甲型流感病毒非结构蛋白NS1功能研究进展

甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus,IAV)是每年季节性流感的主要病原体,也是全球儿童急性呼吸道感染的重要病毒性病原。非结构蛋白1(nonstructural protein 1,NS1)是由病毒基因组编码的蛋白,表达于被感染的细胞中,但不存在于病毒颗粒中。近年来,大量研究表明NS1是IAV的重要毒力因素,通过NS1-RNA之间、NS1-蛋白之间的相互作用,在拮抗宿主抗病毒反应、抑制宿主细胞凋亡、调节宿主及自身基因表达等多方面发挥作用。深入研究NS1与宿主细胞的相互作用,不仅可加深对IAV致病机制的理解,还可为预防和控制IAV的传播甚至暴发奠定理论基础,在新型抗病毒药物及疫苗研制中有着重要的应用价值。     

寨卡病毒NS1的结构研究进展及其应用

寨卡病毒感染与小头畸形和神经系统并发症紧密相关,甚至可能损伤男性生殖系统,引起了全球性的关注,研究其结构和致病机制以及开发有效的诊断治疗方法成为当务之急。寨卡病毒的非结构蛋白NS1是病毒与宿主相互作用的重要蛋白,在病毒复制、发病机制及免疫逃逸中起着关键作用。本文总结了寨卡病毒NS1的空间精细结构,并将其与其它黄病毒NS1进行比较。本文也分析了寨卡病毒基于NS1的致病机理,总结了NS1在疾病诊断中的应用。     

评估首次接种人体的G蛋白缺失RSV减毒活疫苗的安全性、耐受性、脱落性和免疫原性：一项随机对照试验

正人呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)是婴幼儿和老年人下呼吸道感染的主要原因。针对呼吸道合胞病毒的儿童疫苗不仅可以预防呼吸道合胞病毒在婴幼儿中的发病和死亡,还可以减少其在老年人群的传播。由一种缺失G附着蛋白的减毒RSV活疫苗组成的RSVΔG与宿主细胞的结合严重受损,在临床前研究中显示其传染性降低。用RSVΔG疫苗对棉鼠进行鼻内免疫可防止野生型RSV的复制,从而不会诱发继发性疾病。作者进行了首次人体试验,     

基于融合蛋白的呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗的研究进展

呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)是一种引起严重下呼吸道感染的病原体,易感人群为婴幼儿、老年人及免疫功能低下者。目前尚无有效的抗病毒药物和预防疫苗。RSV融合蛋白(fusion protein,F蛋白)具有高度保守性,其诱导的抗体可同时抑制A型和B型两个亚型的RSV感染。因此,以F蛋白作为靶抗原的RSV亚单位疫苗、颗粒样疫苗和病毒载体疫苗是目前研究的主要策略。现就基于F蛋白的RSV疫苗研究进展作一综述。     

呼吸道合胞病毒mRNA疫苗的研究进展

呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)是引起急性呼吸道感染的主要病原体之一,给婴幼儿和老年人带来了沉重的疾病负担。自福尔马林灭活呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗(FI-RSV)失败以来,RSV疫苗研究进展缓慢。但近年随着对RSV F蛋白(fusion protein, F)结构研究的不断深入,RSV的候选疫苗取得了快速进展,RSV的候选疫苗种类也逐渐增多,包括RSV mRNA疫苗、重组载体疫苗、亚单位疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗、减毒活疫苗和嵌合疫苗等。其中,RSV mRNA疫苗具有成本低、免疫原性强、生产工艺简单、研发周期短、安全性高和易于标准化生产等特点,适合应对新发传染性疾病的防控。现就RSV疫苗的研究现状、RSV mRNA疫苗发展历程及临床研究进展作一概述。     

