中国苏云金芽孢杆菌的分布与cry基因的多样性

采集全中国27个省、自治区及4个直辖市昆虫孳生地粉尘、土壤等样品1080份,在其中的406份中分离到苏云金芽孢杆菌965株.镜检可观察到大菱形、小菱形、方形、长方形、圆形、椭圆形、镶嵌形和不规则形等8种主要形态的伴孢晶体;采用cryⅠ、cryⅡ、cryⅢ、cryⅣ和cryⅤ基因的通用引物对221株Bt分离株进行的PCR检测结果表明各类基因的含量依次为cryⅠ＞cryⅡ＞cryⅤ＞cryⅢ基因,分别占被检菌株的75.6%、67.9%、58.4%和14.5%,没有检测到cryⅣ基因,共得到10种基因组合类型.对其中含有cryⅠ基因的菌株分别以cryIAc、cryIC和cryIE基因的特异性引物进行PCR检测,得到20株同时含有cryIAc、cryIC、cryⅡ和cryⅤ优良基因组合的Bt分离株,其中菌株Bt-15A3对棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾及小菜蛾均表现出高毒力,具有生产开发潜力.     

云南烟叶中苏云金杆菌的分布及杀虫特性

采用4%NaCl培养基选择分离法,从云南7个生产烟区采集的450个复烤烟样中,分离出苏云金芽孢杆菌475株。分离出的Bt菌进行PCR毒素蛋白基因鉴定,其中含cryI毒素蛋白基因的Bt菌有7株,出菌率为1.47%;含cryV毒素蛋白基因的Bt菌11株,出菌率为2.32%;没有含cryⅢ毒素蛋白基因的Bt菌。对含毒蛋白基因cryⅠ及cryⅤ的18个Bt菌株用二龄烟草甲虫进行生物毒力测定,试验后9d有9个Bt菌件生物毒力测定校正死亡率均超过80%;试验后12d有5个Bt菌株生物毒力测定校正死亡率均超过95%。可见,用苏云金芽孢杆菌防治烟叶仓贮害虫是有潜力的。     

广西大王岭和大明山自然保护区苏云金芽孢杆菌收集与鉴定

从广西大王岭和大明山两个自然保护区共采集到土样264份,共分离出597株芽孢杆菌,通过光学和电子显微镜检观察,16株分离株观察到伴胞晶体蛋白,初步确定为苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt),出菌率为6.06%.在16株Bt分离株中,有4株在芽孢形成过程中能产菱形晶体蛋白,其余12株能产圆形和其他形状的晶体蛋白.利用PCR-RFLP方法和SDS-PAGE方法对16株Bt分离菌进行了蛋白和基因型的鉴定,结果表明,16株分离株中含有4株cry1Ac基因,表达约130 kD的晶体蛋白,其中含有cry30基因和cry40基因的菌株分别1株和3株,表达大约75 kD的晶体蛋白;另外8株Bt菌株表达蛋白大小不一,其基因型尚不能确定,有待进一步分析.生物测定表明,产菱形晶体含有cry1Ac基因的4株Bt分离株对鳞翅目小菜夜蛾幼虫有很强的毒杀活性,而其它分离株对小菜夜蛾没有毒杀活性.     

