水/有机溶剂双相中固定化啤酒酵母细胞催化有机硅酮不对称还原

研究了水/有机溶剂双相中,固定化啤酒酵母细胞催化三甲基硅乙酮不对称还原成（－）-1-三甲基硅乙醇的反应,系统探讨了振荡速度、有机溶剂疏水性、水相与有机溶剂相体积比、水相pH值和反应温度对反应速度、产率和产物光学纯度的影响.结果表明,上述因素对固定化啤酒酵母细胞催化三甲基硅乙酮不对称还原反应均有较显著的影响.正己烷为该反应最好的有机溶剂,振荡速度以150 r/min为宜,水相与有机溶剂相体积比以1∶2较佳,适宜的pH值为8,最佳反应温度为25～30℃.在该优化反应条件下,反应最大产率和产物的光学纯度分别高达96.8％和95.7％(ee).     

固定化细胞有机相催化不对称还原β-羰基酯

将酵母细胞用海藻酸钙包埋后用于有机相催化不对称还原4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯制备光学活性的4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯,从中筛选得到具有较高立体选择性和还原能力的菌株假丝酵母SW0401,将此菌株的细胞固定化细胞作为研究对象,系统考察了固定化条件、固定化细胞大小、反应溶剂、初始底物浓度、辅助底物、固定化细胞热处理和抑制剂对还原反应的影响。结果表明,上述因素对反应的摩尔转化率和产物（S）-CHBE光学纯度有显著影响。固定化时所用缓冲液的pH值为7．0时和固定化细胞颗粒平均直径为2.5mm较合适,以正己烷为反应介质时反应的摩尔转化率和产物光学纯度最优,初始底物浓度以54.7mmol／L为宜,辅助底物以1-己醇为佳。对固定化细胞的热处理和添加抑制剂烯丙醇均能够明显改善产物的光学纯度,但对提高摩尔转化率有负面影响。     

马肝醇脱氢酶催化有机硅酮不对称还原反应动力学

探讨了马肝醇脱氢酶(HLADH)催化三甲基硅乙酮及其碳结构类似物不对称还原反应动力学.结果表明,在酶浓度低于150 mg/L时,底物浓度与反应初速度的关系符合米氏动力学方程;HLADH催化三甲基硅乙酮不对称还原反应的K_m、v_max和E_a分别为2.67 mmol/L、0.118 mmol/(L·min·mg)和37 kJ/mol, 其碳结构类似物的相应值分别为3.56 mmol/L、0.084 mmol/(L·min·mg)和61 kJ/mol.     

高分子膜载体固定化酵母催化2-辛酮不对称还原

以戊二醛交联尼龙6膜载体固定化面包酵母DX213,采用固定化酵母细胞催化2-辛酮不对称还原得到(R)-2-辛醇。系统考察了有机溶剂、反应时间、pH、底物、辅助底物和热处理等因素对反应的产率和光学选择性的影响。结果表明,上述因素对酵母细胞催化不对称合成(R)-2-辛醇反应均有显著影响。二氯甲烷为该反应最适有机溶剂,在固定化细胞57 g/L(50℃预热50 min),水相与有机溶剂相体积比4/1,pH 7.0,初始2-辛酮浓度为60 mmoL/L(分别在反应0,10,17 h等分添加),蔗糖5.7 g/L和28℃条件下反应48 h,(R)-2-辛醇的产率和e.e.值分别达到89.3%和96.8%。     

离子液体对固定化Saccharomyces cerevisiae细胞催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原反应的影响

对比研究了C4MIm.BF4-缓冲液混合体系和缓冲液单相体系中固定化面包酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae细胞催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原反应的特性,系统探讨了离子液体C4MIm.BF4对该反应的初速度、最大转化率和产物对映体纯度的影响规律。在各自最优的反应条件下,固定化面包酵母细胞在缓冲液单相体系中催化乙酰基三甲基硅烷不对称还原反应的初速度、最大转化率及产物e.e.值分别为84.8 mmol/(L.h)、99.2%和≥99.9%;而在C4MIm.BF4-缓冲液混合体系中,该反应的初速度、最大转化率及产物e.e.值分别为87.0 mmol/(L.h)、99.0%和≥99.9%。离子液体的存在,提高了固定化面包酵母细胞催化该反应的速度,但降低了固定化酵母细胞的操作稳定性。     

面包酵母不对称还原酮基泛解酸内酯

目的:利用市售面包酵母作催化剂,对酮基泛解酸内酯不对称还原进行了研究,并考察了底物浓度、辅因子、环糊精添加量和pH值对不对称还原反应的影响.方法:以市售面包酵母作催化剂,酮基泛解酸内酯作为底物在摇瓶中进行催化,用手性色谱柱对催化产物进行了检测.结果:发现反应条件为底物浓度低于2.56-mg/ml,辅因子选用蔗糖,β-环糊精添加量为16.7mg/ml,pH 4～5适合于酮基泛解酸内酯的不对称还原.在如上优化的催化条件下,产物得率大于45%,对映体过量率(e.e.)大于90%.结论:以酵母细胞作催化剂进行酮基泛解酸内酯不对称还原工艺具有生产光学纯泛解酸内酯的潜力.     