NS3蛋白在黄病毒科病毒生命活动中的作用

黄病毒科病毒包括三个属,即黄病毒属(Flavivirus),瘟病毒属(Pestivirus)和丙型肝炎病毒属(Hepacivirus).这些病毒均能引起人和动物患严重疾病.黄病毒属黄热病毒(Yellow fever virus,YFV)、登革病毒(Dengue virus,DEN)能引起发烧、出血,患者死亡率极高,瘟病毒属牛腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea petivirus, BVDV)、猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus, CSFV)等能引起其各自宿主家畜患严重疾病.近年来,又发现丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus, HCV)与人类原发性肝癌和肝硬化密切相关.然而,目前仍没有对各种黄病毒科病毒有效的治疗方法.尤其是近年来干扰素对丙型肝炎治疗的疗效低,反复率高,使得研究更为有效的抗病毒药物成为各种病毒疾病治疗中亟待解决的问题之一.在BVDV的研究中发现,当非结构蛋白NS3蛋白与NS2蛋白一起以复合物的形式存在时,病毒对其寄主是非致病性的;而当NS3蛋白独立地存在时,病毒颗粒是致病性的[1].这提示NS3蛋白很可能与病毒的致病性密切相关.而且,序列分析表明非结构蛋白NS3(nonstructure protein 3)是黄病毒科病毒中最为保守的非结构蛋白.后来许多研究证明NS3蛋白参与蛋白质水解加工,以及病毒的复制,对病毒的生命循环是必需的.因此,NS3蛋白成为了人们研究的一个热点.     

呼吸道合胞病毒F蛋白研究进展

人类呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)融合蛋白(F蛋白)为病毒表面结构蛋白,可以刺激机体产生保护性抗体。因此对F蛋白的深入研究将有助于了解病毒感染的机理,从而为诊断试剂和亚单位疫苗的研制提供帮助。本文就F蛋白结构及结构与功能关系的研究进展进行简要综述。     

单克隆抗体在呼吸道合胞病毒感染诊断和防治中的应用

呼吸道合胞病毒 (RSV)是世界范围内婴幼儿下呼吸道感染的重要病原 ,目前尚无成熟疫苗应用于临床。展开对RSV被动免疫的研究显得尤为重要。单克隆抗体成为深入研究和防治RSV感染的有力武器。本文综述了单克隆抗体在RSV感染的诊断、预防和治疗中的应用     

可调控表达人博卡病毒1型非结构蛋白NS1稳定细胞系的建立及其反式转录激活作用初探

人博卡病毒1型(Human bocavirus 1,HBoV1)非结构蛋白NS1是多功能蛋白,对病毒复制有重要作用,同时可诱导宿主细胞凋亡。在研究NS1蛋白功能时,降低NS1蛋白对宿主细胞的毒性作用是急需解决的问题。基于此,文中建立了可调控表达HBoV1非结构蛋白NS1的稳定细胞系。构建NS1重组慢病毒质粒(含可调控启动子),应用转染试剂将NS1重组慢病毒质粒转染至HEK293T细胞。通过嘌呤霉素筛选抗性细胞、多西环素诱导NS1表达,建立可稳定表达NS1-100、NS1-70蛋白的HEK 293T细胞系,利用荧光标记蛋白和Western blotting检测,确定NS1蛋白的表达。并在稳定表达NS1细胞系中转染HBoV1启动子-荧光素酶基因的质粒,分析NS1的反式转录激活活性。结果表明NS1蛋白可在建立的细胞系中稳定表达,且稳定表达NS1蛋白对HBoV1启动子有较强的激活活性,为进一步研究非结构蛋白NS1的功能及人博卡病毒致病机理奠定了良好的基础。     

人呼吸道合胞病毒亚单位疫苗的研究进展

呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)是在世界范围内引起婴幼儿下呼吸道感染的重要病毒之一,WHO要求对RSV要严加监控。RSV是副粘病毒科肺炎病毒属的单股负链非节段性RNA病毒。RSV疫苗的研制已有40多年的历史,但至今未被批准使用其疫苗。RSV膜表面融合蛋白F和黏附蛋白G两种糖蛋白,是激发机体产生保护性抗体的最主要的病毒抗原,亚单位疫苗的开发主要针对这两个蛋白。目前研究的有纯化的F糖蛋白(PFP)、BBG2Na、嵌合型F-G糖蛋白及纯化的F、G和基质蛋白M。本文就目前国内外所研究的RSV亚单位疫苗作一综述。     

