利用TMT标记结合2DLC-MS/MS技术对水牛卵母细胞体外成熟前后差异蛋白质组的分析

本试验利用TMT标记并结合二维高效液相色谱/串联质谱联用的研究策略对水牛卵母细胞成熟前后差异蛋白质组进行分析。试验首先收集水牛成熟前卵母细胞和成熟后卵母细胞,分别提取卵母细胞这两个时期的蛋白质,酶解蛋白后进行TMT标记,其中TMT-126标记成熟后的肽段,TMT-129标记成熟前的肽段,标记后采用强阳离子交换柱对酶解得到的肽段进行分离,接着进行nano LC分离,质谱分析采用在线连接电喷雾串联Orbitrap的方法,最后使用SEQUEST软件进行数据库搜索,采用生物信息学方法对鉴定得到的差异蛋白质进行初步分析。根据定量差异倍数≥2即认为蛋白表达存在差异,鉴定出卵母细胞成熟前高表达的蛋白有18种,成熟后高表达的蛋白有26种。对这些差异蛋白进行生物信息学分析表明,利用TMT标记并结合二维高效液相色谱/串联质谱联用的研究策略可以有效地分离和鉴定水牛卵母细胞成熟前后的蛋白质。本试验发现可能与水牛卵母细胞成熟相关的标志性蛋白:调控细胞凋亡蛋白(BCL2L10)、胎球蛋白(AHSG)、伴侣蛋白(Erp29),这可能为今后研究水牛卵母细胞成熟前后的蛋白质表达变化规律提供了试验依据。     

牦牛TNFAIP6基因克隆及其在卵巢活动中的时序表达

旨在探讨牦牛TNFAIP6基因的序列特征,比较分析其在牦牛不同组织以及发情周期卵巢中的时序表达差异性。采集健康雌性牦牛的心脏、肺脏、脾脏、肾脏、肝脏、子宫、小肠、胃、肌肉和不同发情期的卵巢组织,提取各组织总RNA和总蛋白,通过RT-PCR技术克隆获得牦牛TNFAIP6基因序列并对其进行生物信息学分析,用半定量PCR检测其在牦牛不同组织中的表达水平,Western blot和qRT-PCR法分别检测其在不同发情期牦牛卵巢中的蛋白和mRNA表达水平,并进行统计学分析。克隆获得牦牛TNFAIP6基因CDS区全长830 bp,共编码279个氨基酸。蛋白质分析显示,TNFAIP6蛋白为亲水酸性稳定蛋白,无跨膜结构但有信号肽,其中包含Link和CUB两个结构域,其二级结构和三级结构主要由无规卷曲和α-螺旋组成。通过同源性比对分析,发现牦牛TNFAIP6基因与野牦牛和黄牛的同源性较高。半定量PCR结果显示,TNFAIP6基因在牦牛各组织中均有表达,其中在卵巢、子宫、脾脏和肌肉组织中表达显著高于其他组织。qRT-PCR结果显示,TNFAIP6基因在卵泡期卵巢中的表达水平极显著高于其他两个时期(P0.01),而红体期与黄体期的表达水平差异不显著(P0.05)。Western blot结果与qRT-PCR结果基本一致。提示TNFAIP6基因可能参与牦牛卵巢活动调控,为进一步探讨TNFAIP6基因在牦牛卵巢活动中的作用机制提供基础资料。     

高畸形率水牛精子与正常水牛精子差异表达蛋白的分离和鉴定

旨在分析高畸形率和正常水牛精子的差异表达蛋白.运用双向凝胶电泳以及基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS/MS)分析鉴定出高畸形率和正常的水牛精子的差异表达蛋白,并对部分蛋白进行生物信息学分析.结果显示,高畸形率和正常水牛精子之间存在16个表达差异明显的蛋白点,与正常水牛精子相比,5个蛋白斑点表达量上调,6个蛋白斑点下调,3个蛋白斑点缺失,2个蛋白斑点在畸形率高的水牛精子特有.质谱鉴定16个差异蛋白,成功鉴定出6个差异蛋白斑点,对应4种蛋白:左旋天冬酰胺酶、热应激蛋白β-9、半乳糖激酶、β-微管蛋白-2C.研究表明,高畸形率和正常水牛精子蛋白质表达存在一定的差异.     