临床产ESBLs大肠埃希菌整合子检测及基因型分析

了解临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli,ESBL-EC)中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合子及ESBL-EC基因型的分布。收集2014年1月至12月某三甲医院住院患者分离的大肠埃希菌,经全自动细菌分析系统鉴定并检测其对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性,双纸片协同试验确定ESBL-EC,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)对整合子基因和ESBLs基因进行检测。K-B法比较整合子阳性菌株与阴性菌株的耐药率。结果发现,98株临床非重复ESBL-EC对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、单环酰胺类和庆大霉素耐药率均大于50%,对妥布霉素耐药率为31.62%,对呋喃妥因、阿莫西林/克拉维酸和阿米卡星较敏感,分别为11.11%、13.4%和6.12%;对碳青霉烯类抗菌素、替加环素和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感率为100%。98株菌中检出47株含Ⅰ类整合子(47.96%),3株含Ⅱ类整合子(3.06%),所有菌株中有1株同时含Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类整合子,未检出Ⅲ类整合子。整合子阳性菌株对四环素和复方新诺明的耐药率高于整合子阴性菌株(P0.05)。98株菌中β-内酰胺酶基因TEM、CTX-M-9、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2和SHV阳性率分别为62.24%、53.06%、32.65%、4.08%和3.06%,ESBL-EC基因分型分布以TEM合并CTX-M-9型(共30株)最多见,占30.61%。结果表明,Ⅰ类整合子在产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中分布广泛,本研究尚不足以证明整合子的存在可影响ESBL-EC菌株抗生素耐药水平。同时携带TEM和CTX-M-9基因是安徽医科大学解放军174临床学院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌临床耐药菌株产生的主要原因。     

嗜热链球菌CRISPR-Cas系统的检测

【目的】CRISPR-Cas系统为嗜热链球菌抵抗噬菌体等外源基因元件提供获得性免疫,分析NCBI中已公开发表全基因组序列的9株嗜热链球菌所含CRISPR-Cas系统的数目和类型,对实验室相应菌株的CRISPR-Cas系统进行检测。【方法】利用生物信息学方法对NCBI中9株已测序嗜热链球菌所含CRISPR-Cas系统进行分析,根据其Cas基因序列设计引物,对实验室嗜热链球菌菌株的Cas基因进行扩增、测序,分析实验室6株嗜热链球菌的CRISPR-Cas系统情况。【结果】9株标准菌株均含不同数目的CRISPR-Cas系统,其类型主要为Ⅱ-A型、Ⅲ-A型和Ⅰ-E型,各类型的标志Cas基因高度保守。6株供试菌中,S4仅含Cas9基因,其它5株均含有Cas9基因、Cas10基因和Cas9*基因,79和KLDS3.0207还含有Cas3基因。【结论】可根据标准菌株高度保守的Cas基因设计引物,预测未知嗜热链球菌所含CRISPRCas系统的数目和类型。S4仅含1个Ⅱ-A型CRISPR-Cas系统,其它5株均含有2个Ⅱ-A型CRISPR-Cas系统和1个Ⅲ-A型CRISPR-Cas系统,此外,79和KLDS3.0207均含有1个Ⅰ-E型CRISPR-Cas系统。     

海南岛热带雨林区芽孢杆菌收集及Bt菌鉴定

本研究系统地对海南岛热带雨林自然保护区进行了土壤样品的采集、芽孢杆菌的分离收集和Bt菌株的鉴定.从尖峰岭热带雨林区、五指山热带雨林区、吊罗山热带雨林区、霸王岭热带雨林区总共采集了土壤样品1 882份,采用醋酸钠培养基结合高温方法分离出芽孢杆菌3 924份,鉴定出Bt分离株158份,Bt菌株的分离率和出菌率分别为4.03%和8.40%.结果分析表明,海南岛热带雨林区芽孢杆菌及Bt菌株分布对环境和生态表现出一定的规律性,一般海拔900 m至1 400 m的Bt菌株含量高、植被覆盖率高,土壤腐殖质含量高的热带沟谷雨林带Bt菌株含量最高.显微观察发现,获得的Bt菌株其伴胞晶体有菱形、球形、方形、椭球形、不定性等多种形状.利用SDS-PAGE方法对获得的Bt分离株进行了伴胞晶体进行分析,发现伴胞晶体的分子量有20 kD到150 kD不等.进一步利用PCR-RFLP技术对Bt分离株进行了cry基因型的分析,初步发现这些Bt菌株含有cry1、cry3、cry4、cry6、cry30、cry40等基因型.我们还利用鳞翅目昆虫小菜蛾和鞘翅目昆虫椰心叶甲进行部分Bt分离株的生物测定,初步结果显示本研究鉴定出的Bt分离株具有不同的抗虫靶标,对同一靶标昆虫也表现出不同的杀虫活性.整体而言,本研究结果显示出海南岛热带热带雨林自然保护区因其独特的热带地理生境、自然的生物演化系统,使得热带雨林区蕴藏了Bt菌株资源多样化,值得期待挖掘出一些新的菌株和新的基因资源.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌整合子及其相关基因盒的研究

