血清P53和Wip1水平与小细胞肺癌患者化疗疗效及预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清P53和野生型p53诱导的磷酸酶1（Wip1）水平与小细胞肺癌（SCLC）患者化疗疗效及预后的关系。方法：选择2015年6月至2017年6月青岛大学附属青岛市中心医院收治的109例SCLC患者为SCLC组和95例健康体检志愿者为对照组。所有SCLC患者均接受EP方案（依托泊苷+顺铂）化疗至少2个周期,化疗前检测血清P53和Wip1水平,出院后对所有患者进行为期5年的随访。统计随访期间SCLC患者总生存（OS）情况。分析血清Wip1和P53水平与SCLC患者临床病理特征、化疗疗效以及预后的关系。结果：SCLC组血清P53水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）,血清Wip1表达高于对照组（P＜0.05）。临床分期为广泛期、远处转移患者血清P53水平低于临床分期为局限期、无远处转移患者（P＜0.05）,血清Wip1表达高于临床分期为局限期、无远处转移患者（P＜0.05）。无效组血清P53水平低于有效组（P＜0.05）,血清Wip1表达高于有效组（P＜0.05）。低水平P53组、高表达Wip1组5年OS生存率低于高水平P53组和低表达Wip1组（P＜0.05）。多因素Cox回归分析显示化疗耐药、远处转移、高表达Wip1是SCLC患者预后不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）,高水平P53是其保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：SCLC患者血清P53水平降低,Wip1表达增高与化疗效果较差和不良预后有关,检测血清P53表达和Wip1水平有助于辅助评估SCLC化疗疗效和预后。     

动态对比增强磁共振成像联合PLR、NLR预测急性脑梗死短期预后的回顾性研究

摘要 目的：探讨动态对比增强磁共振成像（DCE-MRI）联合血小板与淋巴细胞比值（PLR）、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）预测急性脑梗死短期预后的价值。方法：回顾性分析我院从2015年1月～2019年12月收治的80例急性脑梗死患者的临床资料。将所有患者根据改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分差异分作预后良好组（mRS评分≤2分）50例和预后不良组（mRS评分＞2分）30例。比较两组DCE-MRI相关参数[容量转移常数相对值（rKtrans）、速率常数相对值（rKep）、血管外细胞外间隙容积分数相对值（rVe）]、入院时PLR、NLR以及基线资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析急性脑梗死患者短期预后不良的影响因素。此外,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析DCE-MRI、PLR、NLR单独及联合预测急性脑梗死短期预后的效能。结果：预后良好组各项DCE-MRI参数均明显高于预后不良组（P＜0.05）。预后良好组PLR、NLR、年龄以及入院时美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表（NIHSS）评分均低于预后不良组（P＜0.05）。经多因素Logistic回归分析可得：PLR、NLR、年龄以及入院时NIHSS评分均是急性脑梗死患者短期预后不良的危险因素（OR＞1,P＜0.05）。DCE-MRI联合PLR、NLR预测急性脑梗死短期预后不良的曲线下面积、敏感度、特异度以及约登指数均高于上述单项预测。结论：DCE-MRI联合PLR、NLR预测急性脑梗死短期预后不良的效能较高,具有一定应用价值。     

术前预后营养指数、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值及血小板与淋巴细胞比值对脑胶质瘤患者术后预后的评估价值研究

摘要 目的：探讨术前预后营养指数（PNI）、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）及血小板与淋巴细胞比值（PLR）对脑胶质瘤患者术后预后的评估价值。方法：回顾性分析2016年2月至2019年2月我院收治的131例脑胶质瘤患者（脑胶质瘤组）的临床资料,另选择同期86例于门诊健康体检的志愿者为对照组,收集相关资料计算PNI、NLR、PLR。比较脑胶质瘤患者不同临床病理特征PNI、NLR、PLR的差异,Kaplan-Meier法绘制不同PNI、NLR、PLR水平脑胶质瘤患者的生存曲线,单因素和多因素COX回归分析影响脑胶质瘤患者预后的相关因素,受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析术前PNI、NLR、PLR预测脑胶质瘤患者预后的价值。结果：脑胶质瘤组NLR、PLR高于对照组（P＜0.05）,PNI低于对照组（P＜0.05）。世界卫生组织（WHO）分级Ⅲ 级患者NLR、PLR高于WHO分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级患者（P＜0.05）,PNI低于WHO分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级患者（P＜0.05）。高NLR组、高PLR组3年生存率低于低NLR组、低PLR组（P＜0.05）,低PNI组3年生存率低于高PNI组（P＜0.05）。WHOⅢ级、NLR（较高）、PLR（较高）是脑胶质瘤患者预后不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）,PNI（较高）是保护因素（P＜0.05）。术前PNI、NLR、PLR联合预测脑胶质瘤患者预后的曲线下面积为0.849,高于单独指标预测的0.703、0.706、0.704。结论：脑胶质瘤患者术前PNI降低,NLR、PLR均升高,且与预后不良有关,术前PNI、NLR、PLR可作为脑胶质瘤患者预后评估的参考指标。     