新生隐球菌共孵育后血管内皮细胞的蛋白质组学研究

目的研究新生隐球菌共孵育后血管内皮细胞与正常细胞的差异蛋白质谱,推测蛋白质表达改变在孵育过程中的作用。方法利用二维凝胶电泳获得新生隐球菌孵育后血管内皮细胞与正常细胞的差异表达蛋白点,对部分差异蛋白点进行质谱鉴定分析,并以实时荧光定量PCR对其mRNA表达进行定量比较。结果Peroxiredoxin I及Calpactin I lightchain等13个蛋白的表达水平发生明显改变,Peroxiredoxin I及Calpactin Ilightchain的mRNA表达明显改变,其mRNA含量的改变趋势与相应的蛋白质的变化趋势相同。结论Peroxiredoxin I及Calpactin Ilightchain等蛋白表达量的改变可能与新生隐球菌侵袭血管内皮细胞屏障有关。     

绵羊发情周期不同组织Cry1mRNA 转录水平相对定量研究

研究表明,时钟基因Cry1在哺乳动物季节性繁殖内分泌过程中可能发挥了重要作用。文章以多浪羊(非季节性繁殖)和中国美利奴羊(季节性繁殖)为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴主要组织Cry1在发情周期不同阶段的表达变化情况进行了跟踪检测。结果表明:绵羊Cry1在所检测组织中均有表达,其中松果体和甲状腺Cry1的表达水平较高;不同绵羊品种Cry1在发情周期不同阶段的组织表达谱基本一致,除下丘脑外,卵巢、子宫、松果体、垂体和甲状腺中Cry1的表达水平均是在发情前期达到峰值;卵巢、子宫、垂体和松果体Cry1在发情前期和发情期的表达变化幅度存在显著的品种间差异。研究结果表明:Cry1可能具有启动发情和季节性繁殖的重要作用。     

黄体生成素受体基因在牦牛发情周期不同阶段生殖系统中的表达模式

旨在检测黄体生成素受体(Luteinizing hormone receptor,LHR)基因在牦牛发情周期不同阶段生殖系统中的表达。实验选取青海健康的处于卵泡期和黄体期的2岁龄雌性牦牛各3头,根据黄牛LHR基因序列5'端和3'端的保守序列设计特异性引物,利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)法分析牦牛发情周期不同阶段,生殖系统中LHR基因的相对表达量。结果显示,LHR基因在牦牛发情周期不同阶段生殖系统中的表达量存在差异,卵巢和输卵管中卵泡期LHR基因的表达量高于黄体期,黄体期子宫中LHR基因的表达量高于卵泡期。研究表明牦牛在发情周期不同阶段生殖系统中LHR基因的表达量存在差异,提示LHR在牦牛的繁殖过程中对生殖系统具有重要的调节作用。     

青年和老年人结肠上皮的比较蛋白质组学研究

衰老的大肠上皮不仅多种生理功能下降,而且对大肠癌在内的多种衰老相关的肠道疾病易感性显著增加,但结肠上皮衰老及衰老的结肠上皮对癌症易感的分子机制仍然不清楚.为此,应用双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)技术分离青年人及老年人的正常结肠上皮的总蛋白质,图像分析识别差异表达的蛋白质点,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)对差异表达的蛋白质点进行鉴定,免疫组化和实时定量(real-timequantitative)PCR检测部分差异蛋白,在青年人和老年人结肠上皮中的表达水平.得到了分辨率较高、重复性较好的青年人和老年人结肠上皮的2-DE图谱,质谱分析鉴定了17个结肠上皮衰老相关的蛋白质,免疫组化和real-timequantitativeRT-PCR证实了部分差异蛋白质的表达水平.研究结果提示,线粒体功能受伤、抗氧化能力下降是结肠上皮衰老的重要原因,4个差异蛋白质即guaninenucleotide-bindingproteinbetasubunit-likeprotein(Rack1)、stress-70protein、40SribosomalproteinSA和chlorideintracellularchannelprotein1可能与衰老的结肠上皮对癌症易感有关.     

