噬菌体抗体文库的构建及人源抗HIV-1 gp 160抗体的筛选

构建人源噬菌体抗体文库如下：ＨＩＶ感染者脾细胞中提取ｍＲＮＡ,经反转录再以人ＩｇＧ重链Ｆｄ两端及轻链“通用”引物分别扩增Ｆａｂ基因片段,依次插入到噬菌粒载体ｐＣｏｍｂ３中,电转化大肠杆菌ＸＬ１－Ｂｌｕｅ,经辅助噬菌体救助,重组噬菌体得以溶源裂解,Ｆａｂ表达于噬菌体包膜蛋白Ⅲ的Ｎ端．此噬菌体抗体库的容量为５×１０５．筛选抗ＨＩＶ－１同时又具有能被抗独特型抗体“ＩＦ７”所识别的独特型的阳性抗体：以重组包膜糖蛋白ｇｐ１６０及ｇｐ４１多肽对噬菌体抗体文库进行三次淘选,使抗ｇｐ１６０的特异性抗体得到１００倍的富集．然后通过直接ＥＬＩＳＡ和竞争性ＥＬＩＳＡ实验筛选出两株结合性较好的特异性抗ｇｐ１６０抗体－３Ｂ株与１Ｄ株．直接ＥＬＩＳＡ实验表明这两株克隆均能被“１Ｆ７”所识别,为抗独特型多肽的筛选奠定了基础．     

人源单克隆抗人免疫缺陷病毒1型抗体Fab段基因的获得

应用噬苏体抗体库技术有效地筛选出了多株抗ＨＩＶ－１人源单克隆抗体。以逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）从ＨＩＶ－１感染者外周血淋巴细胞中扩增抗体轻重链可变区基因,插入载体ｐＣＯＭＢ３,建立噬菌体抗体库。分别以ＨＩＶ－１ｇｐ１２０和ｇｐ１６０为固相抗原,经过多轮筛选,从中获得了多株抗ＨＩＶ－１ｇｐ４１、ｇｐ１２０和ｇｐ１６０的单克隆抗体Ｆａｂ段基因。抗ＨＩＶ特异性噬菌体抗体随抗体库的筛选高度富集,抗     

HIV—1 SF2株env基因（120）在大肠杆菌中的表达

运用基因重组技术,将ＨＩＶ－１ ＳＦ２株编码外膜蛋白ｇｐ１２０的ｅｎｖ基因片段与原核载体ｐＢＶ２２０进行重组,构建成质粒ｐＢＶＳＦ２ｅｎｖ,并在大肠杆菌（Ｅ．ＣｏｉｌＤＨ１０ｂ）中获得表达,经Ｗｅｓｔｅｍｂｌｏｔ反应证实,该重组蛋白与来自ＨＩＶ－１感染者的血清（含多克隆抗体）发生特异性反应。     

鼠源抗HFRSV衣壳蛋白McAbF3株单链抗体基因克隆构建及表达

为了获得原抗ＨＦＲＳＶ衣壳蛋白ＭｃＡｂＦ３＾１株轻链可变区基因,由连接肽体外连接获得单链抗体基因,在大肠杆菌中表达,从鼠源抗ＨＦＲＳＶ衣壳蛋白ＭｃＡｂＦ３株细胞中分离总ＲＮＡ,以ｏｌｉｇｏ（ｄＴ）１８为引物逆转录成ｃＤＮＡ,通过ＰＣＲ扩增出抗体的轻链（ＶＬ）和重链可变区（Ｖ１１）基因,由连接本外连接获得单链抗体（ＳｅＦｖ）基因。将此单链抗体（ＳｅＦｖ）基因插入原核表达载体ＰＥＴ２８ａ,经大肠杆菌（     

家蚕核型多角体病毒gp64基因的克隆和全序列测定

：Ｂｍ ＮＰＶ ｇｐ６４ 基因在杆状病毒分子生物学和杆状病毒表达系统研究中具有重要的作用,以ＡｃＭＮＰＶ ｇｐ６４ 基因为探针,杂交显示Ｂｍ ＮＰＶ ｇｐ６４ 基因定位于其基因组Ｂａｍ ＨＩ酶切的４ ．２ｋｂ 和７－４ｋｂ 片段上,克隆阳性片段,重组质粒分别命名为ｐＺＤＢＭ４２ 和ｐＺＤＢＭ７４ 。对重组质粒进一步杂交,将片断更精确定位于０－４５ｋｂ 片段、０－７５ｋｂ 片断上和１－１５ｋｂ 片断上,将三个片断ＤＮＡ 进行序列分析,结果表明：Ｂｍ ＮＰＶ 的ｇｐ６４ 基因的开放阅读框（ＯＲＦ） 有１５３０ 核苷酸,编码５０９ 个氨基酸。序列同源性比较显示,Ｂｍ ＮＰＶ ｇｐ６４ 基因和ＡｃＭＮＰＶｇｐ６４ 基因的核苷酸序列同源性达８４－３ ％ ,氨基酸序列同源性达９４－７ ％ 。Ｂｍ ＮＰＶ ｇｐ６４ 基因Ｃ 端的信号肽序列和Ｎ 端的锚定序列对于Ｂｍ ＮＰＶ 表达系统的改进具有重要的意义。     