水稻条叶枯病毒NS2基因遗传多样性分析

应用单链构象多态性 (SSCP)和序列分析方法研究了来自我国 9个省份的水稻条叶枯病毒(RSV) 80个田间分离物的NS2基因遗传结构特征 .SSCP分析结果表明 ,我国RSVNS2基因遗传结构符合准种 (quasispecies)结构特征 .部分分离物的序列分析结果表明 ,RSV上述分离物和已报道的日本 2个分离物可以归入 2个组 :云南的部分分离物划分为 1个组 ;其它分离物及日本T、O的 2个分离物为另 1组 .组与组之间 ,NS2蛋白基因核苷酸同源性为 94 %～ 95 % ,氨基酸同源性为 95 %～ 97% .遗传多样性分析结果表明 ,RSV种群存在地理隔离但在种群间可能发生了基因漂移 (geneflow) .NS2蛋白可能的运动蛋白功能所造成的负选择压力和介体传播引起的奠基者效应可能是RSV种群内和种群间遗传多样性差别的主要因素     

Purification and characterization of recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein NS1

We report here the first biochemical and structural characterization of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) NS1 protein. We have used a pET-ubiquitin expression system to produce respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) NS1 protein in E. coli that contains a hexahistidine-tag on either the amino- or carboxyl-terminus (His(6)-NS1 and NS1-His(6), respectively). We have been able to isolate milligram quantities of highly purified His(6)-NS1 and NS1-His(6) by nickel affinity chromatography. Generation of recombinant RSV indicated that addition of the hexahistidine tag to the C-terminus of NS1 slightly decreased viral replication competence whereas addition of the tag to the N-terminus had no observable effect. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive biochemical and biophysical characterization on His(6)-NS1. His(6)-NS1 is monodisperse in solution as determined by dynamic light scattering analysis. Both gel filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation showed that His(6)-NS1 is predominantly a monomer. In agreement with theoretical predictions, circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that His(6)-NS1 contains 21% alpha-helices, 34% beta-sheets, and 45% undefined structure. Immunization with purified His(6)-NS1 generated an antiserum that specifically recognizes NS1 by immunoprecipitation from HEp-2 cells infected by RSV, indicating that His(6)-NS1 resembles native NS1. The availability of purified RSV NS1 will permit biochemical and structural investigations providing insight into the function of NS1 in viral replication and interferon antagonism.     

Altered Growth Characteristics of Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Viruses Which Do Not Produce NS2 Protein

The second gene in the 3′-to-5′ gene order in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) encodes the nonstructural protein NS2, for which there is no assigned function. To study the function of NS2, we have used a recently developed reverse genetics system to ablate expression of NS2 in recombinant RSV. A full-length cDNA copy of the antigenome of RSV A2 strain under the control of a T7 promoter was modified by introduction of tandem termination codons within the NS2 open reading frame (NS2stop) or by deletion of the entire NS2 gene (ΔNS2). The NS2 knockout antigenomic cDNAs were cotransfected with plasmids encoding the N, P, L, and M2-1 proteins of RSV, each controlled by the T7 promoter, into cells infected with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing T7 RNA polymerase. Recombinant NS2stop and ΔNS2 RSVs were recovered and characterized. Both types of NS2 knockout virus displayed pinpoint plaque morphology and grew more slowly than wild-type RSV. The expression of monocistronic mRNAs for the five genes examined (NS1, NS2, N, F, and L) was unchanged in cells infected with either type of NS2 knockout virus, except that no NS2 mRNA was detected with the ΔNS2 virus. Synthesis of readthrough mRNAs was affected only for the ΔNS2 virus, where the NS1-NS2, NS2-N, and NS1-NS2-N mRNAs were replaced with the predicted novel NS1-N mRNA. Upon passage, the NS2stop virus stock rapidly developed revertants which expressed NS2 protein and grew with similar plaque morphology and kinetics wild-type RSV. Sequence analysis confirmed that the termination codons had reverted to sense, albeit not the wild-type assignments, and provided evidence consistent with biased hypermutation. No revertants were recovered from recombinant ΔNS2 RSV. These results show that the NS2 protein is not essential for RSV replication, although its presence greatly improves virus growth in cell culture. The attenuated phenotype of these mutant viruses, coupled with the expected genetic stability associated with gene deletions, suggests that the ΔNS2 RSV is a candidate for vaccine development.     