羰基还原酶产生菌Candida ontarioensis制备(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇

从实验室保藏的菌株中筛选获得Candida sp.PT2A,并通过18S rRNA鉴定为安大略假单胞菌Candida on-tarioensis。对C.ontarioensis不对称还原合成(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇的发酵产酶条件和转化条件进行优化,确定了最适的发酵产酶条件和转化条件:温度30℃,初始pH 6.5,摇床转速180 r/min,菌体质量浓度200 g/L。采用2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙酮质量浓度为10 g/L时,还原反应72 h,(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇的e.e.值为99.9%,产率为99%;底物质量浓度提高至30 g/L时,产率下降为84.3%。采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对C.ontarioensis细胞进行通透性处理(CTAB g/L,4℃下处理20 min),在30 g/L底物下反应24 h,产物的e.e.和产率分别达到99.9%和97.5%。     

来源于西梅的(R)-醇腈酶促立体选择性转氰合成(R)-酮醇腈

在水/有机溶剂双相反应体系中,研究了来源于西梅的(R)-醇腈酶催化酮与丙酮醇腈合成(R)-酮醇腈的立体选择性转氰反应．系统探讨了不同酶源、酶粉颗粒大小、底物浓度、两底物配比、酶浓度和底物结构对转氰反应的影响．结果发现西梅醇腈酶能高效催化三甲基硅酮与丙酮醇腈的立体选择性转氰．酶粉颗粒大小以直径0.3～0.45 mm为优,底物浓度以21 mmol/L左右为佳,底物丙酮醇腈与三甲基硅酮摩尔浓度比以2∶1为宜,酶浓度以60.9 g/L左右为好．西梅醇腈酶对3, 3-二甲基-2-丁酮几乎没有催化活性,而对其硅结构类似物三甲基硅酮却具有非常高的立体选择性和催化活性,在上述优化反应条件下反应24 h的底物转化率和产物光学纯度均高达99%以上,表明底物中的硅原子对西梅醇腈酶的催化活性有非常显著的促进作用．     

疏水离子液体中生物不对称还原制备手性醇

针对近平滑假丝酵母全细胞不对称还原2-羟基苯乙酮制备光学纯(R)-苯基乙二醇反应中底物的质量浓度、产量及质量平衡低的问题,运用多相萃取生物转化的原理,比较不同非水介质对不对称还原反应效率的影响,构建具有良好生物相容性和高质量平衡的水/疏水离子液体1-丁基-3-乙基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BEIM]PF6)双相反应体系。考察该体系下辅助底物种类、辅助底物用量、底物质量浓度、催化剂用量、离子液体比例、p H和反应温度对生物催化反应的影响,通过正交试验设计和响应面法优化不对称还原2-羟基苯乙酮的反应条件,在最优反应条件下,产物质量浓度、产率和质量平衡得率分别达到15.35 g/L、76.8%和84.3%,产物的对映消旋值(e.e.值)大于99.9%。     

面包酵母催化羰基不对称还原合成手性醇的研究

以2-辛酮和4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)为模型底物分别考察了酵母细胞对直链甲基酮和陆羰基酯中的羰基不对称还原情况。实验发现不对称还原2-辛酮的产物主要是S型的2-辛醇,且对映体选择性很高。不对称还原COBE生成的主要是S(D)-型产物,反应COBE的转化率、光学选择性都比较高。同时发现COBE的浓度和产物对不对称还原都有一定负面的影响。     

固定化嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌连续合成半乳糖寡糖的研究

利用固定了产β-半乳糖苷酶的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌,以乳糖为底物,在纤维床反应器中连续合成半乳糖寡糖(GOS),最高得率为50.7%。在连续反应体系中,研究了底物浓度、pH、反应温度和停留时间对半乳糖寡糖合成的影响,确定最佳反应条件为底物浓度450 g/L、反应温度55℃、pH7.0、停留时间100 min。在连续反应24h后,流加1.5%的D-半乳糖能提高合成GOS的能力,固定化细胞反应体系中连续稳定操作120 h。     