目的检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌中整合子的整合酶及插入的相关基因盒情况,分析整合子对细菌耐药性的影响。方法采用K-B琼脂扩散法对45株临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌进行药敏试验;应用PCR法检测45株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子;对Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌进行整合子相关基因盒检测。结果45株菌中有27株（60．0％）含有Ⅰ类整合子,没有检测到Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子阳性菌。在Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌中,有23株携带Ⅰ类整合子相关基因盒（85．2％）,5种不同的基因盒图谱,片段大小在600～2322bp,分离自同一科室的部分菌株携带大小相同的基因盒;Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株的耐药率高于整合子阴性的菌株。结论Ⅰ类整合子及整合子相关基因盒在产ESBLs大肠埃希菌株中分布广泛,整合子在细菌耐药中发挥作用。     

31株苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因型鉴定及表达产物研究

利用已建立的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因的PCRRFLP鉴定体系,鉴定了31株Bt菌株的cry基因类型,并进行了SDSPAGE分析和杀虫生物活性测定。研究表明：25株含cry1基因,表达蛋白130～150kD;其中16株含有对鞘翅目和鳞翅目害虫皆有活性的cry1I基因,其表达蛋白为81kD;15株同时含有cry1和cry2基因(13株表达蛋白约为60kD);10株含有未知待定基因;6株不含所鉴定的cry基因(其中2株有表达产物)。室内生物测定表明：cry1、cry2基因表达的菌株对鳞翅目害虫具有高杀虫活性,7株对舞毒蛾和膜翅目——杨叶蜂幼虫具有较高杀虫活性;含有cry1Aa\,cry1Ac\,cry2或cry1Ab\,cry1Ac\,cry2基因组合的菌株对棉铃虫幼虫均显示杀虫活性,其中6、12、30号菌株毒力最强。不含上述cry基因的菌株均无杀虫活性。以上结果证明,通过cry基因类型鉴定和表达产物的SDSPAGE分析可以预测菌株的杀虫活性。     

海南五指山热带雨林区Bt菌株的分离及其新型cry基因鉴定

五指山原始热带雨林区位于海南岛中部,是海南岛地区面积最大的热带原始雨林。我们依据不同的海拔高度对五指山原始雨林区进行了系统的取样,共采集了234份土壤样品,采用醋酸钠-高温处理的方法分离出各类产芽孢杆菌886株,并通过显微镜观察鉴定出产伴胞晶体蛋白的Bt菌株21株,其Bt菌株分离率为2.3%。为了进一步挖掘五指山丰富的Bt杀虫基因资源,还利用PCR方法结合测序技术对21株Bt分离株的cry基因进行了鉴定,鉴定结果显示cry1、cry4、cry39、cry40、cry31和cry46等基因型存在,表明五指山热带Bt菌株含有丰富cry基因资源,这将为为进一步开展Bt杀虫基因的分离克隆打下基础。     

一株海洋来源的高活性Bt菌的生物学特性研究

从连云港海域筛选获得苏云金芽胞杆菌h3菌株,血清型鉴定表明该菌属H5型.该菌株产生菱形、方形和双锥体形的蛋白晶体.生测试验表明该菌对小菜蛾24 h致死率迭100%.SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳显示其具有133、65、35和29 ku等多种蛋白.PCR-RFLP方法分析表明113菌株含有cry1Ac基因.cry1A基因的特异引物PCR扩增出的基因含3 537个碱基,和cry1Ac基因有5个核苷酸的差异,同源性达99%(序列登陆号AY730621),该基因被命名为cry1Ac16.并与其他cry基因比对,构建了系统发育树.     