嗜酸性粒细胞、调节性T细胞对慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的诊断及预后预测价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨嗜酸性粒细胞、调节性T细胞对慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的诊断及预后预测价值。方法：选取我院2020年3月到2023年3月收治的100例慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者作为研究对象,将其分为慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉组,选取同期来我院治疗的100例单纯慢性鼻窦炎患者作为慢性鼻窦炎组,另选取同期来我院体检的100名健康志愿者作为对照组。对比三组受检者嗜酸性粒细胞、调节性T细胞表达水平,并建立受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,分析嗜酸性粒细胞、调节性T细胞对慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的诊断效能。随后对100例性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者手术治疗后进行1年随访,依照患者的复发情况评价其预后情况,并分为两个亚组,将术后1年内复发的21例患者分为预后不良组,两未复发的79例患者分为预后良好组,对比两组患者一般临床情况,嗜酸性粒细胞、调节性T细胞表达水平,并分析嗜酸性粒细胞、调节性T细胞对慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的预后预测价值。结果：三组受检者嗜酸性粒细胞、调节性T细胞表达水平对比差异显著,慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉组患者嗜酸性粒细胞（EOS）个数高于慢性鼻窦炎组和对照组,调节性T细胞（Tregs）水平低于慢性鼻窦炎组和对照组（P＜0.05）;通过绘制ROC曲线,确定EOS、Tregs其对慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的诊断效能,结果显示,EOS、Tregs两者联合对慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的诊断效能优于单一检测（P＜0.05）;预后良好组与预后不良组患者性别、年龄、BMI、吸烟史、饮酒史、白细胞介素-35（IL-35）、转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）表达水平对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,预后良好组与预后不良组患者病程、合并哮喘、合并变应性鼻炎、组织淋巴细胞占比、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、EOS个数以及Tregs表达水平对比差异显著（P＜0.05）;logistic回归分析结果表明：合并哮喘、组织淋巴细胞占比、EOS个数以及Tregs为慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的预后独立影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论：嗜酸性粒细胞、调节性T细胞不仅对慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的临床诊断具有重要价值,而且能够预测慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者的预后情况,因此临床上对于EOS个数增加,Tregs降低的患者要及时改善治疗措施,预防患者预后不良的发生。     

血清NGAL、GLI及NLR对脑卒中并发肺部感染患者预后的预测价值分析

摘要 目的：探究血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质蛋白（NGAL）、血糖不稳定指数（GLI）、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）对脑卒中并发肺部感染患者预后的预测价值。方法：选取2020年10月-2022年6月我院收治的98例脑卒中并发肺部感染患者，随访3个月，根据预后分为预后良好组67例与预后不良组31例，比较两组临床资料、实验室指标及血清NGAL、GLI、NLR水平，分析NGAL、GLI、NLR与临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分、急性缺血性卒中相关性肺炎评分（AIS-APS）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白细胞（WBC）计数的相关性，多因素Logistic回归分析脑卒中并发肺部感染患者预后不良的影响因素，受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析NGAL、GLI、NLR单独预测及联合预测脑卒中并发肺部感染患者预后不良的价值。结果：预后不良组住院时间、空腹血糖、CPIS评分、AIS-APS评分、NIHSS评分、TNF-α、hs-CRP、WBC显著高于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。预后不良组血清NGAL、GLI、NLR、中性粒细胞计数显著高于预后良好组（P＜0.05），淋巴细胞计数显著低于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。NGAL、GLI、NLR与CPIS评分、AIS-APS评分、NIHSS评分、TNF-α、hs-CRP、WBC均呈正相关（P＜0.05）。高NGAL、GLI、NLR、CPIS评分、NIHSS评分、TNF-α为脑卒中并发肺部感染患者预后不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）。NGAL、GLI、NLR联合预测脑卒中并发肺部感染患者预后不良的AUC为0.864，其价值显著优于各项指标单独检测（P＜0.05）。结论：血清NGAL、GLI、NLR在脑卒中并发肺部感染预后不良患者中升高较为显著，三者联合对于脑卒中并发肺部感染患者预后不良有较好的预测价值。     