Recombinant respiratory syncytial virus bearing a deletion of either the NS2 or SH gene is attenuated in chimpanzees

The NS2 and SH genes of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been separately deleted from a recombinant wild-type RSV strain, A2 (M. N. Teng and P. L. Collins, J. Virol. 73:466-473, 1998; A. Bukreyev et al., J. Virol. 71:8973-8982, 1997; and this study). The resulting viruses, designated rA2DeltaNS2 and rA2DeltaSH, were administered to chimpanzees to evaluate their levels of attenuation and immunogenicity. Recombinant virus rA2DeltaNS2 replicated to moderate levels in the upper respiratory tract, was highly attenuated in the lower respiratory tract, and induced significant resistance to challenge with wild-type RSV. The replication of rA2DeltaSH virus was only moderately reduced in the lower, but not the upper, respiratory tract. However, chimpanzees infected with either virus developed significantly less rhinorrhea than those infected with wild-type RSV. These findings demonstrate that a recombinant RSV mutant lacking either the NS2 or SH gene is attenuated and indicate that these deletions may be useful as attenuating mutations in new, live recombinant RSV vaccine candidates for both pediatric and elderly populations. The DeltaSH mutation was incorporated into a recombinant form of the cpts248/404 vaccine candidate, was evaluated for safety in seronegative chimpanzees, and can now be evaluated as a vaccine for humans.     

禽流感病毒NS1蛋白对细胞的影响

NS1蛋白为流感病毒非结构蛋白,只在病毒侵入宿主细胞后产生.目前NS1蛋白对细胞整体水平上的作用仍不清楚,为了解NS1蛋白在病毒感染细胞中的作用,构建了重组质粒pCMV-myc-NS1并将其转染A549细胞,利用双向电泳技术检测了受NS1蛋白调控的宿主蛋白,以期从蛋白质组水平上研究禽流感病毒与宿主细胞间的相互作用.同时,还检测了转染NS1对细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响.结果显示,NS1在细胞中的表达,能够明显引起宿主细胞代谢的变化,并通过阻滞细胞周期的正常进行而减缓细胞的增殖.     

Structural and functional analysis of NS1 and NS2 proteins of H1N1 subtype

Influenza A virus (H1N1), a genetic reassortment of endemic strains of human, avian and swine flu, has crossed species barrier to human and apparently acquired the capability of human to human transmission. Some strains of H5N1 subtype are highly virulent because NS1 protein inhibits antiviral interferon α/β production. Another protein NS2 mediates export of viral ribonucleoprotein from nucleus to the cytoplasm through export signal. In this paper, we have studied structure-function relationships of these proteins of H1N1 subtype and have determined the cause of their pathogenicity. Our results showed that non-conservative mutations slightly stabilized or destabi- lized structural domains of NS1 or NS1-dsRNA complex, hence slightly increased or decreased the function of NS1 protein and consequently enhanced or reduced the pathogenicity of the H1N1 virus. NS2 protein of different strains carried non-conservative mutations in different domains, resulting in slight loss of function. These mutations slightly decreased the pathogenicity of the virus. Thus, the results confirm the structure-function relationships of these viral proteins.     