Specific PCR primers directed to identify cryI and cryIII genes within a Bacillus thuringiensis strain collection.

In this paper we describe a PCR strategy that can be used to rapidly identify Bacillus thuringiensis strains that harbor any of the known cryI or cryIII genes. Four general PCR primers which amplify DNA fragments from the known cryI or cryIII genes were selected from conserved regions. Once a strain was identified as an organism that contains a particular type of cry gene, it could be easily characterized by performing additional PCR with specific cryI and cryIII primers selected from variable regions. The method described in this paper can be used to identify the 10 different cryI genes and the five different cryIII genes. One feature of this screening method is that each cry gene is expected to produce a PCR product having a precise molecular weight. The genes which produce PCR products having different sizes probably represent strains that harbor a potentially novel cry gene. Finally, we present evidence that novel crystal genes can be identified by the method described in this paper.     

Distribution of cryV-type insecticidal protein genes in Bacillus thuringiensis and cloning of cryV-type genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus.

DNA dot blot hybridizations with a cryV-specific probe and a cryI-specific probe were performed to screen 24 Bacillus thuringiensis strains for their cryV-type (lepidopteran- and coleopteran-specific) and cryI-type (lepidopteran-specific) insecticidal crystal protein gene contents, respectively. The cryV-specific probe hybridized to 12 of the B. thuringiensis strains examined. Most of the cryV-positive strains also hybridized to the cryI-specific probe, indicating that the cryV genes are closely related to cryI genes. Two cryV-type genes, cryV1 and cryV465, were cloned from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1 and B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus BP465, respectively, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The CryV1 protein was toxic to Plutella xylostella and Bombyx mori, whereas the CryV465 protein was toxic only to Plutella xylostella.     

Characterization and toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from warehouses to Spodoptera exigua (Lep., Noctuidae)

Bacillus thuringiensis was isolated from 122 of 413 samples obtained from warehouses. Eighty-seven (71.31%) of these B. thuringiensis isolates were toxic to Spodoptera exigua , causing more than 60% mortality. Twenty-seven isolates were highly toxic to S. exigua , causing more than 95% mortality. Isolates 133, 47 and 58, which belonged to serotype H₇, H₄, H₄, respectively, were more active than the other isolates and their 50% lethality concentration (LC₅₀) values were 17.93, 14.78 and 15.55  μ g/ml, respectively. The isolate 133, 47 and 58 were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that they contained ~135 and 65 kDa crystal proteins, that were similar with reference strain HD-1. Isolate 133 contained the cryIA(a) , cryIA(b) , cryIA(c) , cryIE and cryII genes whereas both isolate 47 and 58 contained the cryIA(b) , cryIA(c) , cryIE and cryII genes; but they did not contain cryIII gene.     

Prediction of insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains by polymerase chain reaction product profiles.

A rapid analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis strains predictive of insecticidal activity was established by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. Primers specific to regions of high homology within genes encoding three major classes of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins were used to generate a PCR product profile characteristic of each insecticidal class. Predictions of insecticidal activity were made on the basis of the electrophoretic patterns of the PCR products. Included in the screen were PCR primers specific for cryI, cryIII, and cryIV genes, which are insecticidal for lepidopterans, coleopterans, and dipterans, respectively. Known B. thuringiensis strains as well as unidentified strains isolated from soil and insect cadavers were analyzed by PCR. Small amounts of crude sample lysates were assayed in a single PCR reaction containing 12 to 20 primers capable of distinguishing between the different insecticidal genes. Insecticidal activity predicted by the PCR screen was found to correspond with the insecticidal activity of insect bioassays. In addition to identifying strains with known insecticidal genes, the PCR screen can identify strains with altered electrophoretic patterns containing potentially novel genes.     