NLR联合H-FABP对Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复术患者预后的预测价值

摘要 目的：研究中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）联合心型脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）对Stanford B型主动脉夹层胸主动脉腔内修复术（TEVAR）患者预后的预测价值。方法：选取2017年6月至2020年9月在我院接受TEVAR治疗的172例Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者为研究对象。收集所有患者基线资料、相关实验室指标水平,随访追踪患者预后,按照预后差异分作预后不良组和预后良好组,比较两组患者基线资料和实验室指标差异,采用多因素Logistic回归分析患者预后的影响因素,以受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析NLR联合H-FABP对患者预后的预测价值。结果：预后不良组收缩压、舒张压高于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。预后不良组NLR、H-FABP、白细胞计数（WBC）水平均高于预后良好组,而血小板计数（PLT）水平低于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：收缩压、舒张压、NLR、H-FABP、WBC均是Stanford B型主动脉夹层TEVAR患者预后的影响因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示：NLR联合H-FABP预测Stanford B型主动脉夹层TEVAR患者预后的曲线下面积为0.876均高于上述两项指标单独预测的0.626及0.712。结论：NLR联合H-FABP对Stanford B型主动脉夹层TEVAR患者预后具有一定预测价值。     

DCE-MRI定量参数联合NLR、MLR对脑胶质瘤患者预后的预测价值

摘要 目的：研究动态对比增强扫描-核磁共振检查（DCE-MRI）定量参数联合中性粒细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数比（NLR）及单核细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数比（MLR）对脑胶质瘤患者预后的预测价值。方法：选择从2020年1月到2022年6月在我院接受治疗的脑胶质瘤患者130例作为观察对象。患者均实施脑胶质瘤切除术后放疗,根据预后评价分为预后良好组（n=48）与预后不良组（n=82）。比较两组DCE-MRI定量参数、NLR、MLR;单因素和多因素分析患者预后不良的影响因素;采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析DCE-MRI定量参数联合NLR、MLR对预后不良的预测价值。结果：随访1年无失访,预后不良组的转运常数（Ktrans）、血管外细胞间隙体积百分数（Ve）、NLR及MLR较预后良好组明显更高（P＜0.05）。预后不良组年龄和肿瘤分级为Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、低分化及术后放疗的比例均分别高于预后良好组（P＜0.05）,卡氏（KPS）评分低于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析发现,Ktrans、Ve、NLR及MLR升高是预后不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析发现,DCE-MRI定量参数Ktrans、Ve联合NLR、MLR对预后不良患者的预测价值最高,其曲线下面积（AUC）为0.874,灵敏度为95.21%,明显高于其他各项单独检测的结果。结论：脑胶质瘤预后不良患者的NLR、MLR与DCE-MRI定量参数异常升高,且三项联合有助于提升脑胶质瘤患者预后的预测价值。     

NLR、RDW和PCT评估老年社区获得性肺炎患者病情严重程度及预后的临床价值

摘要 目的：探讨中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、红细胞分布宽度（RDW）及降钙素原（PCT）在老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者病情严重程度及预后评估中的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析2018年1月～2020年11月期间我院收治的127例老年CAP患者的临床资料,根据英国胸科协会改良肺炎评分(CURB-65)分为低危组（CURB-65评分＜3分,n=69例）和高危组（CURB-65评分≥3分,n=58例）;根据患者转归分为存活组（n=114例）和死亡组（n=13例）,比较各组患者的基线资料、NLR、RDW、PCT及其他实验室检查指标,并分析NLR、RDW、PCT与CURB-65评分的相关性以及预后的影响因素。结果：高危组NLR、RDW和 PCT水平均显著高于低危组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。经Pearson相关性分析可得：NLR、RDW、PCT与CURB-65评分均呈正相关关系（P＜0.05）。生存组患者白细胞计数（WBC）、中性粒细胞（NEU）、NLR、RDW、PCT和D-二聚体（D-Dimer）水平均低于死亡组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,经多因素Logistic回归分析可得：NLR、RDW、PCT均是老年CAP患者预后的影响因素（均OR＞1,P＜0.05）。结论：NLR、RDW和PCT与CURB-65评分相关,且均是老年CAP患者预后的影响因素,NLR、RDW和PCT对老年CAP患者病情严重程度及预后具有一定的评估价值。     

