物进行结构鉴定。【结果】菌株Sneb159具有杀线虫活性,在24 h和48 h处理组中线虫的死亡率均显著高于对照组。从菌株Sneb159发酵滤液中分离得到杀线虫活性物质A6,经结构鉴定确定该物质为苯乙酰胺。【结论】首次发现M. maritypicum对大豆胞囊线虫的触杀作用,并且明确活性物质为苯乙酰胺。结果表明菌株M. maritypicum Sneb159和苯乙酰胺在大豆胞囊线虫的生物防治方面具有较好的应用潜力。     

一株蜂粮源拮抗细菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌物质特性

【目的】为发掘和利用蜂粮中拮抗菌资源,对分离获得的拮抗细菌菌株PC2进行分类鉴定,并测定其发酵液抑菌物质基本特性。【方法】采用改良牛津杯双层平板法测定菌株发酵液抑菌谱及温度、p H、紫外线和蛋白酶对其抑菌活性稳定性的影响,菌株鉴定结合形态学、生理生化特征和16S r RNA基因序列分析,硫酸铵沉淀法和盐酸沉淀有机溶剂提取法进行抑菌活性物质的初步分离。【结果】从3种蜂粮中分离筛选得到17株拮抗菌株,其中1株细菌PC2以马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基发酵制备的无菌发酵液对7种供试菌株具有较强抑制作用,经形态、生理生化特征及16S r RNA基因序列分析,将其初步鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。菌株发酵液抑菌活性对温度、酸和紫外线具有较强的稳定性,对蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶处理敏感。菌株发酵液存在抑菌蛋白和脂肽类物质。【结论】菌株PC2在食品保鲜和农业生防中具有潜在的开发应用价值。     

杀线虫芽孢杆菌发酵条件优化及大孔树脂筛选

芽孢杆菌 SMrs28分离自草原毒草瑞香狼毒根际土壤,其代谢产物有明显的线虫触杀活性。为了确定该菌株的最优发酵条件及初步纯化活性成分的树脂类型,采用单因素试验对发酵条件进行优化,通过静态吸附试验对大孔树脂类型进行筛选。结果表明: SMrs28菌株的最优发酵条件为:以葡萄糖和酵母粉作为最佳碳源和氮源,发酵时间48 h,接种量10%,温度28 ℃,转速180 r·min^-1,150 mL的三角瓶装液量30 mL,初始pH 7.2。静态吸附试验表明,大孔吸附树脂D101对发酵液中活性成分的吸附和解吸效果显著优于XAD-4、HP20和AB-8,其解吸液的杀线虫活性明显提高。发酵条件的优化和大孔吸附树脂的筛选,明显提高了发酵液的杀线虫活性,为进一步分离纯化该菌株的活性成分奠定了基础,为微生物杀线虫剂的开发和应用提供了理论依据。     

内生菌株B16发酵条件优化及其对人参锈腐病的防效

【目的】优化人参病害拮抗菌株B16的发酵条件,提高发酵液的活菌含量和抗菌活性,检测该菌对人参病害的防效。【方法】采用单因子试验、正交试验优化菌株B16的发酵培养基及发酵条件,于室内盆栽条件下研究其对人参锈腐病的防效。【结果】菌株B16发酵最适培养基为:蔗糖1.00%、酵母膏0.50%、Mg SO4·7H2O 0.05%、Fe SO4·7H2O 0.06%、Na Cl 1.00%;最佳发酵条件:p H 7.5、温度35°C、接种量5%、装液量40 m L/250 m L、摇床转速170 r/min、发酵周期48 h。菌株B16发酵液对人参锈腐病的保护作用和治疗作用防效分别达到64.8%和58.6%。【结论】菌株B16具有很强的生防潜力。     

响应面法优化提高萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303抑制马铃薯干腐病病原菌活性的研究