Identification of novel cry-type genes from Bacillus thuringiensis strains on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of the PCR-amplified DNA.

Two pairs of universal oligonucleotide primers were designed to probe the most conserved regions of all known cryI-type gene sequences so that the amplified PCR fragments of the DNA template from Bacillus thuringiensis strains may contain all possible cryI-type gene sequences. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of the PCR-amplified fragments revealed that 14 distinct cry-type genes have been identified from 20 B. thuringiensis strains. Those cry-type genes included cryIA(a), cryIA(a), cryIA(b), cryIA(b), cryIA(c), cryIB, cryIC, cryIC, cryIC(b), cryID, cryIE, cryIF, cryIF, and cryIII (a dagger at the end of a gene designation indicates a novel cry-type gene determined by restriction mapping or DNA sequences). Among them, the sequences of cryIA(a), cryIA(b), cryIB, cryIC, cryIF, and cryIII were found to be different from the corresponding published cry gene sequences. Interestingly, five cry-type genes [cryIA(a)-, cryIB-, cryIC-, cryIC(b)-, and cryIF-type genes] and seven cry-type genes [cryIA(a)-, cryIA(b)-, cryIB-, cryIC-, cryIC(b)-, cryIF-, and cryIII-type genes] have been detected from B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni HD-12 and B. thuringiensis subsp. wuhanensis, respectively. Therefore, the PCR-RFLP typing system is a facile method to detect both known and novel cry genes existing in B. thuringiensis strains.     

苏云金杆菌毒素调控基因plcR的特性与表达

根据蜡状芽胞杆菌plcR基因和papR基因序列设计特异引物,对6个Bt菌株（WB1、WB7、WB9、HD98、8010、8311）及5个Bc菌株（6A1、6A2、6A3、6A4、6S1）进行了PCR检测.结果显示,3个Bt菌株及4个Bc菌株含有plcR-papR基因.克隆了Bt8010、Bc6A2和6A3的plcR、papR基因,核苷酸序列分析表明,三个菌株的plcR、papR基因与NCBI数据库中的Bt、Bc及Ba相应序列都有很高的相似性.Bt8010的plcR基因编码框由846个核苷酸组成,可编码282个氨基酸;papR基因的编码框由144个核苷酸组成,可编码48个氨基酸.推导的氨基酸序列分析表明,Bt8010 的PapR有21个氨基酸的信号肽序列,PlcR没有信号肽序列.与Bc6A2、6A3和Bc 569相比,Bt8010 的PlcR和PapR在氨基酸序列上与Bc 相应序列存在相对较大的差异.将plcR-papR基因连接到表达载体pHT304中,并转化至大肠杆菌JM109中成功进行了表达,为研究Bt plcR基因的功能奠定了基础.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌vip3A基因的检测及保守性分析

Vip3A蛋白是苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)在营养期分泌的一类新型杀虫蛋白。用PCR方法从114个Bl菌株和41个Bl标准菌株中筛选到39株即约25％的菌株含有vip3A基因。利用所制备的Vip3A蛋白的多克隆抗体对以上含有vip3A基因的Bt菌株进行Western印迹分析,发现多数PCR反应为阳性的菌株都产生89kD大小的蛋白,其中有4株没有Vip3A蛋白的表达。从以上菌株中挑选2个对夜蛾科害虫具有较高和较低毒力的菌株,即S101和6ll,并分别进行vip3A基因的克隆和测序,再与GenBank上所登录的其它6个全长vip3A基因和2个已报道的但未登录GenBank的vip3A基因进行核苷酸和氨基酸序列比较,结果表明,vip3A是一个极其保守的基因。将以上所克隆的2个却3A基因即vip3A—S101和vip3A-611分别插入表达载体pQE30构建了表达质粒pOTP-S101和pOTP-6ll,转化到大肠杆菌M15,经lmmol／L IPTG诱导后均表达89kD大小的Vip3A蛋白。蛋白可溶性试验表明,Vip3A-S101和Vip3A-611分别有48％和35％的蛋白是可溶的。将Vip3A-S101和Vip3A-6ll蛋白和已报道的Vip3A—S184蛋白对初孵斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)幼虫进行生物测定,结果表明,3个Vip3A蛋白对斜纹夜蛾幼虫毒力没有显著性差异,这说明了Vip3A个别氨基酸的变化对蛋白的杀虫活性没有影响。     