人抗体组合文库的构建和抗HBsAg噬菌体抗体的筛选

应用噬菌体表面递呈表达系统构筑建了人抗体组合文库,并同了结合乙肝表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）的人噬菌体抗体（Ｆａｂ片段）。以免疫球蛋白信号肽序列为引物进行半套式ＰＣＲ所得到的产物在质和量上优越于以可变区５末端保守库列为引物进行ＰＣＲ所得到的产物,经过３次亲和选择后,抗体阳性率为６９％,抑制实验表明,所筛选出来的噬菌体本具有抗ＨＢｓＡｇ的特异性,序更分析表明ＶＨ分别属于ＶＨＩ亚群和Ⅲ亚群,其轻链ＶＬ分别属     

人源中和性抗汉滩病毒单克隆抗体Fab段基因的获得和表达

运用噬菌体表面表达技术,获得人源和中性抗滩滩病毒汉滩型Ｇ１基因工程单克隆抗体Ｆａｂ段基因及其表达,并同时获得抗汉滩病毒核蛋白的Ｆａｂ抗体。从能综合征出血热疫区恢复期病人抗凝血中分离到的外周淋巴细胞中,提取了部细胞ＲＮＡ。通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法,用一组人ＩｇＧ Ｆａｂ基因特异性引物,从合成了ｃＤＮＡ中经ＰＣＲ扩增了一组轻链和重链Ｆａｂ段基因,将轻链和重链先后插入噬菌体载体ｐＣｏｍｂ３,ｄｎａｌｆ ｖｆ     

抗人黑色素瘤单链抗体基因的克隆和分泌型表达

应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术从分泌抗人黑色素瘤单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞ＨＢ８７６０中克隆了抗体轻、重链可变区基因,然后用（Ｇｌｙ４Ｓｅｒ）３连接肽基因将ＶＨ、ＶＬ连接成ＳｃＦｖ基因,并进行了序列测定．计算机分析表明ＶＨ,ＶＬ均符合小鼠抗体可变区的特征,为功能性重排的抗体可变区基因．ＶＨ、ＶＬ、ｌｉｎｋｅｒ拼接正确．ＳｃＦｖ基因全长７２９ｂｐ,其中ＶＨ基因长３６０ｂｐ,编码１２０个氨基酸,ＶＬ基因长３２４ｂｐ,编码１０８个氨基酸．在噬菌粒表达载体ｐＣＡＮＴＡＢ５Ｅ中表达了可溶性的ＳｃＦｖ蛋白,表达产物经流式细胞仪检测可特异地与黑色素瘤细胞结合,不与肝癌、胃癌及良性黑痣细胞结合     

HIV—1抗体阳性血浆中HIV—1病毒基因分型研究

为了解ＨＩＶ抗体阳性血浆中的ＨＩＶ１病毒基因亚型的情况,应用逆转录ＰＣＲ和ＤＮＡ序列测定技术,对６份获自高危人群的抗ＨＩＶ１阳性血浆进行序列分析和基因亚型分型的研究,结果表明均属ＨＩＶ１Ｂ亚型。Ｖ３环氨基酸序列分析指出这些ＨＩＶ１Ｂ亚型病毒株与泰国ＨＩＶ１Ｂ亚型病毒株核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似;同时发现ＨＩＶ１ｃＤＮＡ和氨基酸序列均相同,推测这６份标本可能来自同时感染同一株ＨＩＶ病毒的感染者。本研究对了解高危人群中ＨＩＶ１流行的遗传变异和ＨＩＶ１亚型病毒株的分子流行病分析具有一定的意义。     

HFRSV内影像型抗独特型人单抗重链可变区基因克隆

利用反转录－ＰＣＲ方法,从分泌肾综合症出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）内影像型抗独特型人单抗杂交瘤细胞系（Ｃ８）中,成功地克隆了抗ＨＦＲＳＶ１ｄ人单抗重链可变区基因,并将此基因重组入Ｍ１３噬菌体ＤＮＡ中,测定了此重链可变区基因全序列。经计算机分析,基因全长共３５１ｂｐ、编码１１７个氨基酸,氨基酸序列同源性分析发现所推得的该单抗ＣＤＲ２区与ＨＦＲＳＶＧ２蛋白Ｃ端有同源区,此区可能具有较强的抗原性。     