【背景】萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303可以有效地抑制马铃薯干腐病病原菌的活性,而响应面法可在较少的试验次数下优化生防菌发酵培养基配方与发酵条件,获得的最优组合将为马铃薯干腐病生防菌剂的制备与应用提供参考。【目的】以分离自青海察尔汗盐湖湖泥中且对马铃薯干腐病病原菌具有较高抑菌活性的萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303为研究对象,利用响应面法对其培养基配方和发酵条件进行优化,以期提高其对马铃薯干腐病病原菌的抑菌活性。【方法】采用单因素试验、中心组合设计试验及响应面法设计优化萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303发酵培养基配方及发酵条件。【结果】培养基最优发酵配方(g/L):淀粉10.72、酵母粉23.60、七水合硫酸镁16.00、碳酸钙1.14、磷酸二氢钾8.00和磷酸氢二钾16.00,优化后抑菌率由46.51%提高至62.00%;最优发酵条件为装液量102.89 mL、pH 8.64、温度28.73℃、转速200 r/min、培养时间3 d、接种量2%,优化后抑菌率由51.15%提高至72.51%。【结论】实验获得了对马铃薯干腐病病原菌的抑菌活性明显提高的萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303发酵配方及发酵条件,为马铃薯干腐病生防制...     

多粘类芽胞杆菌KM2501-1杀南方根结线虫活性产物研究

【目的】南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)是一种危害严重的土传性植物病原线虫,给农业生产造成了巨大的经济损失,前期研究发现多粘类芽胞杆菌(Panebacillus polymyxa) KM2501-1具有很好的温室防治南方根结线虫效果,且可产生多种挥发性杀线虫活性物质,但对其非挥发性产物是否有杀线虫活性没有研究。本研究拟进一步分离鉴定其产生的杀线虫活性代谢产物,发掘新的杀线虫药物。【方法】对菌株KM2501-1进行液体发酵并离心收集发酵上清液,通过硅胶柱层析、高效液相色谱分离等方法得到高纯度的杀线虫活性物质,并通过液相色谱质谱联用分析、核磁共振等技术鉴定杀线虫活性物质的结构。【结果】生物活性检测显示,多粘类芽胞杆菌KM2501-1发酵上清液具有较强的南方根结线虫触杀活性,并能有效抑制南方根结线虫卵孵化,体外杀线虫效率高达87.66%,抑制卵孵化效率达92.26%。结构鉴定结果显示多粘类芽胞杆菌产生的杀线虫活性物质为环二肽类物质cyclo (Pro-Phe),800 mg/L的cyclo(Pro-Phe)杀线虫效率达84.75%。进一步的显微观测结果表明,与对照组相比,活性物质cyclo(Pro-Phe)处理后的根结线虫肠道组织紊乱、结构发生破坏。【结论】多粘类芽胞杆菌KM2501-1产生的cyclo (Pro-Phe)是一个具有杀线虫新功能的活性物质,其可能通过破坏线虫肠道杀死线虫。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955发酵培养基优化及其泡腾颗粒的研制

【背景】植物病害的生物防治及生防产品的开发一直是植物保护研究的重点方向,但现有的生防产品多为可湿性粉剂和水剂,存在剂型单一、货架期短及运输和使用不便等问题。【目的】优化贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955菌株发酵培养基,并利用其开发出一种容易使用和保存的新生防产品——泡腾颗粒。【方法】采用Plackett-Burman设计、中心组合设计和响应面分析等方法,优化了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955的发酵培养基成分;采用L₉（3³）正交设计,以溶液pH和活菌数为指标,优化了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955泡腾颗粒配比,并评价了其物理性质和抑菌效果。【结果】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955最优发酵培养基成分为（g/L）:蛋白胨12.00,酵母粉1.00,葡萄糖15.00,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.40,K₂HPO₄ 0.05。用此培养基发酵48h,发酵液对立枯丝核菌的抑制率达到89.78%。泡腾颗粒最佳配比为:碱酸摩尔比为2.00,白炭黑1.50 g,黄腐酸钾0.03 g。泡腾颗粒的平均崩解...     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.