结缔组织病相关间质性肺炎患者血清NLR、PLR以及LDH水平的表达及临床意义

摘要 目的：研究结缔组织病相关间质性肺炎（CTD-ILD）患者血清中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞计数的比值（NLR）、血小板与淋巴细胞计数的比值（PLR）以及乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平的表达及临床意义。方法：选择从2018年1月到2021年1月在中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九六Ο医院接受治疗的CTD患者155例作为研究对象，根据有无合并间质性肺炎（ILD）分为ILD组、无ILD组。ILD组患者根据不同影像分型分为寻常型ILD（UILD）组、非特异型ILD（NSILD）组、未定型组，根据病变范围分级情况分为Ⅰ级组、Ⅱ级组、Ⅲ级组；根据病情状况分为活动组、非活动组；根据预后分为存活组、死亡组。另选同期在医院接受健康体检的志愿者80例作为对照组，比较各组血清NLR、PLR、LDH、纤维蛋白原（Fib）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV₁）占预计值的百分比（FEV₁%）、用力肺活量（FVC）、以及FEV1/FVC比值。结果：ILD组的血清NLR、PLR、LDH及Fib水平较无ILD组及对照组明显更高，而FVC、FEV₁%及FEV1/FVC水平较无ILD组及对照组明显更低（P＜0.05）。无ILD组的血清NLR、PLR、LDH及Fib水平较对照组明显更高，而FVC、FEV₁%及FEV1/FVC水平较对照组明显更低（P＜0.05）。不同影像分型患者血清NLR、PLR、LDH、Fib、FVC、FEV₁%及FEV₁/FVC水平比较，差异不显著（P＞0.05）。Ⅱ级组及Ⅲ级组患者血清NLR、PLR以及LDH水平较Ⅰ级组更高，且Ⅲ级组较Ⅱ级组更高（P＜0.05），而三组Fib、FVC、FEV₁%及FEV1/FVC水平比较，差异不显著（P＞0.05）。活动组患者血清NLR、PLR以及LDH水平较非活动组更高（P＜0.05），而Fib、FVC、FEV₁%及FEV₁/FVC水平比较，差异不显著（P＞0.05）。死亡组患者血清NLR、PLR以及LDH水平较存活组更高（P＜0.05），而Fib、FVC、FEV₁%及FEV₁/FVC水平比较，差异不显著（P＞0.05）。结论：NLR、PLR以及LDH水平在CTD-ILD患者血清中呈现高表达，且这三项指标有助于较好地评价患者的病情及预后。     

NLR、25-（OH）D3、IL-6、PCT与重症肺炎支原体肺炎患儿免疫功能和预后不良的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、25-羟维生素D3 [25-（OH）D3]、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、降钙素原（PCT）与重症肺炎支原体肺炎（MMP）患儿免疫功能和预后不良的关系。方法：选取2019年2月至2021年12月我院收治的106例重症MMP患儿作为重症组,同期收治的101例轻症MMP患儿（轻症组）作为对照。检测外周血中性粒细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、T淋巴细胞亚群以及血清25-（OH）D3、IL-6、PCT水平,计算NLR。分析NLR、25-（OH）D3、IL-6、PCT与T淋巴细胞亚群的相关性。重症MMP患儿治疗后随访半年,根据重症MMP患儿的预后情况分为预后良好组（75例）和预后不良组（31例）,多因素Logistic回归分析影响重症MMP患儿预后的因素。结果：重症组NLR、IL-6、PCT水平,CD8⁺高于轻症组（P＜0.05）,25-（OH）D3水平、CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺低于轻症组（P＜0.05）。NLR、IL-6、PCT水平与CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺呈负相关（P＜0.05）,与CD8⁺呈正相关（P＜0.05）;25-（OH）D3与CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与CD8⁺呈负相关（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：肺大片实变影、NLR（较高）、IL-6（较高）、PCT（较高）是重症MPP患儿预后不良的危险因素（P＜0.05）,25-（OH）D3（较高）是保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：重症MMP患儿NLR、IL-6、PCT水平升高,25-（OH）D3水平降低,且与细胞免疫功能低下以及预后不良有关,检测NLR、IL-6、PCT、25-（OH）D3有助于评估重症MMP患儿的预后。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.