苏云金杆菌4.0718质粒上杀虫晶体蛋白基因的PCR分析

苏云金杆菌（Bacillus Thuringiensis)4.0718由本实验室选育是对鳞翅目（Lepidopteran)昆虫有高毒性的菌株。采用SDS温和提取方法提取此菌株的质粒,电泳纯化后获得了其4种不同分子量的质粒P1,P2,P3,P4。利用序列分析软件对已知的cryⅠ类型基因进行阵列比较,根据其高度保过区域设计了1对通用引物,对cryⅠ类型基因的扩增产物对277bp左右的片段,用此引的对Bacillus thuringiensis 4.0718的4种不同质粒进行了PCR分析,发现质粒P1,P2,P3扩增阳性,都产生了277bp的扩增片段,而质粒P4没有扩增产物,这为进一步的基因定位打下了基础。     

Characterization of a Bacillus thuringiensis strain collection isolated from diverse Costa Rican natural ecosystems

Costa Rican natural ecosystems are among the most diverse in the world. For this reason, we isolated strains of the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to determine their diversity, distribution and abundance. A total of 146 Bt strains were obtained from environmental samples collected from diverse natural ecosystems and life zones of Costa Rica. We recovered Bt strains from 71%, 63%, 61% and 54% of soil samples, fresh leaves, other substrates and leaf litter respectively. Bt was isolated in 65% of the samples collected in the humid tropical forest in national parks (Braulio Carrillo, Gandoca Manzanillo, Sierpe, Hitoy Cerere, and Cahuita), and in 59% of the samples collected in the dry tropical forest (Parque Nacional Marino las Baulas, Palo Verde and Santa Rosa). In the very humid tropical forest (Tortuguero) Bt was isolated in 75% of the samples and in the very humid tropical forest transition perhumid (Carara) it was found in 69% of the samples. The strains exhibit a diverse number, size and morphology of parasporal inclusion bodies: irregular (47%), oval (20%), bipyramidal (3%), bipyramidal and cubic (1%), bipyramidal, oval and irregular (5%) and bipyramidal, oval and cubic crystals (2%). Strains isolated from Braulio Carrillo, Tortuguero and Cahuita, presented predominantly irregular crystals. On the other hand, more than 60% of the isolates from Térraba-Sierpe and Hitoy-Cerere had medium oval crystals. Strains from Gandoca-Manzanillo, Palo Verde and Carara presented mainly combinations of oval and irregular crystals. Nevertheless, the greatest diversity in crystal morphology was observed in those from Santa Rosa, Llanos del Rio Medio Queso and Parque Marino las Baulas. Protein analyses of the crystal-spore preparations showed delta-endotoxin with diverse electrophoretic patterns, with molecular weights in the range of 20 to 160 kDa. Fifty six percent of the strains amplified with the cry2 primer, 54% with vip3, 20% with cry1, 9% with cry3-cry7 and 8% with cry8. The cry11 and cyt genes were found in 8% and 7% of the strains, respectively. When analyzed with specific primers for the cryl subfamily, 13 different genetic profiles were obtained. In addition, twenty-four strains did not amplify with any of the primers used, suggesting they contain novel cry genes. The diversity of Bt genes found in this collection indicates it could have great potential for the control of different species of insect pests. The toxicological characterization of the strains by bioassays against important insect pests will provide useful information about their potential use for the formulation of biological insecticides and their respective cry and vip genes for the transformation of crops to confer resistance to insects.