药用植物三七和金银花多糖提取工艺优化与比较

以野生植物三七、金银花为材料,采用热水浸提、乙醇沉淀、Sevag法除蛋白制备多糖,探讨最佳提取工艺。结果表明,浸提温度和醇沉浓度对金银花多糖提取结果影响较大,其最佳工艺为100℃浸提3 h,氯仿萃取2次,70%乙醇沉淀;影响三七多糖提取的因素顺序为醇沉浓度提取时间提取次数料水比,最佳提取工艺组合为1∶20的料水比提3 h,提取3次,醇沉浓度为80%。根据正交试验结果,金银花粗多糖最高提取率为3.05%,三七粗多糖最高提取率为15.96%,云南文山三七与河南巩义产金银花相比含有较多的多糖。     

人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖的提取工艺和活性

通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖的提取工艺,并通过粗多糖对果蝇寿命、果蝇体内SOD活性及MDA含量的影响研究了粗多糖的活性。试验结果表明:人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖的最佳提取工艺为液料比20∶1、时间2 h、温度90℃、浸提2次、醇沉乙醇浓度70%、醇沉时间为24 h;在该条件下的粗多糖得率为8.65%。孢梗束粗多糖能明显延长雌雄果蝇的寿命,延长率分别为18.78%和26.23%;孢梗束粗多糖能显著提高雌雄果蝇的SOD活性,并明显降低了雄性果蝇体内MDA含量,说明人工蝉花孢梗束粗多糖具有抗氧化活性和延长果蝇寿命的作用。     

变色疣柄牛肝菌子实体水溶性粗多糖的提取方法

试验就变色疣柄牛肝菌多糖的提取方法进行了初浅探索,结果表明变色疣柄牛肝菌干燥子实体萃取粗多糖较佳的条件为:粒度以粉碎60目筛、提取剂为蒸馏水、选择菌盖、选择料水比为1∶35(W/V)、沉淀剂达到85%的乙醇浓度、萃取温度选择在80℃、萃取时间为3 h、提取2次可得到粗多糖3%~5%。正交试验表明影响变色疣柄牛肝菌多糖得率的主次因素为乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料水比,各因素的最佳配合、最优工艺为A3B2C1D3,即乙醇浓度为85%、温度80℃、时间3 h、料水比为1∶15,在此条件下多糖得率为5.008%,提取粗多糖含量在47.995%。     

响应面法优化白及多糖的提取和醇沉工艺

白及多糖的生物活性近来引起了人们的高度关注,本研究旨在对白及多糖的水提醇沉工艺进行系统的优化,为白及多糖的深入研究提供理论基础。在单因素试验的基础上,本实验采用基于BBD (Box-Benhnken Design)的响应面法,分别对回流提取工艺和醇沉工艺进行优化。对回流提取工艺的优化以回流提取率为评价指标,得到最优回流提取工艺为提取时间3 h,提取温度100℃,料液比例为1:34 (g:mL);对醇沉工艺的优化以醇沉分离率为评价指标,得到最优醇沉工艺为:乙醇浓度85%,醇胶比例8:1 (g:g),醇沉时间6 h;在此条件下,提取率达到26.44%。     

羊肚菌胞外多糖提取工艺研究

[目的]探究从羊肚菌发酵液中提取胞外多糖的最佳工艺。[方法]实验原料为羊肚菌发酵液,采用单因素实验的方法探究在不同醇沉浓度、醇沉温度、醇沉时间、醇沉p H的条件下,运用正交实验分析从羊肚菌发酵液中提取多糖的最佳工艺条件;根据实验结果,提取7 d中羊肚菌胞外多糖,分别绘制多糖变化曲线和菌丝体生物量曲线。[结果]通过对羊肚菌胞外多糖提取的研究得到最佳工艺条件为:醇沉浓度95%,醇沉温度-25℃,醇沉时间24 h,醇沉p H 7。[结论]利用优化后的实验条件得出,羊肚菌胞外多糖含量最高为0. 874 g/L,在一定程度上为羊肚菌胞外多糖的研究提供了依据,具有十分重要的意义。     

正交试验法优化半夏多糖的提取工艺

目的:建立半夏多糖的最佳提取工艺.方法:采刚水提醇沉法,以多糖提取率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定半夏多糖的最住提取工艺条件.结果:最佳水提条件为料液比1:30,70℃提取1h,提取3次,最佳醇沉工艺条件为醇沉浓度70%,静置时间12h.在此条件下,半夏多糖的提取率为13.68%.结论:该工艺简便,重复性好,多糖的提取率高.     

枸杞多糖提取工艺的研究

采用热水浸提法从枸杞干果中提取枸杞多糖,经正交实验确定浸提时间、温度、料水比最优值分别为：5h、100℃、1：40;微波预处理超过25min时,多糖得率达15．91％;醇沉时当醇沉时间为4h、乙醇加入量为4倍时有利于枸杞多糖提取。     

基于改进熵权法结合TOPSIS模型和BPNN建模优化甘草多糖醇沉工艺

基于改进熵权法结合TOPSIS模型和BPNN建模寻求甘草多糖最佳醇沉工艺。在单因素试验基础上采用正交设计,以浓缩比、乙醇体积分数、醇沉时间为影响因素,甘草总糖、单糖、多糖含量及提取量为评价指标,利用改进熵权法确定评价指标权重,分别采用TOPSIS法和综合评分法处理正交结果,结果显示,TOPSIS法所得数据误差更小,最佳醇沉工艺为浓缩比为2.5 mL/g,乙醇体积分数为70%,醇沉时间为20 h。选取正交设计所得综合评分利用BPNN建模进行仿真寻优,得到最佳醇沉工艺为水提液浓缩至2.0 mL/g,调节乙醇体积分数为67%,醇沉24 h。所得最优工艺验证结果表明,BPNN建模所得综合评分误差更小,工艺更加稳定。该方法优选的最佳醇沉工艺稳定可行,可为甘草多糖进一步开发利用提供客观依据和新思路。     

正交实验法优化极长钝顶螺旋藻多糖提取分离条件研究

目的:为研究螺旋藻最佳提取条件.方法:采用单因次试验和正交试验法考察提取时间、次数、温度和乙醇浓度对于多糖提取的影响.结果:确定了螺旋藻多糖的最佳提取工艺是温度80℃、时间3 h、提取次数2次和乙醇浓度为75%.结论:发现温度显著影响多糖提取率,而高浓度乙醇能提高得率.     

祁白术多糖提取工艺研究

以蒽酮-硫酸比色法测多糖含量,以正交优选工艺条件进行验证提取并加样测定回收率,结果显示：水提最佳条件为料液比1∶10、水浴100℃、恒温3 h,沉淀得率为48.41%,可溶性糖含量为43.83%,可溶性糖得率为21.22%;水提后醇沉条件为药液浓缩为1.5mL药液/g生药、醇沉浓度达到90%、4℃冰箱24h,醇沉得率为31.28%。水提法料液比、水提温度影响有显著性（P〈0.05）、醇沉法醇沉浓度影响有显著性（P〈0.05）。工艺验证实验平均得率31.55%,RSD=1.57%;加样回收率平均98.00%,以优选工艺方法提取、较稳定可行。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.