A型流感病毒NS1蛋白羧基端PL结构域影响NS1在细胞核内的定位

A型流感病毒NS1蛋白羧基端4个氨基酸可以与PDZ结构域(the domain of PSD95,Dig and ZO-1)相结合,称为PL结构域(PDZ ligand domain)．对不同亚型或毒株的流感病毒而言,其NS1蛋白PL结构域的组成存在比较大的差异．有研究发现这种差异能够影响NS1与宿主细胞蛋白的相互作用进而影响病毒的致病力．为进一步探讨PL结构域对NS1蛋白生物学特性的影响,首先构建出4种不同亚型流感病毒(H1N1、H3N2、H5N1、H9N2)来源的NS1绿色荧光蛋白表达质粒．在此基础上,对野生型H3N2病毒NS1表达质粒进行人工改造,将其PL结构域缺失或者替换为其他亚型流感病毒的PL结构域,制备出4种重组NS1蛋白表达质粒．通过比较上述不同NS1蛋白在HeLa细胞中的定位情况发现,只有野生型H3N2病毒的NS1蛋白可以定位于核仁当中,而野生型H1N1、H5N1、H9N2病毒的NS1蛋白以及PL结构域缺失或替代的H3N2病毒NS1蛋白都不能定位于核仁．而通过比较上述NS1蛋白在流感病毒易感的MDCK细胞中的定位,进一步发现所有这些蛋白均不定位于核仁．上述结果表明：PL结构域的不同可以明显影响NS1蛋白在HeLa细胞核内的定位和分布,这有可能造成其生物学功能的差异．同时,NS1蛋白在细胞核内的定位还与宿主细胞的来源有着密切关系．     

Recombinant respiratory syncytial virus that does not express the NS1 or M2-2 protein is highly attenuated and immunogenic in chimpanzees

Mutant recombinant respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) which cannot express the NS1 and M2-2 proteins, designated rA2DeltaNS1 and rA2DeltaM2-2, respectively, were evaluated as live-attenuated RSV vaccines. The rA2DeltaNS1 virus contains a large deletion that should have the advantageous property of genetic stability during replication in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, rA2DeltaNS1 replicated approximately 10-fold less well than wild-type recombinant RSV (rA2), while rA2DeltaM2-2 had delayed growth kinetics but reached a final titer similar to that of rA2. Each virus was administered to the respiratory tracts of RSV-seronegative chimpanzees to assess replication, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy. The rA2DeltaNS1 and rA2DeltaM2-2 viruses were 2,200- to 55,000-fold restricted in replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts but induced a level of RSV-neutralizing antibody in serum that was only slightly reduced compared to the level induced by wild-type RSV. The replication of wild-type RSV in immunized chimpanzees after challenge was reduced more than 10,000-fold at each site. Importantly, rA2DeltaNS1 and rA2DeltaM2-2 were 10-fold more restricted in replication in the upper respiratory tract than was the cpts248/404 virus, a vaccine candidate that retained mild reactogenicity in the upper respiratory tracts of 1-month-old infants. Thus, either rA2DeltaNS1 or rA2DeltaM2-2 might be appropriately attenuated for this age group, which is the major target population for an RSV vaccine. In addition, these results show that neither NS1 nor M2-2 is essential for RSV replication in vivo, although each is important for efficient replication.     

Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus infection with intranasal siRNA nanoparticles targeting the viral NS1 gene

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the major causes of respiratory tract infection for which no vaccine or antiviral treatment is available. The RSV NS1 protein seems to antagonize the host interferon (IFN) response; however, its mechanism is unknown. Here, we used a plasmid-borne small interfering RNA targeting the NS1 gene (siNS1) to examine the role of NS1 in modulating RSV infection. RSV replication was reduced in A549 cells, but not IFN-deficient Vero cells, transfected with siNS1. siNS1 induced upregulated expression of IFN-beta and IFN-inducible genes in A549 cells. siNS1-transfected human dendritic cells, upon RSV infection, produced elevated type-1 IFN and induced differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to T helper type 1 (TH1) cells. Mice treated intranasally with siNS1 nanoparticles before or after infection with RSV showed substantially decreased virus titers in the lung and decreased inflammation and airway reactivity compared to controls. Thus, siNS1 nanoparticles may provide an effective inhibition of RSV infection in humans.