环腺苷一磷酸对人Ⅰ型17β羟类固醇脱氢酶在绒癌细胞系中表达的调节作用

由HSD17B1基因编码的人Ⅰ型17β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenasetype 1,简称Ⅰ型17HSD)催化雌酮与雌二醇之间的转化。本文研究环腺苷一磷酸简称(cAM-P)对该酶在培养的绒癌细胞系(JAR和JEG-3)中表达的调节作用。用8-bromo-cAMP处理两种绒癌细胞后,观察到在伴随1.3 kbⅠ型17 HSDmRNA表达的同时,Ⅰ型17 HSD蛋白浓度也显著上升。标记基因分析表明,cAMP可诱导HSD 17 B1基因启动子在JAR和JEG-3细胞系中的转录活性,参与调节这一诱导作用的区域位于HSD 17 B1基因编码区上游-659至-550处。凝胶阻滞实验显示这一区域可同JAR、JEG-3、T-47 D和HeLa细胞核抽提物形成特异的DNA-蛋白复合物。本结果首次证实cAMP激活HSD 17 B1基因启动子在绒癌细胞中的转录。     

GTF2H2通过介导AKT信号通路影响肝癌细胞Hep3B的增殖和迁移*

目的:探讨通用转录因子II H亚基2(GTF2H2)是否影响肝癌细胞Hep3B的增殖和迁移及其潜在的分子机制。方法:通过转染GTF2H2-siRNA构建GTF2H2敲低的Hep3B肝癌细胞模型;实时定量聚合酶链反应(q-RT-PCR)和蛋白质印迹实验检测肝癌细胞Hep3B的GTF2H2敲低效果;细胞计数实验(MTS)检测GTF2H2敲低的肝癌细胞Hep3B的增殖能力;Transwell细胞迁移实验检测GTF2H2敲低的肝癌细胞Hep3B的迁移能力;蛋白质印迹分析实验检测GTF2H2敲低后是否影响肿瘤相关分子信号通路。结果: GTF2H2敲低组的Hep3B细胞的增殖能力较对照组的Hep3B细胞增强,迁移能力亦有增强;蛋白质印迹实验显示GTF2H2敲低后,p-AKT通路蛋白的表达明显升高。结论:GTF2H2可能通过介导AKT分子信号通路,影响肝癌细胞Hep3B的增殖和迁移能力。     

亚健康便秘人群结肠黏膜蛋白质组的筛选鉴定与临床应用

筛选亚健康便秘人群结肠黏膜变化的分子标志物,为亚健康便秘人群的结肠黏膜改变机制提供理论依据.采用双向凝胶电泳(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE)对亚健康便秘人群及健康志愿者结肠黏膜组织进行蛋白质分离,ImageMaster2D Elite分析软件进行图像分析,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flightmass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS)得到相应的肽质量指纹图(peptide mass fingerprint,PMF),搜索数据库鉴定差异蛋白.建立了亚健康便秘人群及健康志愿者结肠黏膜组织2-DE图谱,分析出其凝胶的平均蛋白质点数(501.00±37.16,536.00±41.63),两者平均差异蛋白质点数为46.00±7.82,取20个表达量明显改变的蛋白质点进行质谱分析,鉴定出17个蛋白质.其中7个蛋白质点表达下调,10个蛋白质点表达上调.差异蛋白质点包括蛋白质合成与分解、分子伴侣、氧化还原调节及信号传导等相关蛋白质.随即应用免疫印迹(Western blot)技术分析差异蛋白β-actin、YWHAZ及PBP-Ⅰ(phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteinⅠ)在两类组织中的表达水平及临床意义.结果表明,亚健康便秘人群和健康志愿者的结肠黏膜组织蛋白表达存在差异,β-actin、YWHAZ表达下调及PBP-Ⅰ上调参与了亚健康便秘的发生,对此状态进行合理干预,可使身体向健康转化.     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The biogeography of Nothofagus and Trigonobalanus and the origin of the Fagaceae

The suggestion that Trigonobalanus excelsa reached Colombia by migration from south-east Asia via the Bering land-bridge is criticized. The distribution of Trigonobalanus can be more simply explained by the disruption and drift of the former Pacific continent and the peninsula of West Gondwanaland. All but the New Guinea species of Nothofagus remain on the drifted fragments of the Gondwana peninsula, the original home of the family. Drift accounts for the present disjunct distribution of related Nothofagus species in the Southern hemisphere, but topoclines in characters of the fructifications and of the leaves linking New Zealand, New Caledonia and New Guinea indicate the overland migration route into the Pacific continent. Diversification of the family occurred in Pacifica before that continent was disrupted in the late Jurassic. With the formation of Eurasia, a topocline in leaf characters developed in Fagus along the migration route from China to Western Europe. Absence of topoclines involving the Bering land-bridge indicate that this bridge played no significant part in the dispersal of the Fagaceae. Shedding of the fruits of Glossopteris before the development of an embryo draws attention to the primitive character of delay in fertilization found in Nothofagus.