抗破伤风类毒素单抗可变区基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中表达的三种工程抗体

The heavy and light chain variable region genes of anti-tetanus toxoid (TT) antibody and the heavy chain Fd genes were amplified and cloned through RT-PCR from mouse hybridoma cells. The sequences of VH and VK were determined. Fd gene fragments were expressed in E. coli. The ELISA results indicated that the expressed Fd showed antigen binding activity but was nonspecific. Furthermore, through SOE and PCR techniques, the VH and VK gene fragments together with ScFv linker were assembled into single chain antibody (ScFv) gene fragment. While together with human heavy chain CH 1 gene fragment and Fab linker, they were assembled into chimeric Fab gene fragment. The two assembled gene fragments were separately inserted into phagemid pHEN 1, which was a fd-based vector containing gene 3 encoding the minor coat protein. In presence of helper phage M 13-VCS the anti-TT phage-ScFv or phage-Fab were displayed on the surface of phage particles respectively. Results from phage-ELISA indicated that both phage antibodies were TT-specific.     

V region sequences of anti-DNA and anti-RNA autoantibodies from NZB/NZW F1 mice

The V region sequences of two anti-DNA (A52, D42) and two anti-RNA (D44, D444) autoantibodies, derived from lupus prone NZB/NZW F1 female mice, were determined by mRNA sequencing. The sequences had the following features: 1) there was no clear sequence relationship between anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies; 2) there were no major similarities between any of the L chain sequences and each VL gene segment belonged to a different mouse VK subgroup; 3) the H chains of the two anti-RNA antibodies showed closely related sequences of VH gene segments and very similar third complementarity determining regions (CDR3); 4) the H chains of the two anti-DNA antibodies had VH segments belonging to different VH gene families but had a unique and similar combination of D segments and junctional sequences, suggesting a common recognition element for Ag and/or for idiotypic regulation in the H chain CDR3; and 5) the VH gene segment of one anti-DNA antibody (D42) was found to be very similar to the VH gene segment of a CBA mouse hybridoma antibody (6G6) which binds to the environmental Ag phosphocholine. The three-dimensional structure of the Fv-region of the anti-DNA antibody (D42) was modeled by computer and a stretch of poly(dT), ssDNA was docked to a cleft in the antibody combining site, formed by the three H chain CDR and by CDR1 and CDR3 of the L chain. The cleft is characterized by a preponderance of arginine and tyrosine residues, lining both the walls and base of the cleft.     

Structural insights into parallel strategies for germline antibody recognition of lipopolysaccharide from Chlamydia

The structure of the antigen-binding fragment from the monoclonal antibody S64-4 in complex with a pentasaccharide bisphosphate fragment from chlamydial lipopolysaccharide has been determined by x-ray diffraction to 2.6 ? resolution. Like the well-characterized antibody S25-2, S64-4 displays a pocket formed by the residues of germline sequence corresponding to the heavy and light chain V gene segments that binds the terminal Kdo residue of the antigen; however, although S64-4 shares the same heavy chain V gene segment as S25-2, it has a different light chain V gene segment. The new light chain V gene segment codes for a combining site that displays greater affinity, different specificity, and allows a novel antigen conformation that brings a greater number of antigen residues into the combining site than possible in S25-2. Further, while antibodies in the S25-2 family use complementarity determining region (CDR) H3 to discriminate among antigens, S64-4 achieves its specificity via the new light chain V gene segment and resulting change in antigen conformation. These structures reveal an intriguing parallel strategy where two different combinations of germline-coded V gene segments can act as starting points for the generation of germline antibodies against chlamydial antigens and show how anti-carbohydrate antibodies can exploit the conformational flexibility of this class of antigens to achieve high affinity and specificity independently of CDR H3.     

An efficient route to the production of an IgG-like bispecific antibody

Production of IgG-form bispecific antibody (BsAb-IgG) by co-expressing two antibodies in transfected cells is often inefficient owing to the unwanted pairing between the component heavy and light chains. We have developed an efficient method for the production of a novel IgG-like BsAb by using the natural dimerization mechanism between IgG heavy and light chains. Two single-chain Fv (scFv) of different specificity are fused to the constant domain of human kappa chain (C(L)) and the first constant domain of human heavy chain (C(H1)), to form two polypeptides, (scFv)(1)-C(L) and (scFv)(2)-C(H1)-C(H2)-C(H3), respectively. Co-expression of the two polypeptides in mammalian cells results in the formation of a covalently linked IgG-like hetero-tetramer, Bs(scFv)(4)-IgG, with dual specificity. Our approach yields a homogeneous bispecific IgG-like antibody product with each molecule containing four antigen binding sites, two for each of its target antigens. A Bs(scFv)(4)-IgG was prepared using two scFv antibodies each directed against a different epitope of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, the kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR). The Bs(scFv)(4)-IgG is capable of simultaneously binding to the two epitopes on the receptor. Further, the Bs(scFv)(4)-IgG also retains the antigen-binding efficacy and biological activity of its component antibodies.     