利用基因工程菌HC01固定化细胞转化生产D-对羟基苯甘氨酸

对一菌两酶工程菌HC01转化底物DL-对羟基苯海因(DL-HPH)的最适条件及其细胞固定化进行了研究,HC01游离细胞转化DL-HPH的最适条件为40°C、pH7.5。通过对固定化细胞酶活力测定,确定细胞固定化的最优条件为海藻酸钠浓度2.5%、细胞浓度0.029g/mL、钙离子浓度3%。固定化HC01的热稳定性比游离细胞高5°C,二价金属离子Mn2+、Mg2+、Cu2+、Co2+和Ni2+在浓度为0.1mmol/L时对固定化细胞中D-海因酶(HYD)和N-氨甲酰-D-氨基酸酰胺水解酶(CAB)两酶的活力无显著影响,Mn2+和Mg2+可分别使游离细胞中CAB活力提高至原来的2.1和2.7倍。在氮气保护下,当初始pH为9.0、转化温度为40°C、转速为80r/min,利用固定化HC01转化30g/L的DL-HPH时,36h后转化率可达97%左右,产物D-HPG经纯化后光学纯度达到99.7%,得率可达85%。     

Laccase production using Pleurotus ostreatus 1804 immobilized on PUF cubes in batch and packed bed reactors: influence of culture conditions

The feasibility of laccase production by immobilization of Pleurotus ostreatus 1804 on polyurethane foam (PUF) cubes with respect to media composition was studied in both batch and reactor systems. Enhanced laccase yield was evidenced due to immobilization. A relatively high maximum laccase activity of 312.6 U was observed with immobilized mycelia in shake flasks compared to the maximum laccase activity of free mycelia (272.2 U). It is evident from this study that the culture conditions studied, i.e. biomass level, pH, substrate concentration, yeast extract concentration, Cu2+ concentration, and alcohol nature, showed significant influence on the laccase yield. Gel electrophoretic analysis showed the molecular weight of the laccase produced by immobilized P. ostreatus to be 66 kDa. The laccase yield was significantly higher and more rapid in the packed bed reactor than in the shake flask experiments. A maximum laccase yield of 392.9 U was observed within 144 h of the fermentation period with complete glucose depletion.     

Various properties of immobilized terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from the cattle thymus

The effects of temperature, pH, and concentration of sodium cacodylate buffer on the activity of partially purified terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from cattle thymus immobilized on BrCN-Sepharose were studied. The enzyme retained at least 60% of the initial activity after 6 h of incubation at 30 degrees in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 in the absence of substrate. Short-term activation of the enzyme during incubation was noticed. The maximum activity of the immobilized preparations was observed in 240-280 mM sodium cacodylate buffer in the reaction mixture, pH 7.5-7.9 at 37-40 degrees.     

氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌生物催化1,3-丙二醇合成3-羟基丙酸

3-羟基丙酸是一种潜在的重要化工产品,可作为中间体合成多种有经济价值的工业用化合物。文中利用氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌生物催化1,3-丙二醇合成3-羟基丙酸。首先在50 mL摇瓶中(转化体系为10 mL)考察细胞加入量、底物和产物浓度等对催化反应的影响。在此基础上,在2 L鼓泡塔中(转化体系为1 L),采取适当的补料方式和生物转化与分离相耦合的手段解除抑制,以提高目标产物终浓度。结果表明:高底物和产物浓度通过降低反应初速度抑制转化的进行,并确定了最佳催化反应条件为6 g/L菌体量,pH 5.5。利用流加补料方式维持反应体系中底物浓度在15~20 g/L,经过60 h的反应,3-羟基丙酸的浓度达到60.8 g/L,生产强度为1.0g/(L.h),转化率为84.3%。采用生物转化与分离相耦合的方法,经过50 h的转化反应,3-羟基丙酸的总产量达76.3 g/L,生产强度为1.5 g/(L.h),转化率83.7%。研究结果对利用氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌的不完全氧化醇类化合物特性实现其在工业生物催化中的应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Activity and operational stability of immobilized mandelonitrile lyase in methanol/water mixtures

Summary The enzyme mandelonitrile lyase was covalently immobilized on solid support materials using different methods. Immobilization on porous silica using coupling with glutaraldehyde afforded preparations with high enzyme loading (up to 9% (w/w)). The immobilized enzyme was used in a packed bed reactor for the continuous production of d-mandelonitrile from benzaldehyde and cyanide. The influence of the flow rate, pH, substrate concentrations and enzyme loading on the reaction yield and the enantiomeric purity of the product was investigated. In order to suppress the competing spontaneous reaction, the enzymatic reaction must be rapid. A flow rate of 9.5 ml/min (0.1 M benzaldehyde and 0.3 M HCN) through a 3 ml reactor afforded a 86% yield of mandelonitrile with 92% enantiomeric excess. No leakage of enzyme occurred under continuous operation. One column was used continuously for 200 h without any decrease in yield or enantiomeric purity of the product. High concentrations of benzoic acid were shown to decrease the operational stability of the system.     