Autoreactive sites of human λ light chain mapped by comprehensive peptide synthesis

Autoantibodies reactive against immunoglobulins are associated with autoimmune disorders as well as with immunization and infection. Moreover, recent interest is focused on auto-antidiotypes because of their possible role in immunoregulation. In this study, we used a set of overlapping synthetic peptides duplicating the structure of the monoclonal human λ light chain Mcg to map autoreactive dterminants recognized by natura lantibodies present in normal polycolonal human IgG. We found that autoantibodies in human IgG react strongly with two distinct Vλ determinants corresponding to the first complementarity determining region (CDR1) and the third framework (Fr3). Antibodies showing weak reactivities against three regions of the constant domain also occur in the preparations. The antibodies directed against light chain peptides comprise less than 0.1% of the IgG pool. Analysis by direct binding and by competitive ELISA inhibition established that affinity purified antibodies specific for CDR1 and Fr3 peptide determinants react with the intact light chain Mcg as well as with the corresponding peptide. Competitive inhibition studies comparing total IgG and affinity-purified antibodies indicate that natural antibodies showing a wide range of affinities are present. The polyclonal nature of the natural antibodies is further shown by the presence of both κ and λ light chains in the purified antibodies. Although the role of such natural antibodies remains to be determined, the cross-reactivity between Vλ peptides and the intact chain suggest that they can function in regulation of antibody formation.     

Comparison of two forms of catalytic antibody displayed on yeast-cell surface

Two forms of the Fab fragment of the catalytic antibody 6D9 were individually displayed on yeast-cell surface in fusion to the C-terminal half of -agglutinin: one was 6D9 Fab1, in which the light chain of the Fab (Lc) fragment is displayed on cell surface and the heavy chain of the Fab (Fd) fragment is secreted and linked to the Lc fragment with a disulfide bond; the other was 6D9 Fab2, in which the Fd fragment is displayed on cell surface and the Lc fragment is secreted and linked to the Fd fragment with a disulfide bond. Analysis by flow cytometry indicated that some 6D9 Fab2 fragments were unable to construct an appropriate conformation, and that most of the 6D9 Fab1 fragments displayed on yeast-cell surface exhibited higher binding affinity, stability, and catalytic activity. Conformation of the surface-displayed hetero-dimeric Fab fragment mainly depended on the intermolecular disulfide bond between the Lc and Fd fragments. The conformation of 6D9 Fab1 was more stable than that of Fab2. In the reducing environment of solution containing 25 nM DTT, the function of 6D9 Fab2 was almost completely lost. The successful display of 6D9 Fab1 on yeast-cell surface provides a novel approach to the engineering of catalytic antibodies.     

The mechanism of reassembly of immunoglobulin G.

The noncovalent interaction of light (L) chain with heavy (H) chain or Fd isolated from a human myeloma protein Jo (IgG1, kappa) was studied by following circular dichroic (CD) change at 235 nm. The dimerization constants of Jo-L chain determined by measuring the CD change at 293 nm with protein concentration showed that the Jo-L chain exists as the monomeric form under the experimental conditions used for recombination with H chain. The second-order rate constants for the interaction between H and L chains were in good agreement with those for the interaction between Fd and L chain at various pH values. The binding behavior of L chain to Fd could be described by a single association constant. In the interpretation of the binding of L chain to H chain, however, it was necessary to assume that the binding of L chain to one of the two sites on H chain dimer (H2) decreases the affinity of the other site for L chain. The binding constant of the first L chain to H2 was the same as that of L chain to Fd. Renaturation processes of L chain, Fd, Fab(SS) fragment (with intact interchain disulfide bond), and Fab(RA) fragment (in which the interchain disulfide bond had been reduced and alkylated) from the denatured states in 0.5 or 1 M acetic acid on neutralization were studied. The renaturation of Fd occurred very rapidly, while that of L chain consisted of a very rapid process and a slow process which followed first-order kinetics. The renaturation process of Fab(SS) consisted of rapid and slow phases, of which the latter followed first-order kinetics. The renaturation process of Fab(RA) also consisted of rapid and slow phases, but the latter process followed second-order kinetics. The overall rate constant of renaturation of Fab(RA) was the same as that of the reformation of Fab(RA) from isolated Fd and L chain. On the basis of these facts, the kinetic mechanism by which Fd and L chain recombine to yield Fab(RA) can be described in terms of the scheme Fd + L in equilibrium Fd ... L leads to Fab(RA), where Fd ... L is an intermediate, and CD change is only observed in the second unimolecular process and not in the first bimolecular process.