用木瓜蛋白酶及固定化木瓜蛋白酶拆分DL-苯丙氨酸

为了将手性化合物D-苯丙氨酸和L-苯丙氨酸进行分离,利用木瓜蛋白酶及固定化木瓜蛋白酶催化的方法对其拆分．试验结果表明,用DL-苯丙氨酸合成N-乙酰-DL-苯丙氨酸,得率为88.7％．木瓜蛋白酶、海藻酸钠 壳聚糖固定化木瓜蛋白酶(IPSAC)、尼龙布固定化木瓜蛋白酶(IPN)催化合成N-乙酰-L-苯丙氨酰苯胺时,对催化合成过程影响最大的因素分别是溶液中的离子强度、溶液中的离子强度、反应温度;溶液中的离子强度与pH对合成的影响较大．本试验得出分别用木瓜蛋白酶、IPSAC、IPN催化合成N-乙酰-L-苯丙氨酰苯胺的3个最佳方案;用此3个方案合成时,产率分别为61.2%、54.7%、36.3%．N-乙酰-L-苯丙氨酰苯胺水解生成L-苯丙氨酸,产率59.2%,光学纯度为96.6％．N-乙酰-D-苯丙氨酸水解生成D-苯丙氨酸,产率61.7%,光学纯度为95.7％．     

Biodiesel production from pomace oil by using lipase immobilized onto olive pomace

In the present work, microbial lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was immobilized by covalent binding onto olive pomace. Immobilized support material used to produce biodiesel with pomace oil and methanol. The properties of the support and immobilized derivative were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The maximum immobilization of T. lanuginosus was obtained as 18.67 mg/g support and the highest specific activity was 10.31 U/mg protein. The properties of immobilized lipase were studied. The effects of protein concentration, pH and buffer concentration on the immobilization and lipase activity were investigated. Biodiesel production using the immobilized lipase was realized by a three-step addition of methanol to avoid strong substrate inhibition. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum biodiesel yield was 93% at 25 °C in 24 h reaction. The immobilized enzyme retained its activity during the 10 repeated batch reactions.     

Tagatose production by immobilized recombinant Escherichia coli cells containing Geobacillus stearothermophilus l-arabinose isomerase mutant in a packed-bed bioreactor

Using immobilized recombinant Escherichia coli cells containing Geobacillus stearothermophilus l-arabinose isomerase mutant (Gali 152), we found that the galactose isomerization reaction was maximal at 70 degrees C and pH 7.0. Manganese ion enhanced galactose isomerization to tagatose. The immobilized cells were most stable at 60 degrees C and pH 7.0. The cell and substrate concentrations and dilution rate were optimal at 34 g/L, 300 g/L, and 0.05 h(-1), respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the immobilized cell reactor with Mn2+ produced an average of 59 g/L tagatose with a productivity of 2.9 g/L.h and a conversion yield of 19.5% for the first 20 days. The operational stability of immobilized cells with Mn2+ was demonstrated, and their half-life for tagatose production was 34 days. Tagatose production was compared for free and immobilized enzymes and free and immobilized cells using the same mass of cells. Immobilized cells produced the highest tagatose concentration, indicating that cell immobilization was more efficient for tagatose production than enzyme immobilization.     

Efficient asymmetric reduction of 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one by Candida parapsilosis cells in an ionic liquid-containing system

Hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) were employed as green solvents to construct an IL-containing co-solvent system for improving the asymmetric reduction of 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one by immobilized Candida parapsilosis cells. Among 14 hydrophilic ILs examined, 1-(2'-hydroxyl)ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate (C(2)OHMIM·NO(3)) was considered as the most suitable IL for the bioreduction with the fastest initial reaction rate, the highest yield and the highest product e.e., which may be due to the good biocompatibility with the cells. For a better understanding of the bioreduction performed in the C(2)OHMIM·NO(3)-containing co-solvent system, the effects of several crucial variables were systematically investigated. The optimal C(2)OHMIM·NO(3) content, substrate concentration, buffer pH, co-substrate concentration and temperature were 10% (v/v), 3.0 mmol/L, 5.0, 98.1 mmol/L and 30°C, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the initial reaction rate, the maximum yield and the product e.e. were 17.3 μmol/h g(cell), 95.2% and >99.9%, respectively, which are much better than the corresponding results previously reported. Moreover, the immobilized cells remained more than 83% of their initial activity even after being used repeatedly for 10 batches in the C(2)OHMIM·NO(3)-containing system, exhibiting excellent operational stability.